organisation of the genetic material in pro- and eukariotic cells
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Organisation of the genetic material in pro- and eukariotic cellsDNA, chromatin, chromosomes
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1 m = 2 Megadalton (2 x 106 Dalton) = 3 kbp
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Genome ContentHuman Genome3200 MbSINE: Alu, 281 bp, 300.000 p, 9%LINE: L1, 6500 bp, 50.000 p, 7%, retrotransposon
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T phage ofEsherichia coli~ 50 m DNA.
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Single Circular DNA molecule of Escherichia coli, ~1,4 mm long
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~4 cm linear DNA molecule contains in a usual human chromosome
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E. coli: 4 639 221 nukleotide pairs, 4200 genes
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RelaxedSupercoiledTopoisomerases
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Nucleus of a eukariotic cells (electronmicrograph)Function: protection, transport,gene expression
nuclear laminaHETEROCHROMATINeuchromatinheterochromatinnucleolus
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1 m = 2 Megadalton (2 x 106 Dalton) = 3 kbp
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Types of the chromatin: eu- and heterochromatin Structure of the chromatin ; histons, nucleosomes, solenoid and loops
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Histones: small, basic, higly conserved proteins
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30 nm chromatin fiber:interactions and modifications of site chains of histones and H1 histon are necessaryThe sructure of the 30 nmchromatin fiber is variable(heterogen)
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11 and 30 nm chromatin fibers (electonmicrograph)beads-on-a-string structuresolenoid
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H2AH2BH3H4
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Chromatin structure and gene expresson in that area are hang on the chemical modification of histones (acetylations, metylation, phosphorylation)
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A hiszton kd hipotzis
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Condensins organise the loop-structureSMC = Structural Maintenance of Chromosomes family protein (part of the condensin complex)
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DNAChromatinLoopsMetaphase chromosome
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Chemical modification of the DNA (methylation) has role in regulation
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de novo metylasesImprinting
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XIST = X inactivaton specific transcriptXIC = X inactivation centerHistones also play role in the inactivation
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Localization of the chromosome 18 and chr. 19 in interphase nucleus
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The chromosome structure and the cell divisionArms, centromer, telomers
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armssisterchromatidesKinetochor microtubuls
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Lewin: Genes IX. Fig. 28.30
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Telomer and telomerase
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fibrillargranularlight stained
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A magvacskafunkcii
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Special chromosomesPoliten chromosome in salivary glands of Drosophila melanogaster Lampbrush chromosomes amphybian oocytes
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Politenchromosomes
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RNA synthesis on the politenchromosomes
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Lampbrush chromosomes in an amphybian oocyte
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