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87200333IX.fm Page 690 Wednesday, August 22, 2001 2:01 PM
I
N
D
E
X
Numerics
2B+D, 39310Base2, 7910Base5, 7910BaseFL, 7910BaseT, 7910 Gigabit Ethernet, 8124-7-365 availability, 29830B+D PRI, 39680/20 rule, 59100BaseT, 80-81100BaseX, 793270 terminals, 4417000 series routers
autonomous switching, 192CIP, 494
7500 series routers (CIP), 494
A
AAL (ATM Adaptation Layers), 119-120AAL1 (ATM Adaptation Layer 1), 120, 605AAL2 (ATM Adaptation Layer 2), 120AAL3 (ATM Adaptation Layer 3), 120AAL4 (ATM Adaptation Layer 4), 120AAL5 (ATM Adaptation Layer 5), 121AARP (AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol),
259ABM (asynchronous balanced mode), 453ABR (Available Bit Rate), 119ABRs (Area Border Routers), 219access layer, 25access lists, 561
IPX, 269placement, 570
access routersbranch office routers, 410-412BRI routers, 409central site routers, 413-415Cisco 3600 series, 415PRI routers, 409regional office routers, 412-413telecommuter routers, 409-410
ACD (automatic call distribution), 622active state (DLCI), 349
adaptation layers (ATM), 119–120, 605address allocation, private ATM networks, 121-122
network interfaces, 122address field, FID4 frames, 443addressing
AppleTalk, 260AURP, 265cable ranges, configuring, 263EIGRP, 264filtering options, 262name-to-address resolution, 261RTMP, 264zones, 262
DHCP, 277IPX, 265name resolution, 273VoATM, 606VoFR, 607voice over data networks, 600-601VoIP, 609X.121, 340
adjacencies (OSPF), forming, 226administrative distance, 197ADSP (AppleTalk DataStream Protocol), 259advertisements
LSAs, 220AS-External LSAs, 222network LSAs, 221router LSAs, 221summary LSAs, 221Type 7, 229
AFP (AppleTalk Filing Protocol), 260aggregation, 198AH (Authentication Header), 572all-routes explorers, hop counts, 514analog backup links, 391, 393analog signaling, 598-599analyzing customer design requirements, 10ANR (Automatic Network Routing), 492any-to-any networks, DLSw+
hierarchical topology, 517-526, 529promiscuous mode, 529QoS, 529-532queuing algorithms, 532-533
AO/DI (Always On/Dynamic ISDN), 343AppleTalk, 259
addressing, 260cable range configuration, 263
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filtering options, 262name-to-address resolution, 261
AppleTalk Address Resolution Protocol (AARP), 259AppleTalk addressing, zones, 262AppleTalk DataStream Protocol (ADSP), 259AppleTalk Filing Protocol (AFP), 260AppleTalk Transaction Protocol (ATP), 259AppleTalk Update-Based Routing Protocol (AURP),
259application proxies, 565-566applications, network management, 12applying access lists to interfaces, 570APPN (Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking), 490
Cisco IOS support, 493-494composite network nodes, 491control points, 491dependent LUs, 493end nodes, 491HPR (high-performance routing), 491-492ISR, 491LENs (low entry nodes), 491network nodes, 491virtual nodes, 493
architecture, SNA model, 434-435versus OSI model, 435
Area 0, 231areas, 218
addressing, bit splitting, 233interarea route summarization, 224not-so-stubby areas, 229stub areas, 228, 230totally stubby areas, 229
AS (autonomous system), 218EGPs, 196IGPs, 195-196
ASBRs (Autonomous System Boundary Routers), 220AS-External LSAs, 222ASN (Access Subnetwork), 336asynchronous transmission, 453ATM, 59, 83, 116, 298.
See also
VoATMcells, 116connection identifiers, 117IISP (Interim Interswitch Signaling Protocol), 121LANE (LAN Emulation), 124-125
BUS, 125LEC, 126LECS, 125
LES, 125LANs, 124PNNI (Private Network Node Interface), 121private networks
address allocation, 121-122congestion control, 122-123
PVCs, 117-118SVCs, 118switches
Cisco/StrataCom BPX Service Node, 128Cisco/StrataCom IGX, 129
ATM physical layer, 119ATM reference model
AAL (ATM Adaptation Layers), 119–120correlation to OSI Reference model, 119
ATP (AppleTalk Transaction Protocol), 259AURP (AppleTalk Update-Based Routing Protocol),
259, 265authentication
AH, 572ESP, 571OSPF, 225-226
auto-cost reference bandwidth command, 223Automatic Network Routing (ANR), 492autonomous switching, 192availability
24-7-365, 298convergence, 300reliability, 299
Available Bit Rate (ABR), 119AXIS interface shelf, 128
B
B channels (BRI), 396backbone
collapsed, 82MBONE, 165multiprotocol, 310single-protocol IP, 310
backbone routers, 219backup power supplies, 15backup strategies, DLSw+ hierarchical topology, 522BACP (Bandwidth Allocation Control Protocol), 343balanced mode, 453bandwidth, 187
AppleTalk
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CRTP, 628Frame Relay, 366QoS, 303rate limiting (CAR), 305reserving, 536-537traffic engineering, 621-628
Basic Rate Interface (BRI), 393BDRs (backup designated routers), 227BECNs (Backward Explicit Congestion Notifications),
351-352best effort, 615best effort delivery, 529best path determination, 166, 191
OSPF, 222BGP (Border Gateway Protocol), 196BIA (burned-in address), 450bidding process (MMP), 407bit splitting, OSPF address space, 233Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), 196border peers (DLSw+), 488, 524-526
explorer replication, minimizing, 528-529peer group design, 526, 529
boundary nodes, FID2 frames, 444branch office routers, 410-412BRI (Basic Rate Interface), 393, 396
B channels, 396D channels, 396
BRI routers, 409bridges, wireless, 90bridging, 48, 84-85, 92broadband, 90broadcast domains, VLANs
connectivity, 95deploying, 93, 95
broadcast multiaccess networks, 219broadcast networks, 227
split horizon, 190broadcast radiation, 51broadcast traffic, campus networks, 51broadcasts
controlling, 17resolving NetBIOS names, 273SAPs, 268
BSN (Backbone Subnetwork), 336B-TE (broadband terminal equipment interface), 122build-and-maintain process, 196bundles, 405-406
BUS (Broadcast and Unknown Server), 125business processes, prioritizing, 14BXM (Broadband Switch Module) cards, 128
C
cablecoaxial cable, 86fiber-optic, 88shielding, 86twisted-pair, 87
cable ranges, 261configuring, 263
cablingfault-tolerance, implementing, 15selecting, 57
calculatingcost, 222hosts per subnet, 154-155link requirements for full-mesh networks, 21PVCs per full-mesh environment, 362requirements for subnetted networks, 154-155trunk requirements, 625-626trusts per multiple master domain, 277
campus LANsrouting, 85switching, 84-85
campus network design, 48broadcast traffic, 51enterprise server placement, 51network infrastructure, 52network management model, 54resiliency, 53scalability, 55security, 54-55total cost of ownership, 54traffic patterns, 50
campus networksATM switching, 83CSMA/CD, 78Ethernet, 77
10Base2, 7910Base5, 7910BaseFL, 7910BaseT, 79100BaseT, 80-81
campus networks
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100BaseX, 79switching, 80
FDDI, 83LAN switching, 92segmentation, 79Token Ring, 81-82
switching, 82capacity planning
subnetted networks, 153calculating subnet requirements, 154-155
traffic engineering, 621-628forecasting growth, 623trunk selection, 627
CAR (committed access rate), 305CAS (Channel Associated Signaling), 598-599categorizing traffic by group, 625Category 3 cable, 88Category 5 cable, 88CBAC (content-based access control), 559, 570CBR (constant bit rate), 119, 605CBWFQ, 620
DLSw+, 533CCITT/ITU-T, 394CCS (centum call seconds), 622CCS (Common Channel Signaling), 598-599CDP, disabling, 564CEF (Cisco Express Forwarding), 193cells, 83, 116central site routers, 413-415central-site router recovery (DLSw+), 522choke routers, 569CIC (Carrier Identification Code), 600CIDR (classless interdomain routing), 149CIP (Channel Interface Processor), 494CIR (Committed Information Rate), 352
measurement interval, 355oversubscription, 355
Cisco 1700 series routers, 411Cisco 1750 modular access router, 411Cisco 2500 series routers, 411-412Cisco 2600 series routers, 412Cisco 3600 series routers, 415Cisco 5100 series access servers, 414Cisco 5200 series access servers, 415Cisco 5300 series access servers, 415Cisco 5800 series access servers, 415Cisco 7000 series routers, autonomous switching, 192
Cisco 7500 series routers, 413-414Cisco CallManager 3.0, 613-614Cisco HDLC, comparing with IBM HDLC, 405Cisco IOS
CIP, 494DPSU, 451-452Enterprise version, TTCP utility, 353Multimedia Conference Manager, 612-613support for APPN, 493-494
Cisco LMI, 356Cisco MC3810 series multiservice access
concentrator, 415Cisco routers
branch office routers, 410-412BRI routers, 409central site routers, 413-415PRI routers, 409regional office routers, 412-413telecommuter routers, 409-410VIP, 366
Cisco/StrataCom BPX Service Node, 128Cisco/StrataCom IGX, 129clear-text authentication, 226cluster controllers, 441clustering Cisco CallManager call-processing servers,
614CO (central office), Frame Relay local loop, 347CO trunks, traffic engineering, 621-628coaxial cable, 86collapsed backbone, 52, 82collisions, Ethernet, 78Combinet, telecommuter routers, 410commands
auto-cost reference bandwidth, 223dlsw icanreach, 528dlsw remote peer tcp, 537dlsw rsvp, 537encapsulate frame relay, 347encapsulate x25, 336ip helper address, 278ip unnumbered ethernet 0, 400ipx delay, 267ipx maximum paths 2, 302ipx spx-spoof, 270ipx type-20-propagation, 269ipx watchdog-spoof, 269ntp disable, 564
campus networks
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show frame-relay pvc, 356show process, 361show run, 526ttcp, 353
comparingHDLC and LAPB, 404SNA and OSI models, 435
complete trust model (Windows networking), 275composite network nodes, 491compression, 308
design issues, 309concentrators, Cisco MC3810 multiservice access
concentrators, 415configuration parameters, 404configuration security weaknesses, assessing, 559configuring
cable ranges (AppleTalk), 263CBWFQ, 620DLSw+, traffic prioritization, 532Frame Relay, BECNs/FECNs, 351-352IP Precedence, 619multiple IP addresses per interface, 162-163packet-filter routers, 564-565PUs, 451-452X.25, datagram transport, 334
congestioncontrolling in private ATM networks, 122-123Frame Relay, BECNs/FECNs, 351-352
connecting PLS to SLS stations, 457connection identifiers, 117connection-oriented networks, 600connectivity
digital, ISDN, 393full-mesh network design, 20-21remote access, 28
devices, selecting, 408-409PPP, 403-407
VLANs, 95Constant Bit Rate (CBR), 119controlling
broadcasts, 17congestion in private ATM networks, 122-123
convergence, 188, 198, 300holddowns, 189IGRP, fine-tuning, 235load balancing, 301-302OSPF networks, 230-231
converting PSTN traffic to IP traffic, 627core (coaxial cable), 86core layer, 23corporate networks, remote access, 390CoS (Class of Service), 602CoS groups, 603cost, 186cost-benefit analysis, 12
cost versus availability, 13country code assignments (E.164), 600count-to-infinity loops (IGRP), preventing, 235CPs (control points), 491CPU utilization
STUN tunnels, 338tunneling, 311
creating STUN tunnels between FEPs, 482CRTP (Compressed Real-Time Protocol), 628CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with
Collision Detection), 78CSNA (CIP SNA), 495CTRL (control) field (LLC2 frames), 452custom queuing, 306-307
DLSw+, 533customer
availability requirements, 55developing internetwork structure, 11identifying design requirements, 7, 10
information gathering, 9cut-through switching, 80
D
D channelsBRI, 396ISDN PRI, 396
data flow control layer (SNA model), 435data link control layer (SNA model), 435data link layer devices, bridges, 84-85Datagram Delivery Protocol (DDP), 259datagram transport, X.25 configuration, 334DCEF (Distributed CEF), 194DDP (Datagram Delivery Protocol), 259DDR (dial-on-demand routing), Frame Relay, 364-365DE (Discard Eligible), 352-353default cost, changing, 223
default cost, changing
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defining customer design requirements, 7gathering information, 9
delay, 186effect on voice quality, 616-618VoATM, 606
deleted state (DLCI), 348denial-of-service attacks (CBAC), 570Dependent Logical Units (DLUs), 493dependent LUs, 443, 493deploying VLANs, 93, 95DES (Data Encryption Standard), 576design models
flat earth model, 18hierarchical model, 22
access layer, 25core layer, 23distribution layer, 23-24one-tier model, 26redundant two-tier model, 27router placement, 27two-tier model, 26
mesh network, 20-21ring model, 19-20star model, 18, 20two-tier model, 20
designingreliable SNA networks
dual collapsed backbone, 515dual-backbone Token Ring, 513FEPs, 512Proxy Explorer, 515
subnetted networks, 153calculating subnet requirements, 154-162
developing internetwork structure, 11devices
bridges, 84-85, 92wireless, 90
fault tolerance, 15FEPs, 441
connecting, 458migrating to Cisco routers, 481STUN tunneling, 482
FRADs, 348Frame Relay, 366ISDN, reference points, 395LACs, 578media, selecting, 57
modemsanalog backup links, 391, 393connecting with routers, 392
name-to-address resolution (AppleTalk), 261PADs, 332
packet switching, 342redundancy, implementing, 16remote access, selecting, 408-409routers, 85, 92
BDRs, 227branch office routers, 410-412BRI routers, 409central site routers, 413-415Cisco 3600 series, 415DRs, 227OSPF, 219packet filters, 560-564placement in hierarchical models, 27PRI routers, 409regional office routers, 412-413telecommuter routers, 409-410
selecting, 56-57switches, 84-85, 90-92
Cisco/StrataCom BPX Service Node, 128Cisco/StrataCom IGX, 129
TE (Terminal Equipment), 394transceivers, 87
DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), 164, 277
dial plans, 601-603classes, 604CoS, 602CoS groups, 603
dialup lines, analog backup links, 391DID (direct inward dialing) trunks, traffic engineering,
621-628differentiated service, 530, 615digital certificates, VeriSign, Inc., 576digital connectivity, ISDN, 393
BRI, 396functions, 394-395IP unnumbered, 397-400PRI, 396reference points, 395
digital signaling, 598-599digital signatures, 574Dijkstra algorithm, 218
defining customer design requirements
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direct encapsulation, DLSw+, 489disabling CDP, 564disaster recovery, 13
resiliency, 15discontiguous subnets, 152Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol
(DVMRP), 166distance-vector routing protocols, 185
convergence, 198IGRP, 233-234
convergence, fine tuning, 235holddown, 235metrics, 234split horizon, 236variance, 236
metrics, 186-187route redistribution, 200
within the same network, 201route summarization, 198split horizon, 190
distribute list filters, 262distributed backbone, 52distributed servers in campus networks, 50distributed switching, 193distribution layer, 23-24DLCI (Data Link Connection Identifier), 348-349
Frame Relay service characteristics, 350oversubscription, 353-355prioritization, 537
DLSw (data link switching), 487.
See also
DLSw+dlsw icanreach command, 528DLSw Lite, 490dlsw remote peer tcp command, 537dlsw rsvp command, 537DLSw+, 488, 516
border peers, 488IP Precedence, default mapping, 535LLC2 encapsulation, timeouts, 490LLC2 idle timer, 539MTU, setting, 538on-demand peers, 489Passthru mode, 518performance tuning, 538-539policy routing, 536priority queuing, default mapping, 535QoS, 529-530
queuing algorithms, 532-533
traffic prioritization, 530-532RSVP, 537scalability, benefits of, 489topologies
explorer control, 523-526, 529hierarchical, 517-522promiscuous mode, 529
transport protocol, selecting, 489-490windowing, 538
DLUR/DLUS (Dependent Logical Unit Requester/Server), 493
DLUs (Dependent Logical Units), 493DMZ (demilitarized zone), 568DNS, resolving NetBIOS names, 274domains, 270
trusted, 276trusting, 276
Downstream Physical Unit, 448DRs (designated routers), 227DSAP (destination service access point) field (LLC2
frames), 452DSL (Digital Subscriber Line), 298DSPUs (downstream physical units), 451-452dual collapsed backbone (SNA), 515DUAL finite-state machine, 238dual shielded cable, 86dual-backbone Token Ring, SNA implementation, 513dual-homed gateways, 565-566DVMRP (Distance Vector Multicast Routing
Protocol), 166Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.
See
DHCPdynamic routing, path determination, 191dynamic routing protocols, 302
E
E.164 addresses, 121technology prefixes, 613
E.164 recommendation, 600country code assignments, 600
E1, 599E1 metric, 229E2 metric, 229echo, 617
effect on voice quality, 619efficiency, routing protocols, 188
efficiency, routing protocols
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EGPs (Exterior Gateway Protocols), 196EIGRP (Enhanced IGRP), 186, 236-237, 264, 269
characteristics, 239DUAL finite-state machine, 238Mobile IP, 240neighbor discovery/recovery, 237protocol-dependent modules, 238RTP (reliable transport protocol), 238VLSM, 240
ELANs (Emulated LANs), 124encapsulate frame relay command, 347encapsulate x25 command, 336encapsulation
GRE, 310HDLC, 404LAPB, 404LCP, 404LLC2, timeouts, 490RFC 1490, 357
Frame Relay mapping, 357-358Inverse ARP, 358split horizon, 358-359subinterfaces, 359
X.25, 333-334encapsulation methods for DLSw+, selecting, 489-490encapsulation methods for STUN, 483, 485encapsulation type, Novell IPX, 266-267encryption, Diffie-Hellman, 575encryption keys, 573
IKE, 575-576PKI (Public Key Infrastructure), 575public keys, 574shared secret keys, 576
end nodes (APPN), 491Enhanced Interior Gateway Routing Protocol.
See
EIGRP
enterprise ATM switches, 84enterprise servers, placement in campus networks, 51equal-cost load balancing, 301-302Erlangs, 622, 627ESCON (Enterprise System Connection), 440ESP (Encapsulation Security Payload), 571establishing
LU-LU sessions, 442OSPF adjacencies, 226priorities for business processes, 14service classes, 533-534
IP Precedence bit values, 534-535estimating network performance, 11Ethernet, 77.
See also
Fast Ethernet; Gigabit Ethernet10Base2, 7910Base5, 7910BaseFL, 7910BaseT, 79100BaseT, 80-81100BaseX, 79CSMA/CD, 78switching, 80
explicit routes, 445explorer control
DLSw+, 523-524border peers, 524-526, 529
Proxy Explorer, 515explorer queue depth, DSLw+ configuration, 539external links, AS-External LSAs, 222external route summarization, 224
F
failed media, implementing fault-tolerance, 15Fast Ethernet, 80-81fast switching, 190, 192, 301-302, 308fault tolerance, 15
disaster recovery, 13resiliency, 15
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface), 83feasible successors, 238FECNs (Foward Explicit Congestion Notifications),
351-352FEPs (front-end processors), 441, 512
connecting, 458migrating to Cisco routers, 481STUN tunneling, 482
FIB (Forwarding Information Base), 193fiber-optic cable, 88
10BaseFL, 79FID2 frames, 443FID4 frames, 443filtering IPX access lists, 269filtering options, AppleTalk addressing, 262firewalls, 556
application proxies, 565-566CBAC, 570
EGPs (Exterior Gateway Protocols)
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NAT, 569packet-filter routers, 560, 562
unnecessary features, 563-564stateful filters, 567-568
DMZ, 568fixed costs, 13flat earth model, 18flat networks, 58
workstations, 93flow control, 335forecasting network growth, 623format, IPX addresses, 266four-wire leased lines, 391FRADs (Frame Relay Access Devices), 348fragmentation, 406Frame Relay.
See also
VoFRBECNs/FECNs, configuring, 351-352CIR, 352
measurement interval, 355DDR, 364-365DE, 352-353devices, 366DLCI, 348-349
oversubscription, 353prioritization, 537
FRADs, 348LMI, 356local loops, 347network topologies
full mesh, 362hierarchical mesh, 363-364star, 361
oversubscription, 355RFC 1490, 357
Inverse ARP, 358mapping, 357-358split horizon, 358-359subinterfaces, 359
service characteristics, 350star topology, 346-347versus X.25, 345
framesLLC2, 452
session establishment, 454-455SDLC, 459
FRF.12, 607front door routers, 561
FST encapsulation, 489full datamode, 458full mesh, Frame Relay networks, 362full-mesh topology, 20-21
Inverse ARP, 358full-mesh networks, 300full-mesh virtual circuits (ATM), 127functions (ISDN), 394-395functions of path control layer (SNA), 445
G
Gang of Four, 356gatekeeper, Multimedia Conference Manager, 612-613Gateway Discovery Protocol (GDP), 195gateways
IPX/IP, 270LU gateways, 450PU gateways, 450
gathering information, 9GDP (Gateway Discovery Protocol), 195Get Nearest Server (GNS) queries, 269GetZoneList (GZL) filter, 262Gigabit Ethernet, 81GNS (Get Nearest Server) queries, 269goals of internetwork design, 8GRE (generic routing encapsulation), 310guaranteed service, 530GZL (GetZoneList) filter, 262
H
H.225, 611H.323, 610-611
E.164 addresses, technology prefixes, 613gatekeepers, Multimedia Conference Manager,
612-613half datamode, 458handling delay, 618hard seed method, cable range configuration, 263hardware.
See
deviceshashing algorithms, 574HDLC (High-Level Data Link Control), 403-404, 484hierarchical mesh, Frame Relay networks, 363-364
hierarchical mes, Frame Relay networks
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hierarchical network design, 22access layer, 25core layer, 23distribution layer, 23-24one-tier model, 26redundant two-tier model, 27router placement, 27two-tier model, 26
hierarchical topology, DLSw+, 517-518backup strategies, 522peering router placement, 519-520
high availability, 298High-Level Data Link Control.
See
HDLChistory of SNA, 434holddowns, 189
IGRP, 235hop count, 186
SNA, 514host routing, 194-195host subarea nodes, 440hosts per subnet, calculating, 154-155HPR (high-performance routing), 491-492HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol), 16, 194-195hub and spoke design, 299hybrid routing protocols, 186
algorithms, 188EIGRP, 236-237
characteristics, 239DUAL finite-state machine, 238Mobile IP, 240neighbor discovery/recovery, 237protocol-dependent modules, 238RTP (reliable transport protocol), 238VLSM, 240
metrics, 186-187route redistribution, 200-201route summarization, 198
I
IBM HDLC, comparing with Cisco HDLC, 405IBM SNA
dual collapsed backbone, 515dual-backbone Token Ring, 513Proxy Explorer, 515-516
identifying customer requirements, 7, 10gathering information, 9
identity, 55idle time, DLSw+, 539I-frames (SDLC), 459IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol), 165IGPs (Interior Gateway Protocols), 195-196IGRP, 233-234.
See also
EIGRPconvergence, fine-tuning, 235count-to-infinity loops, preventing, 235holddown, 235metrics, 234split horizon, 236variance, 236
IISP (Interim Interswitch Signaling Protocol), 121IKE (Internet Key Exchange), 575-576Implementation Agreements, FRF12, 607implementing
backup hardware, 16CBWFQ, 620design, 12fast switching, 192fault-tolerant media, 15reliable SNA networks
dual-bacbone Token Ring, 513FEPs, 512
security on OSPF networks, 225VLANs, 93, 95
important business processes, 14inactive state (DLCI), 349inactivity timers, 456independent LUs, 443information gathering, 9infrared wireless networks, 89-90infrastructure, campus networks, 52insulation, shielding, 86integrity, 55interarea route summarization, 224interface processors, VIP, 366interfaces, supported on AXIS interface shelf, 128internal routers, 219Internet connectivity, analog, 391, 393Internet Router Discovery Protocol (IRDP), 195Internetwork Packet Exchange.
See
IPXinterzone communication, H.323 gatekeeper, 612intranet, 164Inverse ARP, 358
hierarchical network design
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INWATS (incoming WATS) trunks, 622IP addressing
CIDR (classless interdomain routing), 149DHCP, 164, 277
relay, 277scopes, 277
discontiguous subnets, 152private networks, 163-164route summarization, 151subnetting, 153
calculating subnet requirements, 154-162local address, 156secondary addressing, 162-163
IP backbone, 310ip helper address command, 278IP multicasting, 165
best path determination, 166MBONE, 165
IP phones, Cisco CallManager 3.0, 613-614IP Precedence, 533-534, 619
default mapping, 535field values, 534-535
IP spoofing, avoiding, 569IP unnumbered, 397, 400
loopback interfaces, 399ip unnumbered ethernet 0 command, 400IP-in-IP tunneling, 310IPSec, 571
AH, 572DES, 576Diffie-Hellman encryption, 575digital signatures, 574encryption keys, 573ESP, 571hashing algorithms, 574IKE, 575-576PKI (Public Key Infrastructure), 575public key encryption, 574
IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6), 152IPX (Internetwork Packet Exchange), 265
access lists, 269addressing, 265EIGRP, 269encapsulation types, 266-267IP gateways, 270routing, 267SAPs, 268
ipx delay command, 267ipx maximum paths 2 command, 302ipx spx-spoof command, 270ipx type-20-propagation command, 269ipx watchdog-spoof command, 269IRDP (Internet Router Discovery Protocol), 195is, 50ISAKMP framework, 576ISDN, 298, 393
BRI, 396B channels, 396D channels, 396
functions, 394-395IP unnumbered, 397, 400
loopback interfaces, 399PRI, 396reference points, 395residential use, 394
isolation, 568ISR (intermediate session routing), 491
J-K
Jitter, 617key systems, 596keys (encryption), 573
IKE, 575-576PKI (Public Key Infrastructure), 575public keys, 574shared secret, 576
L
L2F (Layer 2 Forwarding), 577L2TP (Layer Tunneling Protocol), 578
LACs, 578LAAs (locally administered addresses), 450-451LACs (local access concentrators), 578LAN FRADs, 348LAN switching, campus networks, 92LANE (LAN Emulation), 124-125
BUS, 125LEC, 126LECS, 125LES, 125
LANE (LAN Emulation)
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LANsATM, 124-125
BUS, 125LEC, 126LECS, 125LES, 125
ELANs, 124Ethernet, 77
10Base5, 7910BaseFL, 7910BaseT, 79100BaseT, 80-81100BaseX, 79CSMA/CD, 78switching, 80
FDDI, 83remote access, 401remote-control access, 401remote-node access, 402routing, 85segmentation, 79
routing, 92switches, 90-91switching, 84-85Token Ring, 81-82
switching, 82LAPB (Link Access Procedure, Balanced), 404LAPB encapsulation, 333laser technology, 90Layer 3 switching, 92layers of SNA model, 434-435
versus OSI model, 435LCP (Link Control Protocol), 403-404leased lines, 298
analog backup links, 391FEPs, connecting, 458
LEC (LAN Emulation Client), 126LEC (local exchange carrier), 395LECS (LAN Emulation Configuration Server), 125LENs (low entry nodes), 491LES (LAN Emulation Server), 125LFSID (Local Form Session Identifier), 491line-of-sight networks, 90Link Control Protocol.
See
LCPlink failures, SNA, 482link recovery, DLSw+, 522
links, bundles, 405-406link-state database, LSAs, 220
AS-External LSAs, 222network LSAs, 221router LSAs, 221summary LSAs, 221
link-state protocols, 268-269link-state routing protocols, 185
algorithms, 188areas, 218convergence, 198, 230-231metrics, 186-187OSPF, 218
adjacencies, forming, 226Area 0, 231BDRs, 227bit splitting, 233classes of routers, 219cost, calculating, 222discontiguous subnets, 233DRs, 227external routes, 229load balancing, 231network connection types, 218-219not-so-stubby areas, 229path determination, 222scalability, 225security, 225-226stub areas, 228, 230summarization, 224totally stubby areas, 229virtual links, 232
route redistribution, 200within the same network, 201
route summarization, 198LLC2 (Logical Link Control type 2), 490
ABM, 453timeouts, 490
LLC2 frames, 452session establishment, 454-455
LLC2 idle timer, 539LLC2 timers, 456LMHOSTS file, resolving NetBIOS names, 273LMI, 356load, 187
LANs
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load balancing, 191, 301-302IGRP, variance, 236OSPF, 231SNA, 512
local, 50local acknowledgment, STUN, 485-486local address, 156local exchange carrier (LEC), 395local loop, NT1, 394loopback interfaces, 399loss, effect on voice quality, 619LSAs (link-state advertisements), 220
AS-External LSAs, 222network LSAs, 221router LSAs, 221summary LSAs, 221Type 7, 229
LU gateways, 448, 450, 455LU-LU sessions, 438
establishing, 442LUs (logical units), 438
dependent, 443independent, 443
M
macro, 17macro internetwork design, 17mainframe subarea nodes, 440mainframes, composite network nodes, 491managing IP addresses, 164master domain model (Windows networking), 276MBONE (Multicast Backbone), 165MD5 (Message Digest 5), 574
authentication, 226measurement interval for CIR, 355media, selecting, 57mesh network, 20-21metrics, 186-187
costcalculating, 222per-area default cost, 228
IGRP, 234path determination, 191route maps, 200
Microsoft Windows networking, 270
complete trust model, 275domains, 270master domain model, 276multiple master domain model, 276name resolution, 273NBT protocol, 273NetBEUI protocol, 272NetBIOS protocol, 272NWLink protocol, 272remote design, 278single domain model, 274-275
migrating SNA to IP, 479minimizing border peer replication, 528-529minor business processes, 14mission-critical business processes, 14MLPPP (Multilink PPP), 405.
See also
MMPbundles, 405-406multichannel services, 407
MMP (Multichassis MLPPP), 407Mobile IP, 240mobile users, remote access, 390modems
analog backup links, 391, 393connecting with routers, 392
modifying DLSw+, TCP port default mapping, 536monitoring network, 12
network management applications, 12MPLS (multiprotocol label switching), 194MRRU (maximum received reconstructed unit), 405MSAU (multistation access unit), 82MTU, DLSw+ configuration, 538multicast routing, 165multicasting, best path determination, 166multichannel services, MLPPP, 407Multichassis MLPPP (MMP), 407multilayered network design, 22
access layer, 25core layer, 23distribution layer, 23-24one-tier model, 26redundant two-tier model, 27router placement, 27two-tier model, 26
Multimedia Conference Manager, 612-613multimode fiber, 88multiple master domains (Windows networking), 276multiprotocol backbone, 310
multiprotocol backbone
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multiprotocol label switching (MPLS), 194multiservice networking, 595
QoSCBWFQ, 620IP Precedence, 619
traffic engineering, forecasting growth, 623VoATM
addressing, 606delay, 606routing, 606signaling, 605-606
VoFR, 606addressing, 607signaling, 607
voice over dataQoS, 614-619router design issues, 619traffic measurement units, 622
VoIPCisco CallManager 3.0, 613-614delay, 610H.225, 611H.232, 610-611Multimedia Conference Manager, 612-613RSVP, 609signaling, 608
N
Name Binding Protocol (NBP), 259name resolution, 273name-to-address resolution (AppleTalk), 261narrow band radio, 90NAT (Network Address Translation), 164, 569natural disasters, disaster recovery, 13NAUs (network addressable units), 436NBMA (nonbroadcast multiaccess) networks, 219NBP (Name Binding Protocol), 259NBP filter, 262NBT (NetBIOS over TCP/IP) protocol, 273neighbor discovery/recovery, EIGRP, 237neighbors, successors, 238NetBEUI, 58, 272NetBIOS, 272
name resolution, 273traffic filtering, 269
Windows Networking, 270NetFlow switching, 193Netware for SAA, 450Netware Link-State Protocol (NLSP), 268-269Network Address Translation.
See
NATnetwork control programs, 441network control protocols, 403network design
80/20 rule, 59campus network design
network management model, 54resiliency, 53scalability, 55security, 54-55total cost of ownership, 54
campus VLAN design, 48broadcast traffic, 51enterprise server placement, 51network infrastructure, 52traffic patterns, 50
flat networks, 58network design models
flat earth model, 18hierarchical model, 22
access layer, 25core layer, 23distribution layer, 23-24one-tier model, 26redundant two-tier model, 27router placement, 27two-tier model, 26
mesh network, 20-21ring model, 19-20star model, 18, 20two-tier model, 20
network LSAs, 221network management applications, 12network management model, 54network nodes (APPN), 491network number (AppleTalk), 260network security policies
access list placement, 570requirements, 557-558vulnerabilities, assessing, 559
configuration weaknesses, 559technology weaknesses, 558
multiprotocol label switching (MPLS)
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networkssegmentation, bridging, 84-85wireless, 89-90
point-to-point, 90NLSP (Netware Link-State Protocol), 268-269node number (AppleTalk), 260nonseed method, cable range configuration, 263nonseed routers, 263Novell IPX
access lists, 269addressing, 265EIGRP, 269encapsulation types, 266-267IP gateways, 270routing, 267SAPs, 268
nrt-VBR (non-real-time Variable Bit Rate), 119NSAP (Network Service Access Point) addresses, 121NSSAs (not-so-stubby areas), 229NT2 (Network Termination Type 2), 395ntp disable command, 564NWLink protocol, 272
O
Oakley key exchange, 575objectives of internetwork design, 8offload, 495OIR (online insertion and removal), 366on-demand peers, 489on-demand services, AO/DI, 343one-tier model, 26one-time fixed costs, 13optimality, routing protocols, 188optimum switching, 193OSI model, correlation to ATM Reference model, 119-
120OSPF (Open Shortest Path First), 218
adjacencies, forming, 226Area 0, 231BDRs, 227bit splitting, 233convergence, 230-231cost, calculating, 222discontiguous subnets, 233DRs, 227
external routes, 229load balancing, 231network connection types, 218-219not-so-stubby areas, 229path determination, 222router classes, 219scalability, 225security, 225
authentication, 225-226stub areas, 228, 230summarization, 224totally stubby areas, 229virtual links, 232
OUTWATS (outgoing WATs) trunks, 622overriding UAA, 450oversubscription, 353
Frame Relay, 355
P
packet filters, stateful, 567-568DMZ, 568
packet switching, X.25, 342packet-filter routers, 560, 562
configuring, 564-565unnecessary features, disabling, 563-564
packets.
See also
cellsCEF, 193distributed switching, 193encapsulation (RFC 1490), 357-359Erlangs, 622, 627fast switching, 192, 308fragmentation, 406NetFlow switching, 193optimum switching, 193process switching, 192, 308tag switching, 194
packet-switched networks, ATM, 298PADs (Packet Assembler Devices), 332
packet switching, 342PAP (Printer-Access Protocol), 260partial mesh topology, 20-21passthrough gateways, 450Passthru mode (DLSw+), 518passwords, authentication (OSPF), 225-226
passwords, authentication (OSPF)
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path control layer (SNA model), 435explicit routes, 445virtual routes, 446
path determination, 191administrative distance, 197EIGRP, DUAL finite-state machine, 238OSPF, 222
PBXs (Private Branch Exchanges), 596dial plans, 601-603
classes, 604CoS groups, 603
key systems, 596tandem, 600
PC Anywhere, 401peer groups (DLSw+), 524-526
designing, 526, 529peering routers, placement in hierarchical topology,
519-520per-area default cost, 228performance
DLSw+, tuning, 538-539estimating, 11
perimeter routers, 560peripheral nodes, 439-442
cluster controllers, 441physical control layer (SNA model), 435PIM (protocol independent multicast), 166PIUs (path information units), 443PKI (Public Key Infrastructure), 574-575planning phase
analysis of requirements, 10assessing network resiliency, 14-15cost-benefit analysis, 12developing internetwork structure, 11establishing disaster recovery mechanisms, 13estimating network performance, 11implementing redundant power systems
hardware, 16media, 15
information gathering, 9prioritizing business processes, 14
PLP (Packet-Level Protocol), 332PLS (primary link station), 457PLUs (primary logical units), 442PLU-SLU sessions, 442PNNI (Private Network Node Interface), 121
point-to-multipoint networks, 219point-to-point links, 298
IP unnumbered, 397, 400loopback interfaces, 399
point-to-point networks, 90, 218ATM, 127
policy routing, 536polling, 434poor man’s firewall, 55power supplies, backup, 15PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol), 403-404
HDLC, 403-404LCP, 403-404MLPPP, 405
bundles, 405-406MMP, 407
PR (Policy-Based Routing), 536pre-design best practices
assessing network resiliency, 14-15cost-benefit analysis, 12establishing disaster recovery mechanisms, 13estimate network performance, 11implementing redundant power systems, 15prioritizing best practices, 14redundant systems, implementing
hardware, 16media, 15
Predictor data compression algorithm, 309presentation services layer (SNA model), 435PRI (Primary Rate Interface), 393, 396PRI routers, 409Printer-Access Protocol (PAP), 260prioritization, 619prioritizing
business processes, 14DLCI, 537traffic, DLSw+, 530-532
priority queuing, 304-306default mapping, 535DLSw+, 532
private ATM networksaddress allocation, 121-122
network interfaces, 122controlling congestion, 122-123
private networks, 163-164ATM routing, 121
private UNI, 122
path control layer (SNA model)
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process switching, 190, 192, 301-302, 308promiscuous mode, DLSw+, 529propagation delay, 617protocol-dependent modules, 238protocol-independent multicast (PIM), 166protocols, selecting, 58proxy ARP, 195Proxy Explorer, 515PSTN
CO, Frame Relay local loop, 347Internet connectivity, 391
modems as backup links, 391, 393traffic distribution, 627-628
PU gateways, 448, 450PU type 1.
See
peripheral nodesPU type 2.
See
peripheral nodesPU type 2.1, 437PU type 4.
See
subarea nodesPU type 5.
See
subarea nodesPUs (physical units), 436-437
configuring, 451-452PIUs, 443
PVCs (permanent virtual circuits), 117-118LMI, 356requirements in full-mesh environment,
calculating, 362X.25, 339
parameters, 340
Q
QoS (quality of service), 303, 614custom queuing, 306-307DLSw+, 529-530
queuing algorithms, 532-533traffic prioritization, 530-532
multiservice networks, 615-616delay, effect on voice quality, 616-618echo, effect on voice quality, 619loss, effect on voice quality, 619
priority queuing, 304-306quad shielding, 86queuing
custom queuing, 306-307priority queuing, 304-306
queuing algorithmsCBWFQ, 533, 620custom queuing, 533priority queuing, 532
default mapping, 535WFQ, 533
queuing delay, 619VoIP, 610
R
R reference points, 395Rapid Transport Protocol (RTP), 492rate limiting, CAR, 305reachability, convergence, 300recurring costs, 13redundancy
disaster recovery, 13DLSw+, backup strategies, 522Frame Relay, dial-on-demand backup, 364-365hierarchical mesh, 363-364implementing, 16media implementations, 15SNA, 512
redundant power systems, 15redundant two-tier model, 27reference points (ISDN), 395referred, 22reflective networks, 90regional office routers, 412-413registration authority, ATM address assignment, 121reliability, 186, 299reliable service protocols, X.25, 332, 339
configuring datagram transport, 334design tips, 344encapsulation, 333-334flow control, 335multiple SVCs, 341over ISDN, 343packet switching, 342static routing, 342versus Frame Relay, 345WAN data links, 339-340XOT, 335
reliable service protocols, X.25
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708
reliable SNA designsdual collapsed backbone, 515dual-backbone Token Ring, 513FEPs, 512Proxy Explorer, 515
remote, 50remote access, 28, 390
corporate networks, 390devices, selecting, 408-409ISDN, 393
BRI, 396functions, 394-395IP unnumbered, 397-400PRI, 396reference points, 395
LANs, 401PPP, 403-404
HDLC, 403-404LCP, 403-404MLPPP, 405-406MMP, 407
remote campus traffic, 50remote design, Windows networking, 278remote-control LAN access, 401remote-node LAN access, 402replication of border peers, minimizing, 528-529requirements
of route summarization, 198security policies, 557-558
requirements of customeranalyzing, 10identifying, 7
gathering information, 9reserving bandwidth, 536-537resiliency
assessing, 14-15of campus network design, 53
RETRY parameter, inactivity timers, 456RFC 1490, 357
Frame Relay mapping, 357-358Inverse ARP, 358split horizon, 358-359subinterfaces, 359
ring model, 19-20RIP (Routing Information Protocol), 218, 267risks, cost-benefit analysis, 12RJ-45 ports, ISDN connectivity, 396
robbed-bit signaling, 598-599route aggregation, 151route maps, 200route redistribution, 200
within the same network, 201route summarization, 151, 198
OSPF, 224route tags, 200router LSAs, 221routers
border peers, 488branch office routers, selecting, 410-412BRI routers, selecting, 409central site routers, selecting, 413-415Cisco 3600 series, selecting, 415connecting with external modems, 392front door routers, 561hard seed, 263network nodes, 491on-demand peers, 489OSPF, 219packet-filters, 560, 562
configuring, 564-565unnecessary features, disabling, 563-564
placement in hierarchical models, 27PRI routers, selecting, 409process utilization, 487regional office routers, selecting, 412-413remote access, selecting, 408-409soft seed, 263telecommuter routers, selecting, 409-410
routing, 85, 92Novell IPX, 267VoATM, 606voice over data networks, 601VoIP, 609
routing algorithms, 188routing loops, 188routing protocols
administrative distance, 197AppleTalk
AURP, 265EIGRP, 264RTMP, 264
convergence, 188, 198distance-vector, 185
split horizon, 190
reliable SNA designs
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dynamic, 302path determination, 191
efficiency, 188EGPs, 196EIGRP, 236-237
characteristics, 239DUAL finite-state machine, 238Mobile IP, 240neighbor discovery/recovery, 237protocol-dependent modules, 238reliable transport protocol, 238VLSM, 240
holddowns, 189host routing, 194-195HPR, 491hybrid, 186IGPs, 195-196IGRP, 233-234
holddown, 235metrics, 234split horizon, 236variance, 236
ISR, 491link-state, 185
areas, 218LSAs, 220-222
metrics, 186-187NLSP, 268-269optimality, 188OSPF, 218
adjacencies, forming, 226Area 0, 231BDRs, 227bit splitting, 233convergence, 230-231cost, calculating, 222discontiguous subnets, 233DRs, 227external routes, 229load balancing, 231network connection types, 218-219not-so-stubby areas, 229path determination, 222scalability, 225security, 225-226stub areas, 228, 230summarization, 224
totally stubby areas, 229virtual links, 232
RIP, 218route redistribution, 200
within the same network, 201routing table, build-and-maintain process, 196summarization, 198
routing table, build-and-maintain process, 196Routing Table Maintenance Protocol (RTMP), 259RSP (Route/Switch Processor), optimum switching,
193RSVP (Resource Reservation Protocol), 536-537, 609RTMP (Routing Table Maintenance Protocol), 259,
264RTP (Rapid Transport Protocol), 238, 492rt-VBR (real-time Variable Bit Rate), 119
S
S reference points, 395S/T reference points, 395SAA (Systems Application Architecture), 450SAPs (Service Advertisement Protocols), 268
access lists, 269scalability
campus networks, 55OSPF, 225
scatter infrared networks, 90scopes, 277SDLC (synchronous data link control) sessions, 456,
486frames, 459PLS (primary link station), 457SLS (secondary link station), 458tunneling into DLSw+, 479
secondary addressing, 162-163secondary ring, FDDI, 83security
access lists, placement, 570campus networks, 54-55digital certificates, VeriSign, Inc., 576firewalls, 556
application proxies, 565-566CBAC, 570NAT, 569
security
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packet-filter routers, 560-564stateful filters, 567-568
IPSec, 571AH, 572DES, 576Diffie-Hellman, 575digital signatures, 574encryption keys, 573ESP, 571hashing algorithms, 574IKE, 575-576PKI (Public Key Infrastructure), 575public key encryption, 574
OSPF, 225authentication, 225-226
policy requirements, 557-558VPNs, 576
L2F, 577L2TP, 578
vulnerabilities, 558-559security weaknesses, assessing, 559segmentation
bridging, 84-85LAN switching, 90-91
campus networks, 92routing, 85, 92switching, 84-85
Layer 3, 92selecting
cable, 86-88devices, 56-57
media, 57load balancing mechanism, 302network infrastructure, campus networks, 52remote user access equipment, 408-409
branch office routers, 410-412BRI routers, 409central site routers, 413-415Cisco 3600 series routers, 415PRI routers, 409regional office routers, 412-413telecommuter routers, 409-410
selecting, 58transport protocol for DLSw+, 489-490trunks, 627WAN technologies, ISDN, 298
serial direct, 485
Serial Tunnel.
See
STUNservice characteristics, Frame Relay, 350service classes, 533-534
IP Precedence bit values, 534-535service system control points.
See
SSCPssession establishment, LLC2, 452-455setting IP Precedence, 533-534
bit values, 534-535, 619S-frames (SDLC), 459SHA (Secure Hash Algorithm), 575shared secret keys, 576shared-media LANs, segmentation, 91shielding, 86show frame-relay pvc command, 356show process command, 361show run command, 526signaling
IISP, 121SS7, 600VoATM, 605-606VoFR, 607voice over data networks, 598-600VoIP, 608
silicon switching, 192single domain model (Windows networking), 274-275single point of failure, collapsed backbone, 52single-mode fiber, 88single-protocol IP backbone, 310Skeme key exchange, 575SLAs, CIR
Frame Relay, 352measurement interval, 355oversubscription, 355
slaves, 441SLS (secondary link station), 458SLUs (secondary logical units), 442small-scale networks
flat earth model, 18ring model, 19-20star model, 18, 20
SNA, 441APPN, 490
Cisco IOS support, 493-494composite network nodes, 491control points, 491dependent LUs, 493end nodes, 491
security
87200333IX.fm Page 710 Wednesday, August 22, 2001 2:01 PM
711
HPR, 491ISR, 491LENs, 491network nodes, 491virtual nodes, 493
boundary nodes, FID2 frames, 444CSNA (CIP SNA), 495DLCI Prioritization, 538DLSw, 487DLSw+, 488
border peers, 488LLC2 timeouts, 490on-demand peers, 489performance tuning, 538-539policy routing, 536RSVP, 537tranport protocol, selecting, 489-490windowing, 538
dual collapsed backbone design, 515dual-backbone Token Ring design, 513FEPs, 512
connecting, 458history, 434link failures, 482load balancing, 512LU gateways, 450LU-LU sessions, establishing, 442LUs, 438migrating to IP, 479NAUs, 436path control layer
explicit routes, 445virtual routes, 446
peripheral nodes, 439-442cluster controllers, 441
PIUs, 443PLU-SLU sessions, 442Proxy Explorer, 515-516PU gateways, 450PUs, 436-437redundancy, 512SDLC sessions, 456
PLS (primary link station), 457SLS (secondary link station), 458
SSCPs, 438subarea networks, 436
subarea nodes, 440FID4 frames, 443host subarea nodes, 440mainframe subarea nodes, 440TGs, 446
subareas, 439Token Ring internetworking, 478
SNA model, 434-435versus OSI model, 435
snapshot routing, 29socket number (AppleTalk), 260soft seed method, cable range configuration, 263SOHO (small office/home office)
branch office routers, selecting, 410-412remote access, 390
source-route bridging, 48source-route translational bridging, 85source-route transparent bridging, 85spanning explorers, hop counts, 514speech quality (voice over data)
delay, effect on, 616-618echo, effect on, 619loss, effect on, 619
SPF (shortest path first) protocols, 185SPF (Shortest-Path Algorithm), 218split horizon, 190, 358-359
IGRP, 236spread-spectrum radio, 90SRB (source-route bridging), 82, 85SS7 (Signaling System 7), 600SSAP (source service access point) field (LLC2
frames), 452SSCPs (service system control points), 438
dependent LUs, 443Stack Group Bidding Protocol, 407standby groups, 195star model, 18, 20star topology
Frame Relay implementation, 346-347Frame Relay networks, 361
state tables, 567stateful filters, 567-568
DMZ, 568static routes, 29
PR (Policy-Based Routing), 536X.25, 342
static state (DLCI), 349
static state (DLCI)
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Station Loop Signaling, 599store and forward switching, 80STP (shielded twisted pair), 87strategic internetwork design, 17structure of internetwork, developing, 11stub areas, 228, 230STUN (Serial Tunnel), 336, 482
local acknowledgment, 485-486transport protocols, 483, 485versus XOT, 338
subarea nodes, 439-440FEPs, 441FID4 frames, 443host subarea nodes, 440mainframe subarea nodes, 440TGs, 446
subareas, 439subinterfaces, 296, 359subnetting, 153
discontiguous subnets, 152local address, 156required subnets, calculating, 154-162secondary addressing, 162-163
successors, 238summarization.
See also
route summarizationOSPF, bit splitting, 233
summary LSAs, 221super servers, 51supernetting, 151, 198SVCs (Switched Virtual Circuits), 118
X.25, 339multiple carriers in cloud, 341parameters, 340
switches, 90-91Cisco/StrataCom BPX Service Node, 128Cisco/StrataCom IGX, 129Frame Relay, LMI, 356
switching, 48, 84-85, 92, 193autonomous switching, 192CEF, 193distributed switching, 193fast switching, 192, 308LAN switching, campus networks, 92Layer 3 switching, 92load balancing, 191NetFlow switching, 193optimum switching, 193
process switching, 192, 308tag switching, 194Token Ring, 82
Systems Application Architecture (SAA), 450
T
T reference points, 395T1, 598T1 timers, 456T2 timers, 456tag switching, 194tandem switching, 600TAs (terminal adapters), 394TCP, 483TCP ports, modifying DLSw+ default mapping, 536TDM (time division multiplexing), 396TE (Terminal Equipment), 394technology prefixes, 613technology security weakness, assessing, 558TEIs (Terminal Endpoint Identifiers), 394telecommuter routers, 409-410terminal adapters (TAs), 394Terminal Endpoint Identifiers (TEIs), 394Terminal Equipment (TE), 394TGs (transmission groups), 446Thicknet, 87Thinnet, 79, 87three-layer firewall, 568throughput
Frame Relay, ttcp command, 353rate limiting, CAR, 305
Ti (inactivity timer), 456tie-lines, 596
traffic engineering, 621-628Token Ring, 81-82
dual collapsed backbone, 515switching, 82
Token Ring gatewaysLAAs, 450-451LU gateways, 450PU gateways, 450PUs, configuring, 451-452
topologiesconvergence, 300DLSw+
Station Loop Signaling
87200333IX.fm Page 712 Wednesday, August 22, 2001 2:01 PM
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explorer control, 523-526, 529hierarchical, 517-522promiscuous mode, 529
flat earth model, 18flat networks, 58full mesh, 300
Frame Relay implementation, 362Inverse ARP, 358
hierarchical mesh, Frame Relay implementation, 363-364
hierarchical model, 22access layer, 25core layer, 23distribution layer, 23-24one-tier model, 26redundant two-tier model, 27router placement, 27two-tier model, 26
hub and spoke, 299ring model, 18, 20star model, 18, 20
Frame Relay implementation, 346-347, 361two-tier model, 20-21
ToS (Type of Service) field (IP header), 533-534field values, 534-535IP Precedence, 619
total cost of ownership, 54totally stubby areas, 229traffic
broadcasts, controlling, 17in campus networks, 50compression, 628congestion, controlling in private ATM networks,
122-123DLSw+
MTU configuration, 538QoS, 529-532queuing algorithms, 532-533
Erlangs, 622, 627Ethernet collisions, 78Frame Relay
bandwidth, 366BECNs/FECNs, 351-352CIR, 352, 355DE, 352-353
load balancing, 191, 301-302OSPF, 231SNA, 512
NetBIOS, filtering, 269policy routing, 536QoS, 303
custom queuing, 306-307priority queuing, 304-306
rerouting around FEPs, 482service classes, establishing, 533-534
IP Precedence bit values, 534-535X.25, flow control, 335
traffic distribution, 628traffic engineering, 621-628
categorizing traffic, 625traffic distribution, 628trunk selection, 627trunks, calculating requirements, 625-626
traffic prioritization, DLSw+, 530-532transaction services layer (SNA model), 435transceivers, 87translate networking, 604translational bridging, 48, 85transmission control layer (SNA model), 435transmission delay, 619transparent bridging, 48, 85transport, 58transport networking, 604transport protocol
selecting for DLSw+, 489-490STUN, 483, 485
triggered updates, 189trunks
OUTWATS, 622requirements, calculating, 625-626selecting, 627traffic distribution, 628traffic engineering, 621-628
trustscomplete trust model, 275two-way, 277
ttcp command, 353tuning DLSw+, 538-539tunneling, 332, 576
effect on CPU utilization, 311GRE, 310IP-in-IP, 310
tunneling
87200333IX.fm Page 713 Wednesday, August 22, 2001 2:01 PM
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L2F, 577L2TP, 578multiprotocol backbone, 310SDLC into DLSw+, 479single-protocol IP backbone, 310STUN (Serial Tunneling), 336, 482
local acknowledgment, 485-486transport protocols, 483, 485versus XOT, 338
twisted-pair cable, 87two-tier model, 20, 26two-way alternation operation (SLS), 458two-way simultaneous operation (SLS), 458two-way trusts, 276two-wire leased lines, 391two-wire local loop, NT1, 394Type 1 LSAs, 221Type 2 LSAs, 221Type 3 LSAs, 221Type 4 LSAs, 221Type 5 LSAs, 222Type 7 LSAs, 222, 229
U
U reference points, 395UAAs (universally administered addresses), assigning,
450-451UBR (Unspecified Bit Rate), 119U-frames (SDLC), 459UNIs (user-to-network interfaces), 122units of measurement, voice traffic, 622Unspecified Bit Rate (UBR), 119updates
holddowns, 189SAPs, 268
upgrades, 22UPSs (uninterruptible power supplies), implementing,
15UTP (unshielded twisted pair), 87
10BaseT, 79
V
Van Jacobson Algorithm, 309Variable Bit Rate (VBR), 119variable-length subnet masking.
See
VLSMvariance, IGRP, 236VBR (variable bit rate), 119, 605VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier), 117VeriSign, Inc, 576VIP (Versatile Interface Processor) cards
distributed switching, 193OIR, 366
virtual links, 232virtual nodes, 493virtual routes, 446VLANs, 91
campus design, 48broadcast traffic, 51enterprise server placement, 51network infrastructure, 52traffic patterns, 50
campus network designnetwork management model, 54resiliency, 53scalability, 55security, 54-55total cost of ownership, 54
connectivity, 95deploying, 93, 95
VLSM (variable-length subnet masking), 151, 240VoATM
addressing, 606delay, 606routing, 606signaling, 605-606
VoFR, 606addressing, 607signaling, 607
voice over data networksaddressing, 600analog signaling, 598-599dial plans, 601-602
classes, 604CoS groups, 603
digital signaling, 598-599
tunneling
87200333IX.fm Page 714 Wednesday, August 22, 2001 2:01 PM
715
QoS, 614-616CBWFQ, 620delay, effect on voice quality, 616-618echo, effect on voice quality, 619IP Precedence, 619loss, effect on voice quality, 619
router design issues, 619routing, 601traffic, units of measurement, 622traffic engineering, forecasting growth, 623translate, 604transport, 604VoATM
addressing, 606delay, 606routing, 606signaling, 605-606
VoFR, 606addressing, 607signaling, 607
VoIPCisco CallManager 3.0, 613-614delay, 610H.225, 611H.323, 610-611Multimedia Conference Manager, 612-613RSVP, 609signaling, 608
voice-grade cable, 87VoIP
addressing, 609Cisco CallManager 3.0, 613-614delay, 610H.225, 611H.323, 610-611IP Precedence, 619Multimedia Conference Manager, 612-613routing, 609RSVP, 609signaling, 608
VPI (Virtual Path Identifier), 117VPNs, 576
L2F, 577L2TP, 578
VTAM (Virtual Telecommunications Access Method), 440
vulnerability to security weaknesses, assessing, 558-559
W
WAN interfaces, 408-409WAN technologies
ATM, 298availability, 298-299
convergence, 300-302compression, 308
design issues, 309ISDN, 298
WANsATM, 116
IISP, 121PNNI, 121private networks, 121-123
Frame RelayBECNs/FECNs, configuring, 351-352CIR, 352, 355DDR, 364-365DE, 352-353devices, 366DLCI, 348-349FRADs, 348full-mesh topology, 362hierarchical-mesh topology, 363-364LMI, 356local loop, 347oversubscription, 355RFC 1490, 357-359service characteristics, 350star topology, 346-347, 361versus X.25, 345
X.25, 332, 339data links, 339-340datagram transport, configuring, 334design tips, 344encapsulation, 333-334flow control, 335multiple SVCs, 341over ISDN, 343packet switches, 342static routing, 342tunneling, 332
WANs
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716
versus Frame Relay, 345XOT, 335
Web sites, network design-related, 29WFQ, DLSw+, 533wide-area FRADs, 348windowing, DLSw+, 538Windows networking, 270
complete trust model, 275domains, 270master domain model, 276multiple master domain model, 276NBT protocol, 273NetBEUI protocol, 272NetBIOS protocol, 272
name resolution, 273NWLink protocol, 272remote design, 278single domain model, 274-275
WINS, resolving NetBIOS names, 274wireless bridges, 90wireless networks, 89-90
point-to-point, 90workgroup ATM switches, 84workstations per flat network, 93
X
X.121 specification, 340X.25, 332, 339
datagram transport, configuring, 334design tips, 344encapsulation, 333-334flow control, 335multiple SVCs, 341over ISDN, 343packet switches, 342PADs, 332static routing, 342tunneling, 332versus Frame Relay, 345WAN data links, 339
parameters, 340X.121 addressing, 340XOT, 335
versus STUN, 338XID (exchange of identification) frames, 453
XOT (X.25 over TCP/IP), 335versus STUN, 338
Z
ZIP (Zone Information Protocol), 259ZIP reply filters, 262zones
AppleTalk, 262H.323 gatekeeper, 612
WANs
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