paratuberculosis in animals ivo pavlik veterinary research institute, brno, czech republic
Post on 30-Dec-2015
227 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
ParatParatuberculuberculosis in animalsosis in animals
Ivo Pavlik
Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
Paratuberculosis (Johne‘s disease)
Etiology: M. a. paratuberculosis1895
Ayele et al., Veterinarni Medicina, 2001, 205-224. http://www.vri.cz/docs/vetmed/46-8-205.pdf
*p 0.01
Cow Lactation
Fec. culture ELISA Previous-P Last-L L – P
- + 10 176 8 028 - 2 148*
- - 9 846 9 340 - 506
Milk production
Economic losses in one imported cattle herd with 350 Holstein cows in the Czech R.
Economic losses in one imported cattle herd with 350 Holstein cows in the Czech R.
Weight of new-born calves
Mother Calves (weight in kg)
Fec. culture ELISA Bull Heifer
- + 8 36.6* 10 25.9
- - 18 37.9 20 36.1
*p 0.01
Economic losses in one imported cattle herd with 350 Holstein cows in the Czech R.
The frequency of clinical signs in 225 cows
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
culle
d an
imal
s (%
)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
month
Age of 225 animals with clinical paratuberculosis
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
culle
d an
imal
s (%
)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
age
The most often localisation of MAP infection
Amemori et al., Veterinarni Medicina, 2004, 225-236. http://www.vri.cz/docs/vetmed/49-7-225.pdf
Pathologico-anatomical alterations:
oedema, thickening and corrugation of mucousa
Sheep CowAyele et al., Veterinarni Medicina, 2001, 205-224. http://www.vri.cz/docs/vetmed/46-8-205.pdf
Prime-culture of faeces Subculture of isolates
Cultivation of M. a. paratuberculosis
blank growing
liquid medium Contamination
Total 4212
Biological materials (GIT tissue samples) during 1992 to 2001
2010
348368
905
338243
CattleSheep and goatsRed deerRoe deerFallow deerMoufflon
The ruminants infected with paratuberculosis in GIT during 1993 to 2001
551
3332
101017
Total 653
CattleSheep and goatsRed deerRoe deerFallow deerMoufflon
Incubation period of M. a. paratuberculosis isolated from the GIT
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
cattle 325
sheep+goats 8
cervids 31
moufflons 10
0
20
40
60
80
100
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
cattle 225
sheep+goats 25
cervids and moufflons 9
Z-N negative GIT tissue Z-N positive GIT tissue
% %
months months
Possible ways of transmission
x
M-C16
B-C1B-C9
1997
1997
1997
Pavlik et al., Veterinary Microbiology, 77, 2000, 231-251.
RFLP types of MAP isolates from samples collected from farm A
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
A-C 10B-C1
B-C9B-C10
B-C14
RFLP type
faeces
environment
detection of RFLP types
(%)
Paratuberculosis in cattle (1961-1990)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
1970
1971
1972
1973
1974
1975
1976
1977
1978
1979
1980
1981
1982
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
Czech Rep.imported
Danish red
Herreford
No. ofherds
Paratuberculosis in cattle (1991-2001)Paratuberculosis in cattle (1991-2001)
0
4
8
12
16
20
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
No. ofherds
Czech Rep.imported
Types of breeds of imported cattle herds (n=408) to the Czech Republic (1992-1998)
55.8%
9.3%
6.1%
5.4%
4.7%
2.8%
2.3%2.3%
11.3%
HolsteinCharolaisMont BelliardeAberdeen AngusSimentalFleckviehGallowayJerseyother 11 breeds
Others PIHE BA LI BR BS
GA BM HIPZ SA
2.1%2.1%1.9%1.2%0.4%4.0%
4.0%4.0%4.0%4.0%4.0%
Prevalence of selected infections and invasive diseases in imported cattle herds (n=408) to the
Czech Republic (1992-1998)
Trichophytosis
14.5%
1.5%
84.0%
IBR/IPV
others:BVDPasteurellosisIKKSHypodermosis
80.8%
19.2%
4.8%
29.1%
46.8% 0.7%
4.3%
0.3%
1.5%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
0.3%
Origin of imported cattle herds (n=408) to the CzechRepublic (1992-1998)
11,1%
5.3%
2.6%27
.3%
17.8% 66.7%
0%
100%
0%
0%
0%
0%
0%
Origin of infected cattle herds(n=53) imported to the Czech
Republic (1992-1998)
HOLSTEIN MONT BELIARDE CHAROLAIS
14.2 15.4 19.0
Prevalence of paratuberculosis in imported cattle breeds
Spread of M. a. paratuberculosis infection by calves through 6 farms with 1 800 cows
Pavlik et al., Veterinary Microbiology, 45, 1995, 311-318.
Paratuberculosis in sheep and goatsParatuberculosis in sheep and goats
0
1
2
3
4
19
61
19
62
19
63
19
64
19
65
19
66
19
67
19
68
19
69
19
70
19
71
19
72
19
73
19
74
19
75
19
76
19
77
19
78
19
79
19
80
19
81
19
82
19
83
19
84
19
85
19
86
19
87
19
88
19
89
19
90
No. ofherds
Czech Rep.imported
Paratuberculosis in sheep and goatsParatuberculosis in sheep and goats
0
1
2
3
4
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001
? ?
No. ofherds
Control programme of paratuberculosis in the Czech Republic
• Control programme is subsidised by state from 1999
• The cost for two whole herd faecal culture of all animals older than 18 months is covered
• Animals shedding M. a. paratuberculosis are culled
• Compensation for slaughtered animals is covered by owners or in part by insurance companies
Pavlik et al., Veterinarni Medicina, 45, 2000, 61-70.
Paratuberculosis was controlled in 60 herds of ruminants during 1992 to 2001
Animal herd No. of herds
cattle 53sheep 1Capricorn 1antelope 1moufflon 1fallow deer 1red deer 2Total 60
Faecal culture examination was done (sedimentation method with 0.75% HPC): 9 140 heads of cattle and 670 other ruminants
Successful control (60 herds evaluated)Successful control (60 herds evaluated)
Animal species: 7 herds of cattle, 1 herd of Capricorn
8 (13.3 %)
Control of paratuberculosis on farm M with 180 cows
Pavlik et al., Veterinarni Medicina, 45, 2000, 61-70.
The control programme underway (60 herds evaluated)
Animal species: 20 herds of cattle and 1 herd of deer
21 (35.0 %)
Control of paratuberculosis on farm HJ with 400 cows
Pavlik et al., Veterinarni Medicina, 45, 2000, 61-70.
Control of paratuberculosis on farm H with 180 cows
Pavlik et al., Veterinarni Medicina, 45, 2000, 61-70.
Radical method of control programme
Animal species: 18 cattle herd 1 deer herd 1 flock of goat 1 herd of antelope 1 fallow deer 1 herd of moufflon
23 (38.3 %)
Risk factors for successful control of the disease
1. Late detection of the first case of infection
2. Rearing of calves with their mothers during the first 3 months
3. Movement of animals between herds
4. Progenies from infected mothers
Pavlik et al., Veterinarni Medicina, 45, 2000, 61-70.
B. Limiting factors
1. Low motivation of farmers to control the disease
a. without clinical cases of paratuberculosis
b. genetically valuable animals
c. with animals prepared for the market
d. breeding bulls
2. Lack of financial support for slaughtered animals
a. clinical suspects for paratuberculosis
b. clinical healthy shedders of MAP
c. progenies from infected mothers
Pavlik et al., Veterinarni Medicina, 45, 2000, 61-70.
Occurrence of M.a.paratuberculosis in dairy farm
Floor scrapings
Wall scrapings
Feed
Floor scrapings
Ficher et al., Veterinary Microbiology, 91, 2003, 325-328.
Sampling of field samples from a septic tank
fixing of a jar with stopper submersion of a jar
release of stopper from a jar pull a jar with a sediment
Occurrence of mycobacteria in a farm
M. fortuitum, M. a. hominissuis serotypes 6 and 9
silagesilage
M. gordonae, M. a. avium
midden silage
M. a. paratuberculosis
M. a. paratuberculosis in non-vertebrates
Fischer et al., Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 15, 2001, 208-211.
Drone fly (Eristalis tenax) – larva and pupa
Machackova et al., Veterinary Microbiology, 101, 2004, 225-234 .
Cockroach (Blatta orientalis)
Fischer et al.: Nymphs of the Oriental cockroach (Blatta orientalis) as passive vectors of mycobacterial infections. Med. Vet. Entomology, 17, 2003, 145-150.
Fischer et al.: Findings of Mycobacteria in insectivores and small rodents. Folia Microbiologica, 45, 2000, 2, 147-152.
Earth worms (Lumbricus terrestris)
Fischer et al.: Earthworms (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) and mycobacteria. Veterinary Microbiology, 91, 2003, 325-338.
Results
2.0 % of 2 906 samples of the external environment
3.0 % of 33 samples of earth worms
22.2 % of 351 samples of larvae of drone flies (Eristalis tenax)
2.0 % of 202 samples of dipterous flies of the family
Scatophagidae: Scatophaga sp.
Calliphoridae: Calliphora vicina Lucillia caesar
top related