personality

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CHAPTER TWO

PERSONALITY

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Q: What is Personality?

A: are all people the same?

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PERSONALITY-DEFINITION

a. Salvatore MaddiPersonality is a stable set of characteristics and tendencies that determine those commonalties and differences in the psychological behaviour (thoughts, feelings and actions) of people that have continuity in time and that may not be easily understood as the sole result of the social and biological pressures of the moment.

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PERSONALITY-DEFINITION (Contd.)

b. Gordon AllportPersonality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determines his unique adjustment to his environment.

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PERSONALITY-DEFINITION (Contd.)

c. R.T. HoganPersonality refers to the relatively stable pattern of behaviours and consistent internal states that explains a persons behavioural tendencies.

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PERSONALITY-DEFINITION (Contd.)

d. Stephen RobbinsPersonality is the sum total of ways in which an individual reacts and interacts with others.

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PERSONALITY DETERMINANTS

HEREDITY Vs. ENVIRONMENT NATURE Vs. NUTURE Also- SITUATION

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PERSONALITY AND OB

Personality and performance

Personality and work behaviour

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MAJOR PERSONALITY ATTRIBUTES INFLUENCING

OB1. Type A Behaviour2. Authoritarianism3. Bureaucratic4. Machiavellianism5. Locus of control6. Goal orientation

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1. TYPE A BEHAVIOUR

Restless, Impatient, Does several things at once, Starts another before completing

one, Schedules too many work in less

time, Has no time to relax and enjoy Is stress prone

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2. AUTHORITARIANISM

Blind acceptance of authority Conservation, strong parental

control Make good followers Dogmatic

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3. BUREAUCRATIC

Respect for authority not totally blind

Rule bound; do not take risks Better supervisors in routine,

repetitive, proceduralised work.

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4. MACHIAVELLIANISM

Cool, calculating Use others to serve their own goals Do not hesitate to lie Not swayed by friendship, trust,

loyalty. Exploit vulnerable people

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5. LOCUS OF CONTROL

Extent to which individuals believe they control their own lives

(internals) external factors control their

lives(external)

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6. GOAL ORIENTATION

Goal orientation Predisposition toLearning -develop new skills

and mastering new situations.

Performance -demonstrate and validate competence

by seeking favourable judgemet from others

and avoiding negative judgements.

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PERSONALITY THEORIES1. PSYCHO ANALYTICAL

THEORYFreud-unconscious nature of personality psycho analytical concepts:Id- reservoir of thoughts, biological pleasuresEgo- conscious in natureSuper ego- higher level of restraining force

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2. TRAIT THEORIES

Visualises personality as a reflection of certain traits of the individual

Many traits are common to most people

Some traits are unique to some people

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3. SELF CONCEPT THEORY

Personality and behaviour are largely determined by the individual himself.

We act in ways consistent with our image

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4. SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY

Personality more a result of social variables rather than biological drives.

Motives can be traced to known and conscious needs rather than unconscious desires

Learning by observation of others rather than interaction

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OTHER SIGNIFICANT PERSONALITY CONCEPTS

Risk taking propensity Self monitoring Self esteem

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PERSONALITY DIMENSIONS- PERSONALITY TRAITS

Personality traits are enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behaviour.

Early research identified- 17,953 traits

R.B. Cattell reduced it to- 171 traits. He further reduced it to-16 primary

traits

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Cattell 16 PF

1. Reserved Vs. Outgoing2. Less intelligent Vs. More intelligent3. Affected by feeling Vs. Emotionally

stable4. Submissive Vs. Dominant5. Serious Va. Happy go lucky6. Expedient vs. Conscientious

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Cattell 16 PF (Contd.)

7. Timid Vs Venturesome8. Tough minded Vs. Sensitive9. Trusting Vs Suspicious10.Practical Vs Imaginative11. Forthright Vs Shrewd

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Cattell 16 PF (Contd.)

12. Self assured Vs. Apprehensive13. Conservative Vs. Experimenting14. Group dependant Vs. Self

sufficient15. Uncontrolled Vs. Controlled16. Relaxed Vs. Tense

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MYERS & BRIGS TYPE INDICATORS(MBIT)

1. E or I- Extroversion or Introversion

2. S or N- Sensing or Intuitive3. T or F- Thinking or Feeling4. J or P- Judging or Perceiving

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ESTJ- Corporate executives, organizers

ENTJ- Natural Leaders ISFJ- Have high sense of duty INTJ- Visionaries ENTP-Conceptualisers

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BIG FIVE PERSONALITY FACTORS- FACTOR 1

HIGH CONSCIENTIOUSNESS LOWFOCUSSED BALANCED FLEXIBLE

Stable, measures of Impulsive,Confident, reliability IrresponsibleCareful, Distracted,Organized, Disorganized,Dependable Unreliable,Persistent, Spontaneous,Cautious, Fun loving,Stubborn. Experimental.

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FACTOR 2

HIGH EMOTIONAL STABILITY LOWRESILIENT (ADJUSTMENT) REACTIVE

RESPONSIVE

Relaxed, measures of persons Depressed,Secure, ability to with Anxious,Calm, stand stress Indecisive,Poised, Have mood swings,Unflappable,

Insecure,Guilt free, Excitable,

Worrying,High strung.

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FACTOR 3

HIGH OPENESS TO EXPERIENCE LOW Explorer MODERATE PRESERVER

Creative, measures an Practical,Curious, individuals range Conservative,Artistically of interests Efficient,

sensitive, fascination to Expert,Broad interests, novelty Conventional,Impractical. Finds comfort in

familiar.

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FACTOR 4

HIGH AGREEABLENESS LOW ADAPTER NEGOTIATOR CHALLENGER

Courteous, measures Uncooperative,Good-natured, individuals Short tempered,Empathic, propensity to Irritable,Caring , defer to Cold,Warm, others Rude.Tactful,Considerate.

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FACTOR 5

HIGH SOCIABILITY LOW EXTROVERT AMBIVERT INTROVERT

Assertive, measures Private,Sociable, one’s comfort

Independent,Warm, level with Works alone,Optimistic, relationships Reserved,Talkative, Timid,Outgoing. Quiet,

Hard to read.

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HOLLANDS TYPOLOGY OF PERSONALITY AND CONGRUENT

OCCUPATIONSTYPE PERSONALITY

CONGRUENT (Prefers Activities) CHARACTERISTIC OCCUPATION1. Realistic: Shy, genuine, stable Mechanic, Skill, Strength Persistent, confirming farmer, Drill Press & coordination. practical. operator, assembly

line worker.2. Investigative: Analytical, original Biologist, Economist, Thinking, organizing Curious, Mathematician, & understanding. independent. News Reporter. 3). Social: Sociable, friendly Social worker,Helping & developing cooperative, Teacher, Counsellor,

Others. Understanding. Clinical psychologist.

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HOLLANDS TYPOLOGY (Contd.)

TYPE PERSONALITY CONGRUENT (Prefers Activities) CHARACTERISTIC OCCUPATION4. Conventional: Conforming, efficient, Accountant rule regulated, Orderly practical, unimaginative, Corporate managerunambiguous. in flexible. , Bank Teller, File

clerk.

5.Enterprising: self confident Lawyer, Real estateOpportunities to ambitious, energetic agent, Public

relations Influence others & domineering. & specialist,And attain power small-business manager.

6. Artistic: Imaginative, Partner,Ambiguous& disorderly, Musician,Unsystematic that idealistic, Writer,allow creative emotional, Interior decorator.expression. Impractical.

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CONCLUSION

Personality and job, occupation and organization fit.

Know your associates personality to function better.

Know your personality for self development.