outsourcing and imported inputs in the u.s. economy
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Outsourcing and Imported Inputs in the U.S. EconomyInsights from Integrated
Economic Accounts
R. Yuskavage, E. Strassner, and G. Medeiros
World Congress on National Accounts and Economic Performance Measures for Nations
May 15, 2008
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Motivation
Size and Growth of Outsourcing Domestic outsourcing Imported inputs
Annual Industry Accounts Recent enhancements Analytical framework
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Key Findings
Domestic Outsourcing One-fourth of intermediate inputs Nearly one-half of purchased services Growing fast in real terms
Imported Inputs More than half of all U.S. imports Nearly 11 percent of intermediate inputs Substitution for domestic materials
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Definition of Outsourcing No consensus in economics profession International guidelines largely silent NAPA study identified two types
Business process Business relocation
Establishment-based production focus
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Composition of Outsourcing
2006
6%11%
5%
47%
31%
Transportation & storageservices
Repair & maintenanceservices
Information services
Professional, scientific, &technical services
Administrative & supportservices
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Outsourcing in Economic Statistics
Company vs. Establishment Industry Classification
Advantages of NAICS Treatment of auxiliaries
Economic Census Source Data Input-Output Definitions &
Conventions
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Input Category Disaggregation
E (pub)
Dom (unpub)
S (pub)
M (pub)
Imp (unpub)
Dom (unpub)
Imp (unpub)
Dom (unpub)
Imp (unpub)
Each category includes nominal values, price indexes, and quantity indexes
Disaggregation performed for each of 65 industries for each year 1997-2006
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Purchased Services Disaggregation
S (pub)
Outsourcing (unpub)
Other Services
Imp (unpub)
Utilities
Telecomm
Financial
Rental & Leasing
Aggregation of 30 4-digit commodities
Dom (unpub)
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Purchased Services Shares
Input Category Shares of Nominal Intermediate InputsAll Private Industries
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006Year
Perc
ent
Outsourcing Other Purchased Services
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Energy and Materials Shares
Input Category Shares of Nominal Intermediate InputsAll Private Industries
0
10
20
30
40
50
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006Year
Perc
ent
Energy Materials
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Import Share of Intermediate Inputs
Import Shares of Nominal Intermediate InputsAll Private Industries
0
5
10
15
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006Year
Perc
ent
Total Intermediate Inputs
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Import Shares by Input Category
Import Shares of Nominal Intermediate InputsAll Private Industries
0
5
10
15
20
25
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006Year
Perc
ent
Purchased Services Energy Materials
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Input Intensity: Private Industries
Real Inputs per Unit of Real Gross OutputAll Private Industries
0.850
0.900
0.950
1.000
1.050
1.100
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
Inde
x (2
000
= 1.
000)
Purchased Services Materials Energy Labor
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Import Intensity of Intermediates
Imported Real Inputs per Unit of Domestic Real InputAll Private Industries
0.800
0.900
1.000
1.100
1.200
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Year
Inde
x (2
000
= 1.
000)
Total Intermediate Materials
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Summary
Domestic outsourcing is large
Imported inputs are growing fast
Data are gradually improving
Improvements are still needed
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Recommendations
Better Data Fewer assumptions Greater reliability
More Guidance Less uncertainty Better research
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Better Data Imports by Industry Expanded/Improved Price Indexes
Domestic services Imported goods and services
Annual Inputs by Industry Interagency Integration
Capital services Occupation by industry
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More Guidance Definition of Outsourcing Unit of Analysis Distinguishing Outsourcing from
Services growth Technological change
Special Issues Leasing of assets and employees Capitalized services
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