paskii indicationsofchemo.classi.ofchemo.agents
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Indications of Chemotherapy
Late-stage cancer treatment Palliative or symptomatic treatment in cancer patients Treatment for cancer before and after surgery or radiation therapy Treatment for Lupus and Rheumatoid Arthritis
Classifications of Chemotherapeutic Agents
Alkylating Agents
Examples:
busulfan( Busufex,Myleran), carboplatin (Paraplatin), Chlorambucil (Leukeran),cisplatin (Platinol-AQ), cyclophosmide (Cytoxan), dacarbazine (DTIC-Dome),
hexamethylene amine or altretamine (Hexalen), ifosfamide (Ifex), melphalan (Alkeran),
oxaliplatin (Eloxatine), thiotepa (Thioplex)
Mechanism of Action
Alter DNA structure by misreading DNA code, initiating breaks in the DNA molecule,cross-linking DNA strands
Cell cyclenonspecific
Common Side effects
Bone marrow suppression, nausea, vomiting, cystitis (cyclophosphamide. Ifosfamide),stomatitis, alopecia, gonadal suppression, renal toxicity (cisplatin)
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Nitrosoureas
Examples:
Carmustine , lomustine or CCNU (CeeNU), semustine (Methyl CCNU [MeCCNU]),streptozocin (Zanosar)
Mechanism of Action
Similar to alkylating agents; cross the blood-brain barrierCell cycle- nonspecific
Common Side Effects
Delayed and cumulative myelosuppression,mespecially thrombocytopenia,nausea,vomiting
Topoisomerase I Inhiitors
Examples:
Irinotecan (Camptosar) Topotecan (Hycamtin)Mechanism of Action
Induce breaks in the DNA strand by binding to enzyme topoisomerase I, preventing cellsfrom dividing
Cell cycle- specific (S phase)
Common Side Effects
Bone marrow suppression, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, hepatotoxicity
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Antimetabolites
5- Azacytadine, capecitabine (Xeloda), cytarabine (Depocyt, Tarabine) edatrexatefludarabine (Fludara), 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), gemcitabine (Gemzar), hydroxyurea
(Droxia, Hydrea), cladribine (Leustatin), 6-mecraptopurine (Purinethol), methotrexate
(Trexall, Rheumatrex), pentostatin (Nipent), 6-thioguanine (Tabloid)
Mechanism of Action
Interferes with the biosynthesis of metabolites or nucleic acids necessary for RNA andDNA synthesis
Cell cycle- specific (S phase)
Common Side Effects
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, bone marrow suppression, proctitis, stomatitis, renal toxicity(methotrexate), hepatotoxicity
Antitumor Antibiotics
Examples:
Bleomycin (BLM, Blenoxane), dactinomycin (Cosmegen), daunorubicin (DaunoXome),doxorubicin (Adriamycin), idarubicin (Idamycin), mitomycin (Mutamycin),
mitoxantrone (Novantrone), plicamycin (Mithracin)
Mechanism of Action
Interfere with DNA synthesis by binding DNA; prevent RNA synthesisCell cycle- nonspecific
Common Side Effects
Bone marrow suppression,nausea, vomiting, alopecia, anorexia, cardiac toxicity(daunorubicin, doxorubixin)
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Mitotic Spindle Poisons
Plant Alkaloids
Examples:
Etoposide (Toposar), teniposide (Vumon), vinblastin (Velban), vincristine (VCR[Oncovin]), vindesine (Eldisine), vinorelbine (Navelbine)
Mechanism of Action
Arrest metaphase by inhibiting mitotic tubular formation (spindle); inhibit DNA andprotein synthesis
Cell cycle- specific (M phase)
Common Side Effects
Bone marrow suppression (mild with VCR), neuropathies (VCR), stomatitisTaxanes
Examples:
Paclitaxel (Taxol), docetaxel (Taxotere)Mechanism of Action
Arrest metaphase by inhibiting tublin depolymerizationCell cycle-specific (M phase)
Common Side Effects
Bradtcardia, hypersensitivity reactions, bone marrow suppression, alopecia, neuropathies
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Hormonal Agents
Androgens and antiandrogens, estrogens and antiestrogens, progestins and antiprogestins,aromatase inhibitiors, luteinizing hormone-realeasing hormone analogues, steroids
Mechanism of Action
Bind to hormone receptor sites that alter cellular growth; receptor sites (antiestrogens);Inhibits RNA synthesis; suppress aromatase of P450 system, which decreases level
Cell cycle- nonspecific
Common Side Effects
Hypercalemia, jaundice, increased appetite, masculinization, feminization, sodium andfluid retention, nausea, vomiting, hot flashes, vaginal estrogen dryness
Miscellaneous
Asparaginase (Elspar), procarbazine (Matulane)Mechanism of Action
Uknown or too complex to categorizeCell cycle Varies
Common Side Effects
Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, bone marrow suppression, hepatotoxicity, anaphylaxis,hypotension, alter glucose metabolism
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