pags workshop 2007
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PAG MANUAL WORKSHOPMay 24, 2007
39th Annual National Conference onRadiation Control
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Hidden Slide
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3
PAG Workshop Elements
I. Introduction
II. PAG Update Summary
III. Early Phase
IV. Intermediate Phase
V. Drinking Water/Food PAGs
VI. Late Phase
VII. Conclusion/Summary
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4
1992 EPA PAG Manual
Included updates andrevisions to previous editions
Based on Federal GuidanceReport 11 methodology
(ICRP 26) Promised water and Late
Phase PAGs
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2007 Draft PAG Manual
Clarifies the use of 1992 PAGs for incidents other thannuclear power plant accidents
Lowers projected thyroid dose for KI
Provides drinking water guidance
Includes guidance for long-term site restoration
Updates dosimetry from ICRP 26 to ICRP 60
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What is a Protective Action Guide?
PAGA value against which to compare theprojected dose to a defined individual from a releaseof radioactive material at which a specific protective
action to reduce or avoid that dose is warranted.
Projected dose is a dose that can be averted byprotective actions.
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Incident Response Phases
Early Phase: Can last from hours to days untilthe release has stopped
Intermediate Phase: Can last from a week tomonths
Late Phase: Can last from months to years
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1992
Evacuation/Shelter 1-5 rem(10-50 mSv)
KI 25 rem (250 mSv) thyroiddose (adult)
Worker 5, 10, 25+ rem (50,
100, 250+ mSv)
Early Phase
2007
Evacuation/Shelter 1-5 rem(10-50 mSv)
KI threshold 5 rem (50 mSv)thyroid dose (child)
Worker 5, 10, 25+ rem (50,
100, 250+ mSv)
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Intermediate Phase
1992
Relocate population
2 rem (20 mSv) (projecteddose)
Apply dose reduction techniques < 2 rem (20 mSv)
Food (FDA 1982)
0.5 rem (50 mSv) annual doseequivalent
Drinking water Promised
2007
Relocate population 2 rem (20 mSv) (projected
dose)
Apply dose reduction techniques < 2 rem (20 mSv)
Food (FDA 1998): Act based on most
limiting of 0.5 rem (5 mSv) whole body or
5 rem (50 mSv) to most exposedorgan or tissue Drinking water
0.5 rem (5 mSv) first year CEDE
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HiddenIntermediate Phase
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FDA Food PAGs
1992
1982 FDA guidance
NCRP 39 methodology
Preventive PAG 0.5 rem wholebody and 1.5 rem thyroid
Emergency PAG 10 times higher,depends on impact
Dose only, no activity levelsprovided
2007
1998 FDA guidance
ICRP 56 & NRPB methods
One set of PAGS 0.5 rem whole body dose or
5 rem to most exposed organ ortissue
Dose and derived intervention
levels (DILs) provided
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Drinking Water PAG
2007
Applicable to drinking waterfrom any source
EPA Safe Drinking Water Actlevels after first year
Doses will be greatlyreduced in subsequent years
Bridging language to
explain FDA food PAG(includes water) and EPAwater PAG relationship
1992
Promised
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Application to Terrorist Incidents
Since 9/11, new threat of radiologicalterrorism
DHS vetted the PAG Manual (Early andIntermediate PAGs) for application toRDDs or INDs and identified the needfor Late Phase, or recovery, guidance
Application of PAGs to IND events Scope and scale Priority on lifesaving and avoidance of
acute effects Short response timeframe
Unique fallout decay curve
Several projects to address the needfor unique guidance
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Hidden Slide
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Different Scenarios, Different Sequences
Intermediate and Late Phaseevents will be similar for RDDand NPP scenarios.
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Late Phase Guidance
2007
DHS RDD/IND ConsequenceManagement Workgroup
drafted current guidance(January 3, 2006, Federal Registernotice)
All radiological events covered(NPP/RDD/IND)
Optimization
1992
Promised
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Early PhaseIntroduction
Detailed description of proposed PAGrevisions
Exposure pathways
- Crude calculation example for downwind doseestimate
Evacuation and sheltering- Discuss KI administration
Emergency worker limits
DCFs, DRLs- Calculation example
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Early Phase Initial Responses
Notification of state and/or local authorities
Immediate evacuation/sheltering (if necessary) priorto release information or measurements
Monitoring of releases and exposure ratemeasurements
Estimation of dose consequences
Implementation of protective actions in other areas, ifnecessary
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Early Phase Exposure Pathways
Direct exposure
Inhalation
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Establish Exposure Patterns
In the Early Phase, data are not sufficient toaccurately project doses
Project dose using a combination of data and
estimates: Initial environmental measurements
Source term estimates
Previously observed atmospheric transport under similarmeteorological conditions
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Simple Exposure Rate Calculation
D2=D1(R1/R2)y
If a site-specific model is not available, asimple method can be used to calculate theexposure rate at the plume centerline atground level (1 m height).
D1 and D2 are measurements
of exposure rates at the
centerline of the plume atdistances R1 and R2 y is a constant that depends
on atmospheric stability
Stability Class yA, B (light winds, sunlight) 2.0C, D (wind>10 mph) 1.5E, F (light winds@night) 1.0
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Calculation Example
The RDD exploded at 8:30 am (atmospheric stability Class E,winds of approximately 5 miles per hour). A radiation monitor 100meters from the blast site recorded fluctuating readings over thefirst 60 minutes that averaged 500 mR/hr. What would theestimate of exposure rate be at a distance of 2 kilometers (nearest
public school) from the blast location?
R1 = 100 m
R2 = 2000 m
D1 = 500 mR/hry = 1
D2=D1(R1/R2)y
D2=500(100/2000)1
D2= 25 mR/hr
This information should be
analyzed in conjunction with
plume source-term
projections and airborneradioactivity concentrations
to determine if evacuation
or shelter-in-place is
appropriate.
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Evacuation
Primary objective is to avoid exposure bymoving away from the path of the plume
Can be 100% effective if completedbefore plume arrival
Exposure reduction occurs if evacuationprecedes plume passage
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Sheltering
Use of readily available, nearby structures
Sheltering decisions should be based on materialreleased and exposure pathway
For noble gases, external exposure is the dominantpathway
Consideration for inhalation pathway
Ventilation control
Seal cracks and openings
Open shelters after plume passage to ventilate
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Potassium Iodide Actions
FDA recommendations for Early Phase KI administration is
a multi-pronged approach: Children 0-18 years: Projected dose to thyroid is 5 rem (50 mSv) or
greater
Pregnant and lactating women: Projected dose to thyroid is 5 rem (50mSv) or greater
Adults up to 40 years: Projected dose to thyroid is 10 rem (100 mSv) or
greater Adults over 40 years: Projected dose to thyroid is over 500 rem (5 Sv)
[preventing hypothyroidism]
EPA proposes a simplified approach: Provide KI to public if 5 rem (50 mSv) child thyroid dose projected
This is a supplemental action where evacuation is the primary protection
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Guidance for Emergency Workers
Dose (rem) Activity Condition
5 All None
10 Protecting valuable property Lower dose not practicable
25 Lifesaving or protection oflarge populations
Lower dose not practicable
>25 Lifesaving or protection oflarge populationsVoluntary basis/fully awareof risks
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Dose Conversion Factors
i
n
i CDCFH=
1
H= Dose
DCF= Dose Conversion Factor for radionuclide i C= Time-integrated concentration of radionuclide i
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DCP Example
An accident at an industrial facility resulted in the release of radioactive
iodine that was dispersed into the atmosphere. A populated area outside ofthe site boundary experienced the following radionuclide concentrations:
2E-8 Ci/cm3 Tm-170 DCP = 3.2E+44E-9 Ci/cm3 Cs-134 DCP = 7.6E+4
1E-7 Ci/cm3
I-131 DCP = 2.7E+4(DCF in units of rem-cm3 per h-Ci, Table 2-5 in PAG Manual)
H = (2E-8 x 3.2E+4) + (4E-9 x 7.6E+4)
+ (1E-7 x 2.7E+4)
= 0.004 rem/hr
For a four-day exposure period, an evacuation PAG of 1 rem TEDE would
not be exceeded.
0.004 rem/hr x 96 hours =
0.4 rem
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Conclusion
Questions or comments on the EarlyPhase PAGs?
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Break
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Intermediate PhaseIntroduction
Detailed description of proposed PAG revisions
Exposure pathways
Relocation and dose reduction
Dose projection (with calculation examples) External (gamma) exposure
Internal exposure (inhalation dose)
Exposure limits
Longer term objectives for Intermediate PhasePAGs
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Intermediate Phase
Period that begins after the source and releases havebeen brought under control
Environmental measurements are available as bases
for decisions
May overlap Early and Late Phases
Exposure pathways are primarily whole body external
dose and internal dose from inhalation or ingestion
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Protective Actions
Protective Action
Recommendation
PAG
(projected dose)
Comments
Relocate the general
population
2 rem (20 mSv)
First year
Beta dose to skin may be
up to 50 times higher
Apply simple dosereduction techniques
< 2 rem (20 mSv)First year
Reduce doses to as lowas practical levels
Longer term objectives 0.5 rem (5 mSv) In any single year after
the first
5 rem (50 mSv) Cumulative dose over 50
years
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Response Areas
Priorities
Protect all personsfrom doses that couldcause acute healtheffects
Establish a strategy forrelocation
Recommend simpledecon techniques andspending as much timeindoors as possible
Plume Direction
Shelte
rArea
Evacuation Area
DepositionAr
ea
Relocation Area
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Sequence of Events
Identify high dose rate areas Relocate population from high dose rate areas
Allow return of evacuees to noncontaminated areas
Establish relocation areas
Establish procedures for reducing exposure ofnonrelocated population
Perform detailed environmental monitoring
Decontaminate essential facilities and routes
Begin recovery activities
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ExampleTotal Dose Due to Deposition
TPiEgroundDpExDP
iTPEinhEDP
TPiEDpTDP
,,,_
,,,,,_ +=
( )
( )
( )CimmremDpExDP
CimmremEDP
CimmremDpTDP
TPiEground
TPiEinh
TPiE
/depositionforParameterDoseExternal_
/inhalationforParameterDoseEffective
/depositionsurfaceforParameterDoseTotal_
2
,,,
2
,,,
2
,,
=
=
=
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External Dose
iEgroundTPiTPiEground ExDFCRPDpExDP ,,,..._ =
( )
( )CimmremExDF
CRP
CimmremDpExDP
iEground
TPi
TPiEground
/DepositionforFactorDoseExternal
ParameterRemovalCombined
/DepositionforParameterDoseExternal_
2
,,
,
2
,,,
=
=
=
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TPiiEinhTPiEinh KPCDFEDP ,,,,,, =
Inhalation Dose
( )
( )( )msKP
CismmremCDF
CimmremEDP
TPi
iEinh
TPiEinh
/ParameteronResuspensi
/FactorDoseCommitted
/ParameterDoseEffective
,
3
,,
2
,,,
=
=
=
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Example: 239 Pu or 137 Cs in RDD
What are the total dose parameters for the first year for
deposited contamination resulting from the scenarioswhere an RDD has deposited either 239 Pu or 137 Cs on apopulated area (assume weathering)?
TPiEgroundDpExDP
iTPEinhEDP
TPiEDpTDP
,,,_
,,,,,_ +=
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Comparison of 239 Pu and 137 Cs
239
Pu1st year time phase
TDP_Dp =
6.73E-5 mrem per pCi/m2
Initial Dose Rate
External Exposure Factor =
4.43E-12 mrem/hr per pCi/m2
137
Cs (with137
Ba)1st year time phase
TDP_Dp =
4.77E-5 mrem per pCi/m2
Initial Dose Rate
External Exposure Factor =
6.01E-9 mrem/hr per pCi/m2
Initial dose rate corrected for ground roughness factor
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Total Dose for 239 Pu and 137 Cs Examples
239 Pu
1st year time phase
TDP_Dp =
6.73E-5 mrem per pCi/m2
Initial Contamination Level =
100 pCi/m2
Total Dose = 59 mrem
137 Cs (with 137 Ba)
1st year time phase
TDP_Dp =
4.77E-5 mrem per pCi/m2
Initial Contamination Level =
100 pCi/m2
Total Dose = 42 mrem
PAG recommends dose reduction techniques.
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Applying Relocation PAGs
Creation of a relocation area may result in:
Relocation of Early Phase evacuees
Relocation of persons not previouslyevacuated
Return of evacuees who reside outside of
the relocation area
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Surface Contamination Control
General guidance Do not allow monitoring and decontamination to delay
evacuation
If necessary, establish emergency contamination screeningstations
Establish monitoring and personnel decontaminationfacilities at evacuation centers
Set up monitoring and decontamination stations at exits fromthe relocation area
Establish auxiliary monitoring in low background areas
Do not waste effort trying to contain contaminated washwater
Applies to both Early and Intermediate Phases
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Questions or comments on theIntermediate Phase PAGs?
Conclusion
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Drinking Water and Food PAGs
Relationship of drinking water and food PAGs to Early,Intermediate, and Late Phases
Drinking water PAGs Projecting doses using DRLs
DRLs for multiple radionuclides
FDA food PAGs Derived Intervention Levels (DILs) (with calculation)
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Drinking Water PAG
Drinking water0.5 rem(5 mSv) first yearcommitted effective doseequivalent
Applicable to drinkingwater from any source
EPA Safe Drinking Water
Standards after first year
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Protective Actions for Water
Wait for flow-by Ration clean water supplies
Treat contaminated water
Activate existing connections to neighboring systems
Establish pipeline connections to closestsources/systems
Import water in tanker trucks Import bottled water
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Projecting Drinking Water Doses
DRLs are concentrations of radionuclides in water thatcorrespond to a PAG of 0.5 rem in the first year (tableof DRLs provided in PAG Manual).
=n
i i
i
DRL
CF Sum of fractions is used
for multiple radionuclides.
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Drinking Water Example
( ) ( ) ( )
83.1
71.087.025.0
950,4/500,3850,13/000,12504,406/000,100
=
++=
++=
=n
i i
i
DRL
CF
Assume that, as a result of a nuclear power plantaccident, a water supply is contaminated as follows:131 I100,000 pCi/L DRL =406,504 pCi/L137 Cs12,000 pCi/L DRL =13,850 pCi/L90 Sr 3,500 pCi/L DRL =4,950 pCi/L
F>1, PAG is exceeded
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Drinking Water PAGs
Early Phase Public can continue to drink water unless told
otherwise
Intermediate Phase PAG based on optimization of cost and risk and
consistency with other guidelines
Late Phase Protective actions can reduce dose, if actions are
warranted after the first year
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Food Dose Projection Resources
Draft PAG Manual provides radionuclide-specific dosecoefficient tables
Manual provides ICRP values for intake based on agegroups
Manual provides dose coefficient, and DILs referenceinformation from several international organizations
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Projections of Dose from Food
The recommended PAG is either 0.5 rem (5 mSv)committed effective dose equivalent, or 5 rem (50mSv) committed dose equivalent to individual tissuesand organs, whichever is more limiting.
DCFIf
PAGDIL
=
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Example of Projection of Dose from Food
As the result of an NPP release,
90
Sr has beenreleased into a portion of the food supply. What isthe DIL for a population that may have to consumecontaminated food for 100 days?
kgpCiE
E
pCimremEkg
mrem
DCFIf
PAGDIL
/46.2
20.2
500
/43.13005.0
500
=
=
=
=
If foodborne radionuclideconcentrations exceed thisvalue, the PAG is exceeded.
D i ki W /F d PAG
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Drinking Water/Food PAGs
Drinking water PAG is implemented using EPAsderived response levels (DRLs)
Food PAG is implemented using FDAs derivedintervention levels (DILs)
DRLs and DILs may vary for the same radionuclidebecause of how they are derived
For water intake (via other beverages or food intake),DILs and DRLs can be used together or independently
C l i
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Questions or comments on the food ordrinking water PAG?
Conclusion
B k
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Break
L t Ph
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Late Phase
Cleanup and recovery
Optimization Descriptions Optimization planning for radiological
cleanup
Resources for demonstratingcompletion
Other recovery issues
L t Ph G l
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Late Phase Goals
Restoration of incident site to conditions asnear as possible to pre-existingcreation of anew normal
Remove contamination
Eliminate access restrictions
End food and water controls
Return population to homes and jobs
DHS W k
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DHS Workgroup
Addressed recovery and cleanup issues Determined that a numeric cleanup level was not
useful (extreme range of impacts)
Agreed to optimization approach based loosely on theFramework for Environmental Health RiskManagement (1997)
DHS guidance was approved for interim use; EPA and
DHS documents will be finalized in parallel
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Optimization Process
Identify a variety of dose or risk benchmarksidentified from state, federal, or other sources
Use benchmarks as the basis for analyzing
various options for remediation Establish cleanup goals based on the
optimization analysis
O ti i i f R
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Optimizing for Recovery
Optimization activities are quantitative and qualitative
assessments applied during decision-making
Optimized exposure levels for recovery may requireconsideration of net health benefits to the exposed
population and society in general EPA recommends forming work groups to include:
Various technical disciplines
Members of the affected population
Government agencies Public interest groups
Factors in the Optimization Process
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Factors in the Optimization Process
Nature of the incidentsize,contaminants, location, specialconsideration items
Technical feasibilitywastegeneration and disposal
Adverse effects of the cleanupactivities
Effectiveness and permanence
Areas impacted Types of contamination Other hazards present Human health Public welfare Ecological risks Actions already taken Projected land use
Preservation ordestruction of significant
places Technical feasibility Wastes generated Disposal options Applicable resources
Potential adverse impacts Long-term effectiveness Timeliness Public acceptability Economic effects
Decision Making Organizations
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Decision-Making Organizations
Focus on process for reaching consensus: Identify
stakeholders in the decision-making process Decision Team
- Senior federal and state officials
Recovery Management Team
- Senior leadership in the field recovery effort
Stakeholder Working Group
- Federal, state, local business, local nongovernmental
representatives, members of the public Technical Working Group
- Select subject matter experts
Work Group Expertise Areas
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Work Group Expertise Areas
Health physics andradiation protection
Environmental fate andtransport sciences
Decontaminationtechnologies
Radiation measurements
Site-specificdemographics, landuses, and local publicworks
Local community needs,wants, and wishes
Government
Waste management
Implementation of Site Restoration Plan
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Implementation of Site Restoration Plan
Develop operational guidelines for specificactivities
Conduct cleanup activities per the plan
Revisit and revise as conditions dictate
Recovery Criteria Considerations
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Recovery Criteria Considerations
Exposure pathways Direct external exposure (whole body dose) Ingestion Inhalation
Affected populations include residents andworkers
Reasonable anticipated use of facility or area
Existing Cleanup Benchmarks
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Existing Cleanup Benchmarks
State environmental departments/programs
Usually within risk range of 10-4
to 10-6
NRC Agreement States 25 mrem/yr primary dose constraint (some states are more
stringentdown to 10 mrem/yr) 100 mrem/yr allowable exemption
ALARA NRC and DOE decommissioning programs
25 mrem/yr primary dose constraint 100 mrem/yr allowable exemption ALARA
EPA Superfund sites risk range of 10-4 to 10-6
Demonstrating Completion
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Demonstrating Completion
Several tools are available to assist indetermining compliance with specified andagreed-upon cleanup criteria:
Multi-Agency Radiation Survey and Site Investigation
Manual (MARSSIM) Methods for Evaluating the Attainment of Cleanup
Standards (EPA 230/02-89-042) Soil Screening Guidance for Radionuclides: Technical
Background Document (EPA 540-R-00-007)
Improving Sampling, Analysis, and Data Management forSite Investigation and Cleanup (EPA 542-F-04-001a)
Conclusion
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Questions or comments on theLate Phase PAG?
Conclusion
2007 PAG Manual Revision
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2007 PAG Manual Revision
Not a substantial change from 1992 Clarifies the use of PAGs for incidents other
than nuclear power plant releases
Provides drinking water guidance
Introduces guidance for long-term siterestoration
Updates the dosimetry basis from ICRP 26 toICRP 60
Commenting on the Revised PAG Manual
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Commenting on the Revised PAG Manual
Availability of revised manual
Public comment period
Submission of comments
Specific areas for requested comments
Note in the Revised PAG Manual
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Note in the Revised PAG Manual
New values for DCPs and DRLs are based on ICRP 60.
EPA encourages the use of electronic tools, such asTurbo FRMAC.
The drinking water PAG considers only ingestion; otheruses (e.g., bathing, washing) are considered under theIntermediate Phase.
The food PAG chapter is a copy of FDA guidance from1998; comments on this topic may not be addresseduntil the next FDA revision
Note in the Revised PAG Manual
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Note in the Revised PAG Manual
Late Phase guidance is based on a DHS documentfrom 2006 and introduces optimization.
Note that relocation area replaces restricted zonethroughout the document.
Additional language is provided to allow users tochoose existing cleanup processes and levels or toemploy the optimization process for incidents otherthan RDDs and INDs.
DHS issued for interim use its document on applyingPAGs to RDD and IND incidents in parallel andchanges will be incorporated into the PAG Manual.
Special Areas for Comment
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Special Areas for Comment
Can we further reduce the NPP-specific language tostreamline the document?
Should background information in Appendix C (from1992) on sheltering be retained as part of the PAG
basis?
Special Areas for Comment
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Special Areas for Comment
Would a PAG for re-entry into a relocation area behelpful?
Should the contamination guidance of 2 Xbackgroundfor example, contamination rate for
monitoring and decontamination at public receptioncentersbe retained?
Special Areas for Comment
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Special Areas for Comment
Please comment on the usefulness of the drinkingwater PAG and supporting information.
Please comment on the usefulness of thediscussion in the revised manual on how the foodand water PAGs work together.
Should the food PAG be applied when an incidentinvolves contaminated food and drinking water, andthe drinking water PAG be applied to incidentsinvolving only water contamination?
Special Areas for Comment
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Special Areas for Comment
How is the new table of existing radiologicalcleanup benchmarks useful?
Please comment on the removal of the 5 rem
projected over 50 years PAG, which waspotentially confused with Late Phase/recoveryguidance.
Special Areas for Comment
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Special Areas for Comment
Appendices C, D, E, and F contain some old datarelated to the development of the PAGs; if madeavailable online via the 1992 Manual, can they becut from this version to streamline the document?
Please comment specifically on the value ofAppendices G and H, which support the Late Phaseguidance.
The End
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The End
Thank you for your attention!
Enjoy the rest of the day!
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