organic chemistry (chapter 3) organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. biochemistry...

Organic Chemistry

(Chapter 3)

Organic chemistry is the chemistry of carbon compounds. Biochemistry is the study of carbon compounds that crawl. 

Carbon• Carbon’s 4 valence e- make if

ideal for bonds: endless combinations of proteins, lipids, carbs, and nucleic acids

• Carbon forms the skeleton of most organic molecules

• Forms stable bonds! • Diverse: Carbon chains vary in length and

shape; can form chains or rings

Organic Compounds - have carbon bonded to other atoms and determine structure/function of living thingsInorganic Compounds - do not contain carbon and hydrogen together (salt)

Some organic molecules

Attached to the carbon skeleton is a FUNCTIONAL GROUP - the area that participates in chemical reactions

• Functional group is a specific combination of bonded atoms that always react in the same way

• R = the remainder of the molecule, the carbon skeleton

Pg 39

alcohols

acids

bases

The general structure of an α-amino acid, with the amino group on the left and the carboxyl group on the right

One carbon chain, single bonds;  2 functional groups

Functional groups help determine function by determining bonds and therefore shapes of molecule.

You should know their base names:

ALKANE consists of only carbon to carbon single bonds

C- C- C -C -C

ALKENE  consists of at least one carbon to carbon double bond  

C = C - C

ALKYNEconsists of at least one carbon to carbon triple bond

They are alphabetical: a, e, y 1, 2, 3 bonds

ISOMERS – molecules with the same molecular formula, but different arrangement of atoms

Careful, those words are so similar!

Isotopes: atoms with same protons but different neutronsex: Carbon-12 and Carbon-13

Ion: charges atom- lost or gained an electron

Isomer: same molecular formula, different structure

What do these words mean?

BiologicalMacromolecule

All biological macro-molecule are made up of a small number of elements:

Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Sulfur

Next Word…..

Polygons

Polygamy

Polyester

What does “Mono” mean?

EXAMPLE of POLYMER

MONOMER

A TRAIN THE CARS

A NECKLACE EACH PEARL

A PolymerHere are some analogies to better

understand what polymers and monomers are….

EXAMPLE of POLYMER

MONOMER

A TRAIN

A NECKLACE

If the train is the whole polymer, what would be the small groups that make up the train? If the necklace is the polymer, what are the monomers that make up the necklace?

Reaction Types

•Hydrolysis - break down compounds by adding water

•Dehydration - two components brought together, produces H2O

•Redox Rxn– electron transfer reactions

Oxidation Involves LossReduction Involves Gain

OIL   RIG

MACROMOLECULES -   Monomers link together to form polymersone unit many units  

Dehydration reaction – water is removed, joins monomers together

Hydrolysis – water attaches to a polymer and breaks it into smaller units

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b7TdWLNhMtM Pg 40 in textbook

• Dehydration- requires energy, releases water

• Hydrolysis- releases energy, requires water

1.Why is carbon so important to organic molecules?

2.What is the significance of functional groups?

3.Name the 4 macromolecules.

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWf2jcznLsY

Bozeman

Some Molecules

MACROMOLECULES important to life

1. Carbohydrates2. Lipids3. Proteins4. Nucleic Acids

This is bozeman, he knows stuff about biology and makes podcasts.  He has podcasts for every topic we cover.  It's amazing!

http://www.educreations.com/lesson/view/identifying-macromolecules/1251981/?ref=link

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QWf2jcznLsY

1. CARBOHYDRATES CHO•monosaccharides - simple ring sugars, glucose fructose, galactose C6H12O6

•disaccharides - two monosaccharides combined, sucrose, lactose, maltose

•polysaccharides - polymers (long chains of repeating units) of monosaccharides

- starch (plants)  and glycogen (animals) are energy storage polymers- cellulose & chitin are structural polymers              

Daily energy supply!

pasta, potatoes, cereal, grains

animal

plant

2. Lipids  C, H, OHydrophobic (insoluble in water) Used for insulation and long term energy storage (fat)* 

Fats* & Oils are made of subunits (monomers) – glycerol and fatty acids 

Waxes – mainly used for covering and protection

Phospholipids - Important structural component of the cell membrane 

Steroids - cholesterol & sex hormones (estrogen & testosterone) – made of 4 fused rings

Saturated fats contain no double bonds, solid at room temperature;Unsaturated fats have double bonds that “kink” the molecule,  liquid at room temperature

Fats are the most concentrated energy source available to the body. • Saturated fats: meats, cheese, somewhat

unhealthy• Unsaturated fats: healthy, found in plants• Trans fats: very unhealthy fats

Fats

Lipids and Fatty Acids

3.  Proteins C, H, O, N Monomer: amino acids

Two amino acids make a dipeptidePolymers: polypeptides which are joined by peptide bonds 

Amino acids form a wide variety of structures, mainly building blocks for living tissue

Support, Enzymes, Transport, Defense, Hormones, Motion

Proteins have four shapes1. Primary Structure - sequence of amino acids that form the polypeptide chain2. Secondary Structure - Parts of the polypeptide fold into local patterns (alpha helix or pleated sheet)3. Tertiary Structure - the overall 3D shape (globular or fibrous)4. Quaternary Structure - consists of two or more polypeptide chains or subunits

Proteins can be denatured, heat causes it to lose its shape, and its functionality (More on enzymes later)

- all but primary structure is easily destroyed There are 20 known amino acids

Proteinshttps://www.youtube.com/v/w-ctkPUUpUc

Nucleic Acids C, H, O, N, P

•Monomer: nucleotide•Polymers: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) & RNA (ribonucleic acid)

 Each nucleotide consists of:

1.  A sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)2.  A phosphate3.  A nitrogen base           

- adenine            - thymine            - guanine            - cytosine            - uracil (in RNA)

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) - high energy molecule that contains two phosphate bonds that are easily broken to release energy (this energy drives the reactions in our bodies)

MATCHINGa.  carbohydrate     b.  lipidsc.  protein               d.  nucleic acids

1.  contains adenine and thymine2.  lactose3.  chains of amino acids4.  long term energy storage5.  cholesterol6.  chains of fatty acids and glycerol7.  plant cell walls