particulate matter measurements from the canadian forest fires s. sharma, b. wiens, d. lavoué d....
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Particulate matter Particulate matter measurements measurements from the Canadian Forest from the Canadian Forest firesfires
S. Sharma, B. Wiens, D. LavouéS. Sharma, B. Wiens, D. Lavoué
D. Toom-Sauntry, D. Halpin, J. D. Toom-Sauntry, D. Halpin, J. Brook, L. Huang, S. Gong and A. Brook, L. Huang, S. Gong and A.
GaudenziGaudenzi1). PNR Research (Wiens) – Prescribed burns of forest and agricultural sites.
2). Measurements of processed aerosols at Fraserdale, a Boreal Forest location (Sharma).
Objectives:Objectives: To speciate and quantify the contribution of biomass To speciate and quantify the contribution of biomass
burning (forest fires) at the three Canadian locations such burning (forest fires) at the three Canadian locations such as Fraserdale in Ontario, Brazeau river (Jasper National as Fraserdale in Ontario, Brazeau river (Jasper National Park) and Yoho National Park in Alberta.Park) and Yoho National Park in Alberta.
To better quantify the emissions factors of elemental To better quantify the emissions factors of elemental carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) from prescribed burn carbon (EC) and organic carbon (OC) from prescribed burn of a forested boreal region and some agricultural crops.of a forested boreal region and some agricultural crops.
To understand the occurrence, atmospheric chemistry and To understand the occurrence, atmospheric chemistry and potential impacts on climate and air quality issues of PM potential impacts on climate and air quality issues of PM by forest fires, natural emissions by the forest and the by forest fires, natural emissions by the forest and the fossil fuel combustion at Fraserdale.fossil fuel combustion at Fraserdale.
To use To use 1313C/C/1212C to source apportion for EC & OC.C to source apportion for EC & OC.
Expected Sampling Site in Expected Sampling Site in BrazeauBrazeau1. Brazeau Prescribed Burn1. Brazeau Prescribed Burn
Two Sampling periodsTwo Sampling periods Flaming and Smouldering phases at one sampling siteFlaming and Smouldering phases at one sampling site
Three camera sites for multi-axis fire imagery Three camera sites for multi-axis fire imagery Collaborating with Parks Canada and Sustainable Resource Collaborating with Parks Canada and Sustainable Resource Development (AB)Development (AB)No Burns this fall due to wet conditions and labour disputeNo Burns this fall due to wet conditions and labour dispute
PNR 04/05 Fire Research
Monitoring PackageMonitoring Package Mini Vol samplers (47 mm filter; 5 Mini Vol samplers (47 mm filter; 5
litres/min)litres/min) Three simultaneous samplesThree simultaneous samples
– Teflon-quartz pair (gravimetric, elements and Teflon-quartz pair (gravimetric, elements and – Two quartz (EC/OC and PAH’s)Two quartz (EC/OC and PAH’s)
LiCor LiCor 820 CO2 Analyzer820 CO2 Analyzer GasAlertMax (HGasAlertMax (H22S, CO, OS, CO, O22)) Temp, RH, windspeedTemp, RH, windspeed No VOC sampling No VOC sampling
Agricultural ResidueAgricultural Residue
Flax residue typically burned in autumnFlax residue typically burned in autumn Arrangements made for field near Bratts Arrangements made for field near Bratts
Lake BSRN stationLake BSRN station Use same monitors as ForestUse same monitors as Forest Supplemented by extensive Supplemented by extensive
instrumentation at Bratts Lakeinstrumentation at Bratts Lake Burn anticipated in October (depends Burn anticipated in October (depends
on weather and crop insurance)on weather and crop insurance) Potentially second burn of grain strawPotentially second burn of grain straw
3. Fraserdale, Remote site in Northern Ontario (Southern perimeter of Hudson Bay Lowland)
Sources: WinterArctic haze, ski-doos,Local wood burning,
Transport from cities and towns
SummerVegetation, logging trucks,
Forest fires,Transport from cities and towns
M. S. C.
2.5 m size-cut Quartz fiber filter
for chemical analysis
2.5m size-cutZefluor (teflon)
for mass
TSP Zefluor (Teflon)
for mass
TSPQuartz fiberfor chemical
analysis
Sampling Manifold
Flow=16.7 slpm
Blank
Measurements
Method
Filter medium
Status
P.I.
EC/OC Isotopes
Thermal Optical Transmittance
Quartz fiber
March 31, 2005
J. Brook L. Huang
Water soluble TOC
Shimadzu
Quartz fiber
March 31, 2005
D. Toom-Sauntry/Halpin
PAH: Retene Levoglucasan
Thermal desorption/GC-MSD
Quartz fiber
March 31, 2005
J. Brook
BC
Optical measurement by PSAP
Quartz fiber
QA complete
S.Sharma/Gaudenzi
Total mass
Gravimetric
Zefluor filters
March 31, 2005
CAPMoN
Inorganic/organic ion analysis
Ion Chromatography
Zeflour filters
March 31, 2005
D.Toom-Sauntry /Halpin
Measurements and status:
Historical BC data from 1990-1996 has been quality controlled.
FraserdaleNov. 2002-Aug. 2003
BC
, ng
m-3
-2000
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
14000
CO
, pp
bv
-200
0
200
400
Jan01 Mar14 May26 Aug07
Black carbon and CO
CO measured by Doug Worthy’s group
400 ng/m3
Preliminary Results:I. Measurements
background
BC(g m-3)
0
2
4
6
8
10
CO(ppbv)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Back-trajectories
Transport fromN.W. Ontario
Transport from Central Quebec
Weekly integrated PM2.5 inorganic analysis at Fraserdale from Jan 10-Oct 02, 2003.
Ca+2
(g m-3)
0.00
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05
K+
(g m-3)
0.00
0.05
0.10
0.15
NH4+
(g m-3)
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0
1
2
3
0
3
6
9
12
15
18
EC
(g m-3)
OC
(g m-3)
Mass
(g m-3)
SO42-
(g m-3)
0
2
4
6
Oxalate
(g m-3)
0
1
2
NO3-
(g m-3)
0.00
0.07
0.14
0.21
Golden Ears Park: Oxa=0.15 g/m3, SO42- <2 µg/m3, NH4
+ <1 g/m3, NO3-<0.5 µg/m3
EC= 2 g/m3, OC=15 µg/m3
Inorganic analysis
PM2.5 aerosol composition
at Fraserdale
Jan10Feb07
Mar07Apr07
May09Ju06
Jul04Aug01
Sep05Oct02
%
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
SO42-
unkown
EC
POM
NH4+
NO3-
Oxa
Carbonaceous aerosols contribute up to 40% of PM 2.5
Carbon Isotopic Distribution in PM2.5
Samples (Fraserdale, May - Aug. 2003)
-30.00-25.00-20.00-15.00-10.00
-5.000.00
16-May 13-Jun 20-Jun 1-Aug 15-Aug
Time
d13C
VP
DB
OC EC
Isotopic EC & OC in PMIsotopic EC & OC in PM2.52.5
Forest fires
Isotopic EC & OC (TSP)Isotopic EC & OC (TSP)
Isotopic Distribution of TSP Sample (Fraserdale, May -Aug. 2003)
-30.00-25.00
-20.00-15.00-10.00
-5.000.00
16-May 13-Jun 20-Jun 1-Aug 15-Aug
Time
d13C
VP
DB
OC ECForest fires
Hourly BC Emissions
Elapsed time since ignition (hours)
Are
a bu
rned
(he
ctar
es)
sigmoidal fire growth diurnal variability
• Area Burned (A)
Emissions(X) = A . (ß . B) . EF(X)
• Average and constant fuel consumption amount by ecoregion (.B)
3. Modeling
Black Carbon, Canada
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
180,000
200,000
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
BC
(t)
30%
Future work:
1) Chemical analysis of all samples until Oct. 2004 sample period.
2) Transport modeling with CAM in RCM and/or GEM at a higher grid resolution.
3) Finally modeling (emission and transport) for 1990-1996 BC measurements.
4) Slight chance that prescribed burn might take place in the spring, 05.
A subset of this work was also presented at the “8th International Carbonaceous aerosol meeting”, held in Vienna in Sept. 2004.
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