personality. questions addressed how did freud develop psychoanalysis? what personality traits are...
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Personality
Questions Addressed
• How did Freud develop psychoanalysis?
• What personality traits are most basic?
• Do we learn our personality?
• Is everyone basically good?
• How do psychologists measure personality?
What Is Personality?
• Person’s enduring psychological and behavioral characteristics
Four Main Approachesto Personality
• Psychodynamic
• Trait
• Social-cognitive
• Phenomenological
Freud’s Psychodynamic Approach
Sigmund Freud
• physician in Vienna, 1890s, treating “neurotic” disorders.
• dysfunctions tell us about normal development
• “psychic determinism”• later behavior determined by earlier
psychological development
• emphasized unconscious aspects of personality
Method
• Case Studies• free association (Freudian slip)• dream analysis• transference
Some Defense Mechanisms
• Repression• Rationalization• Projection• Reaction Formation• Regression
• Sublimation• Displacement• Denial• Compensation
Structure of Personality
• Id (Pleasure Principle)• Eros (life instinct), Libido• Thanatos (death instinct)
• Ego (Reality Principle)• defense mechanisms
• Superego (Moralistic Principle)• cultural prescriptions, taboos
Ego’s Tyrannical Masters
• Outside World
• Id
• Superego
Freud’s Conception of the Personality Structure
Psychosexual Stages
• Oral Stage: Mouth object of pleasure.• can’t be neglected or overindulged.
• Anal Stage: Anus object of pleasure. Ego develops to cope with socially appropriate behavior.• Toilet training
• Phallic Stage: Genitals region object of pleasure.• Boys experience Oedipus complex
• Little Hans
• Girls experience Penis Envy• Seduction Theory
• Latency Period: Sexual impulses stay in background.
Psychosexual Stages
• Genital Stage: Sexual impulses reappear at conscious level; genitals again focus of sexual pleasure.
Psychosexual Stages
Assessing the Unconscious
Projective Tests Ambiguous stimuli
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) personality revealed through stories created
Rorschach Inkblot see meaning in pictures
Somewhat reliable, not completely junk science
TAT
Rorschach Inkblot Test
Neo-Freudians Alfred Adler
importance of childhood social tension
Karen Horney sought to balance Freud’s masculine biases
Carl Jung emphasized the collective unconscious
shared, inherited reservoir of our species’ history
introversion/extraversion
Positives
• Freud’s contributions:• first comprehensive theory• talk therapies• defensive mechanisms• new methods (projective tests)
Freud Negatives
• Based almost entirely on a cases studies• Victorian cultural values (seduction theory)• distorted by personal biases• too sexualized
• Untestable
The Trait Approach
Assumptions of Trait Approach
• relatively stable over time
• relatively stable across situations
• individual differences
• biologically based
Two Personality Profiles
Eysenck’s Personality Dimensions
Are There “Basic” Traits?
What trait “dimensions” describe personality?
Eysenck’s (1965)genetically determined
dimensions
Expanded set of factors“The Big 5”
Extraversion/IntroversionEmotional Stability/Instability 1980s
The Big Five
Neuroticism
Extraversion
Openness
Agreeableness
Conscientiousness
• Anxious/Calm•Insecure/Secure
• Sociable/Retiring• Fun Loving/Sober
• Imaginative/Practical• Independent/Conforming
• Soft-Hearted/Ruthless• Trusting/Suspicious
• Organized/Disorganized• Careful/Careless
How Big 5 Discovered?
• Adjective Checklist• Cattell’s 16 PF
• Step 1: Give people long list of adjectives (loner, bright, dominant , shrewd, open, tense, cool)
• Step 2: See if certain personality characteristics “cluster together”
• Step 3: Check for agreement (friend’s rating, behavior)
• Step 4: Crosscultural?
Martin Luther King (16 PF)
• Dominant• Aggressive• Assertive• Stubborn competitive• Bossy
• Apprehensive• Self-blaming• Guilt Prone• Insecure• Worrying
High Average
Dominant vs. Deferential Apprehensive vs. Self-assured
Big 5 (1980s)
• studies repeated with more powerful clustering methods and more adjectives
• identified Big 5
• cross-cultural relevance high
Are Personality Traits Inherited?
• personality is partly biologically determined.• biological factors interact with environmental
factors to produce specific personality features.
Heritability
• Openness: 57% • Extraversion: 54% • Conscientiousness: 49% • Neuroticism: 48% • Agreeableness: 42%
Evaluating the Trait Approach
• better at describing than explaining
• how trigger behavior?
• how do traits combine to form a complex and dynamic individual?
• how about other traits?• authoritarianism• perfectionism• etc.
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