personality chp 2
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Personality
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What is Personality
Personality comes from the Greek word
"persona", meaning "mask"
The word personality derives from the Latin word
persona which means mask. The study ofpersonality can be understood as the study of
?masks? that people wear. These are the
personas that people project and display, but alsoincludes the inner parts of psychological
experience which we collectively call our ?self?.
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What is Personality
The word personality was also traced to
Latin words per sona which are translated
as, to speak through. According to GordonAllport, personality is, the dynamic
organization within the individual of those
psychological systems that determine hisunique adjustments to his environment.
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Definitions
Fred Luthans defines the term personality
as, how people affect others and how they
understand and view themselves, as well as
their pattern of inner and outer measurable
traits and the person-situation intervention.
Robbins defines personality as, the sum
total of ways in which an individual reacts to
and interacts with others.
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Personality
When we talk of personality, we dont mean that aperson has charm, a positive attitude toward life, a
smiling face or a place as a finalist for Happiest
and Friendliest in this years Miss World contest.When Psychologist talk of personality, they mean
a dynamic concept describing the growth and
development of a persons whole psychologicalsystem. Rather then looking at parts of the person,
personality looks at some aggregate whole that is
greater then the sum of the parts.
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Big Five Model
Personality traits of an executive / supervisorinfluences the behaviour of the employees in an
organization. Personality traits like talkative, smiling,
exhibitive in facial expressions and assertivenessare highly appropriate for superiors to inspire, lead
and motivate the subordinates. Similarly, traits like
openness and frankness of the managers reducedysfunctional activities and conflicts, and enables
the subordinates to concentrate on work related
activities and increase productivity.
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Big Five Model The major personality traits which influence the job
behaviour and job performance are labeled as Big-Five
Personality Traits
1. Extroversion:
a) People who prefer extroversion get the energy from
their interaction with other people.
b) These type of people develop and maintain wide-range
of social network.
c) Extroversion represents a persons interest in theexternal world.
d) Persons interest in the external world can be exhibited
through sociability, talkativeness and assertiveness.
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Big Five Model
Extroverts are Social, talkative and social.
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Big Five Model Agreeable: Highly agreeable people are co-operative,
warm and trusting. Individuals with agreeable traits thinkfrom the view-point of their employees or clients.
1. Good Nature: It includes respecting the employees
ideas, views, opinions, values and considering them indecision making.
2. Cooperative: traits regarding attitude & practice of
superiors of an organization help the company inmoulding the job behaviour & increasing the job
performance.
3. Trusting: means being relied upon or confidence in
the truth of an thin . It is restin on the inte rit .
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Big Five Model
Conscientiousness: it refers to governing orregulating the work activity by conscience.
Conscientiousness is a measure of reliability. Person
with a high level of conscientiousness are reliable,
organised, dependable and persistent. Following are
the conscientious traits
1. Responsible
2. Dependable
3. Persistent
4. Achievement-Oriented
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Big Five Model
Emotional Stability : Some executives absorb the
actions, reactions, views, feelings, attitudes,
outcome of activities etc. and maintain stability intheir emotions. Consequently, they tend to be
calm, self- confident and secure.
Openness to Experience: Imaginative
Artistically Sensitive
Intellectual
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Primary Personality Traits1. Reserved Vs. Outgoing
2. Less Intelligent Vs. More Intelligent
3. Affected by feelings Vs. Emotionally Stable4. Submissive Vs. Dominant
5. Serious Vs. Happy go lucky
6. Expedient Vs. Conscientious
7. Timid Vs. Venturesome8. Tough-minded Vs. Sensitive
9. Trusting Vs. Suspicious
10. Practical Vs. Imaginative
11. Forthright Vs. Shrewd12. Self-assured Vs. Apprehensive
13. Conservative Vs. Experimenting
14. Group Independent Vs. Self-sufficient
15. Uncontrolled Vs. Controlled16. Relaxed Vs. Tense
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The Self Concept
Almost all the people try to understand themselves
by virtue of their qualities, characters, actions,
reactions, responses etc. This process in
personality theory is called the self concept. This
process involves the interaction of the background.
Ones own psychology, values, social, economic,
religion and other internal factors of oneself. Theconcepts of self-esteem and self efficacy are
concerned with self-concept.
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Determinants of Personality
There has been debate whether the leaders are
born or made? It has been viewed after a longdebate that leaders are both born and made.
Similarly, there has been an argument as
whether personality is determined at birth or is
the result of individuals interaction with the
environment. Added to this, it is also argued that
situation is another factor that determines
personality. Now, we shall discuss these broad
determinants of personality.
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Determinants of Personality
Heredity: Certain physical and psychological characteristics
like facial attractiveness, temperament, gender, musclecomposition, energy level, biological rhythms etc. either
substantially or partly are inherited from ones parents. They are
inherited by the parents biological, physiological and
psychological make-up.
Research studies show that traits like shyness, fear, height,
distress are mostly caused by inherited genetic characteristics.
They also show that genetics accounts from around 50% ofpersonality differences and more than 30% of the variation in
occupational and leisure interests. However it is strongly argued
that personality factors are not completely dictated by heredity,
but they are also determined by the environment.
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Determinants of Personality
Environment: Environmental factors are thosewhich encircle us and which influence our
behaviour. Culture is the most important factor
among environmental factors that influencespersonality. E.g. Most of the Indian are humble,
obedient, tolerant, non-materialistic, non-
competitive and tend to sacrifice. Hindu religioustexts, saints, parents and elders teach these
cultural values.
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Determinants of Personality
Situation: Situation change based on the shifts inenvironmental factors. E.g. The stable economic
environment before 1990s has turned into more
dynamic and volatile environment due toglobalization of the world economies and information
technology innovations. These shifts led to more
competitive and challenging market E.g. JapanDifferent situation demand different aspects of ones
personality. Therefore, individuals personality
changes in order to meet the situational demands.
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Determinants of Personality
We may conclude that heredity, environment and
situation influence personality. Heredity states the
outer limits of the personality, while environment
develops the personality relevant to the normal
circumstances and the situation influences the
individual to realize and exhibit his/her potential
personality in tune with its requirements. Thus, the
interactive conglomeration of heredity,
environment and situation makes the individual
personality.
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Personality Theories
Psychologist and other human behaviour theories
developed personality theories based on research
studies. These personality theories are grouped
into
Psychoanalytic theories
Scio-psychological theories
Trait theories Holistic theories
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Personality Theories
Psychoanalytic theories
Various psychologists contributed to the development of
Psychoanalytic theory. These psychologist include Sigmund
Freud, Carl Jung, Alfred Adler, Karen Horney and Eric
Fromm. Sigmund made a significant contribution to the
theory compared to other psychologist. According to
Sigmund Freud there is a unconscious frame work thatmotivates the human mostly. These three aspects are Id,
the Ego, the Super ego. These three aspects are inter
related with each other.
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