perception

Submitted To: Presented By:Dr. Payal Upadhaya Manish Bansal (Assistant Professor) Manoj Singh Naruka

Deepak SharmaAbhishek Sharma

What Is Perception, and Why Is It Important?

• People’s behavior is People’s behavior is based on their based on their perception of what perception of what reality is, not on reality is, not on reality itself.reality itself.

• The world as it is The world as it is perceived is the world perceived is the world that is behaviorally that is behaviorally important.important.

• People’s behavior is People’s behavior is based on their based on their perception of what perception of what reality is, not on reality is, not on reality itself.reality itself.

• The world as it is The world as it is perceived is the world perceived is the world that is behaviorally that is behaviorally important.important.

Perception

A process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

Importance of Perception

• It is very important approach in understanding human behavior.

• Like mirror at amusement park, they distort the world in relation to their tension.

• It is important for manager to avoid making error when dealing with people & events in the work setting.

Feature of Perception

• Perception is the intellectual process.

• Perception is basic cognitive or psychological process.

• Perception is subjective process.

Perception v/s Sensation

• Sensation is response of physical sensory organ.

• Physical senses are touch, hearing, taste, smell, vision etc.

Perception v/s Sensation

• Perception is more than sensation.• Perception classifies stimuli based on past

learning, feeling & motives.• Perception is determined both by

psychological & physiological characteristics of the organism.Ex: Activity of eye to see an object is sensation while the interpretation of what is seen is perception.

Factors ThatInfluence Perception

Factors ThatInfluence Perception

Characteristics of Perceiver (Internal factors)

• Needs: It is feeling of discomfort or tension when one thinks he is missing or required something.

• Self concept: The way a person views the world depends on the image he has about himself.

• Beliefs: A fact is conceived not on what it is but what a person believes it to be.

• Past Experience: Person past experience molds the way he sees the current situation.

• Current Psychological State: If a person is depressed he is likely to perceive the same situation differently if he is elated.

• Expectation: The state of anticipation of particular behavior from a person.

Cont’d..

Characteristics of Target

• Size:

• Intensity:

• Frequency:

• Status:

• Contrast:

Situational Factor

• Elements in the surrounding environment influence one’s perception.

• The time, location, light, heat can influence attention.

Selective AttentionSelective Attention

Emotions andEmotions andBehaviorBehavior

Organization andOrganization andInterpretationInterpretation

Perceptual Process Model

Environmental StimuliEnvironmental Stimuli

Feeling Hearing Seeing Smelling TastingFeeling Hearing Seeing Smelling Tasting

Perception: A Social Perception: A Social Information Processing ModelInformation Processing Model

Competingenvironmental

stimuli:* People* Events* Objects

Interpretationand

categorization

Stage 1Stage 1Selective Attention/

Comprehension

Stage 2Stage 2Encoding

and Simplification

A

C

F

A

B

C

D

E

F

MemoryJudgments

anddecisions

Stage 3Stage 3Storage andRetention

Stage 4Stage 4Retrieval

and Response

C

What do you see?

Now what do you see?

Perceptual organization

• “The process by which the bits & pieces of information that are available in retinal image are structured into the larger units of perceived objects & their interrelations”

• Organization of perceptual elements in larger units

• Example of Perceptual Organization:

Continuity

• Stimuli that form a complete or symmetrical figure or a good form tend to be grouped as parts of a whole.

• Ex: Lines tend to be seen as continuous, even if they are interrupted.

Context

• The environment or the setting of an object often determines how a thing will be perceived.

• Also known as figure ground principle.

Perceptual Error

• Selective Perception:

People selectively interpret what they see based on their interests, background, experience, and attitudes.

• Projection:

Attributing one’s own characteristics to other people.

Cont’d…

• Stereotyping:

Judging people on the basis of characteristics of group to which they belong is called “Stereotyping”.

• Halo effect or Horn effect:Tendency of drawing a general impression about an individual based on single characteristics such as intelligence, sociability or appearance.

• Contrast effect:Evaluation of a person’s characteristics that are affected by comparison with other people recently encountered who rank higher or lower in the same characteristics.

Cont’d…

• Impression:People often form impression of others on the first sight, this may sometime lead to perceptual distortion.

• Attribution:Fundamental Attribution Error: Overestimating the personal causes for other’s behavior while underestimating the situational causesSelf-Serving Bias: Attributing personal success to internal factors and personal failure to external factors.

Attribution Theory

• The ways in which people come to understand the causes of their own and others’ behaviors.

• When individuals observe behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Determination is based on 3 factors:– Distinctiveness

• Does the individual act the same way in other situations?

– Consensus • Does the individual act the same as others in same

situation?

– Consistency • Does the individual act the same way over time?

Cont’d…

• Most often an unconscious process (i.e., people are not normally aware of making attributions)

• People are constantly attributing the behavior of themselves and others to either internal (i.e., personal) or external (i.e., situational) causes.

Managerial Implication of Perception in Business Situation• Employment Interview:

Employment interview is an important input into the hiring decisions and perceptual factors influence quality of employment process.

• Performance Appraisal:

It is very much dependent on perceptual process of boss. It represents an assessment of employees work & it must be based on objective criteria not on subjective criteria.

Cont’d…

• Ethnic Profiling: It refers to the use of an individual’s race or ethnicity by law enforcement personnel as a key factor in deciding whether to engage in enforcement (e.g. make a traffic stop or arrest). The practice is controversial and widely considered inappropriate and illegal.

• Performance Expectations: Here an individuals behavior is determined by other people’s expectations.