optical fiber transmission amplifications for ultra long haul applications
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8/20/2019 Optical Fiber Transmission Amplifications for Ultra Long Haul Applications
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www.ijsret.org
177International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 – 0882
Volume 3 Issue 2, May 2014
Where λ s and λ p are the signal and pump wavelengths in
µm respectively, z is the distance in km from z=0 to z=L,
Ls and Lp are the linear attenuation coefficient of thesignal and pump power in the optical fiber in km
-1
respectively. Equation (1) can be solved when both sidesof the equation are integrated. When using forward
pumping, the pump power can be expressed as the
following expression [10]: zP zP Lp poF PF α exp (3)
where PPoF is the input pump power in the forward
direction in watt at z=0. If the values of PP are substituted
in differential Eq. 2, and is integrated from z=0 to z=L for
the signal power in the forward, then the result
mathematical equation can be written as mentioned in
[10]:
z LP
A
gP zP Lseff po
eff
RsoS αexp (4)
where Pso and P po denotes to the input signal and pump
power respectively. This means that P po= P poF in case of forward pump and P po=P poB in case of backward pump,
and Leff , is the effective length in km, over which the
nonlinearities still holds or stimulated Raman scattering
(SRS) occurs in the fiber and is defined as [11]:
Lp
Lpeff
z L
α
α
exp1(5)
Recently, there have been many efforts to utilize fiber
Raman amplifier (FRA) in long-distance, high capacity
WDM systems. The net gain [12] is one of the most
significant parameters of the FRA. It describes the signal
power increase in the end of the transmission span and
presents the ratio between the amplifier accumulated gain
and the signal loss. It can be simply described by theexpression:
,)0(
)(
S
S net
P
zPG (6)
The intensity of the stimulated scattered light grows
exponentially once the incident pump power exceeds a
certain threshold value. The threshold pump power Pth isdefined as the incident power at which half of the pump
power is transferred to the Stokes field at the output end
of a fiber of length L. The threshold pump power satisfies
the condition [13]:
ff eff th
g L
PRe
16 , (7)
For standard silica cable fiber, the transmitted signal
bandwidth per transmitted channel can be given by [14]:
,4848.0
. z N
W Bch
sigτ
(8)
Where Nch is the number of transmitted channels, τ is the
total pulse broadening after distance z which is given by
[15]:
z D λτ , (9)
Where D is the total dispersion coefficient in fiber link media in ps/nm.km, and Δλ is the spectral linewidth of
the optical source. This is mainly because FRA can
improve the optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) andreduce the impacts of fiber nonlinearities [16], that is the
OSNR of the system after amplification can be:
.10
.2
)(log10
Sig
S dB
W Bch
zPOSNR
λ , (10)
Where h is the Planck’s constant (6.02 x10-34
J.sec), PS (z)is the transmitted signal power after z distance, c is the
speed of light (3x108
m/sec), λ is the operating signal
wavelength in μm, and B.Wsig is the transmitted signal
bandwidth. According to modified Shannon theorem, themaximum bit rate per optical channel for supported
number of users, or the maximum capacity of the channelfor maximum subscribers is given by [17]:
,1log. 2 OSNRW B B sigSh (11)
Based on MATLAB curve fitting program, the
relationship between the signal quality factor (Q) with
both number of transmitted channels (Nch) and effective
length Leff in km and transmitted signal power after distance z can be expressed as the following formula:
)(5.18778.254.12
65.283322
zP L N L N L N
Q S
eff cheff cheff ch
,dB(12)
Then the bit error rate (BER) can be expressed as a
function of Q in the following formula [18]:
,8
exp..
2
Q
Q BER
π(13)
III. Results and Performance AnalysisThe optical FRAs have been modeled and have been
parametrically investigated in different fiber cable medias
such as true wave reach fiber, non return to zero
dispersion shifted fiber (NZ-DSF), and single mode fiber
(SMF) with employing different multiplexing techniques
namely ultra wide wavelength division multiplexing
(UW-WDM) based on the coupled differential equationsof first order, and also based on the set of the assumed of
affecting operating parameters on the system model. In
fact, the employed software computed the variables under
the following operating parameters as shown in Table 1.
Table 1. Proposed operating parameters for performance
signature of Raman amplifiers [3, 5, 12, 18].Operating
parameter
Symbol Value and unit
Operating signalwavelength
λ s 1.3 μm
Operating pump
wavelength
λ p 1.28 μm
Input signal
wavelength
PSo 10 dBm
Input pump power P po 30 dBm
Forward pump
ratio
r f 0.5
Signal attenuation αs 0.25 dB/km
Pump attenuation α p 0.3 dB/km
Spectral linewidth
of optical source
Δλ 0.1 nm
UW-WDMchannels
Nch(UW-
WDM)
10000 channels
Transmission
distance
z 0 ≤ z, km ≤ 400
Types of fiber cable media True wavereach fiber
NZ-DSF SMF
Effective area Aeff 55 μm2 72 μm2 85 μm2
Raman gain
efficiency
gReff 0.6 W-
1
km-1
0.45 W-
1
km-1
0.38 W-
1
km-1
Dispersion
coefficient
D 25
ps/nm.km
20
ps/nm.km
16
ps/nm.km
8/20/2019 Optical Fiber Transmission Amplifications for Ultra Long Haul Applications
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178International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 – 0882
Volume 3 Issue 2, May 2014
Then the set of the series of the following figures are
shown below as the following can be obtained:
i) Fig. (1, 2) have assured that transmitted signal power and pump power decrease with increasing
transmission distance. It is observed that true wave
reach fiber has presented transmitted signal and
pump powers with compared other transmission
mediums.ii)Fig. (3, 4) have assured that signal gain and
threshold pump power decrease with increasing
transmission distance. It is observed that true wave
reach fiber has presented transmitted signal gain
and threshold pump power with compared other transmission mediums.
iii) Fig. 5 has indicated that transmitted signal
bandwidth decreases with increasing transmission
distance. It is theoretically found that single mode
fiber medium has presented the highest transmittedsignal bandwidth with compared to other
transmission fiber mediums.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
True wave reach fiber
NZ-DSF
SMF
Transmission distance, Z, km
Fig. 1. Variations of transmitted signal power against variations of transmission distance at the assumed set of the operating
parameters.
0
2.5
5
7.5
10
12.5
15
17.5
20
22.5
25
27.5
30
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
True wave reach fiber
NZ-DSF
SMF
Transmission distance, Z, km
Fig. 2. Variations of pump power against variations of transmission distance at the assumed set of the operating parameters.
T r a n s m i t t e d s i g n a l p o w e r , P s ,
d B m
P u m p p o w e r , P p , d B m
8/20/2019 Optical Fiber Transmission Amplifications for Ultra Long Haul Applications
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www.ijsret.org
179International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 – 0882
Volume 3 Issue 2, May 2014
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
True wave reach fiber
NZ-DSF
SMF
Transmission distance, Z, km
Fig. 3. Signal gain in relation to transmission distance at the assumed set of the operating parameters.
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
True wave reach fiber
NZ-DSF
SMF
Transmission distance, Z, km
Fig. 4. Threshold pump power in relation to transmission distance at the assumed set of the operating parameters.
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
True wave reach fiber
NZ-DSF
SMF
Transmission distance, Z, km
Fig. 5. Transmitted signal bandwidth in relation to transmission distance at the assumed set of the operating parameters.
S i g n a l g a i n , G d B
T h r e s h o l d p u m p p o w e r , P t h d B m
T r a n s m i t t e d s i g n a l b a n d w i d t h , B W s i g . ,
G H z
8/20/2019 Optical Fiber Transmission Amplifications for Ultra Long Haul Applications
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180International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 – 0882
Volume 3 Issue 2, May 2014
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
True wave reach fiber
NZ-DSF
SMF
Transmission distance, Z, km
Fig. 6. Optical signal to noise ratio in relation to transmission distance at the assumed set of the operating parameters.
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
True wave reach fiber
NZ-DSF
SMF
Transmission distance, Z, km
Fig. 7. Shannon transmission bit rate in relation to transmission distance at the assumed set of the operating parameters.
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
True wave reach fiber
NZ-DSF
SMF
Transmission distance, Z, km
Fig. 8. Signal transmission quality in relation to transmission distance at the assumed set of the operating parameters.
O p t i c a l s i g n a l t o n o i s e r a t i o , O S N R , d B
S h a n n o n t r a n s m i s s i o n b i t r a t e , B S h , T b / s
S i g n a l t r a n s m i s s i o n q u a l i t y , Q , d B
8/20/2019 Optical Fiber Transmission Amplifications for Ultra Long Haul Applications
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181International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 – 0882
Volume 3 Issue 2, May 2014
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400
True wave reach fiber
NZ-DSF
SMF
Transmission distance, Z, km
Fig. 9. Signal bit error rate in relation to transmission distance at the assumed set of the operating parameters.
iv) Fig. 6 has indicated that optical signal to noise ratio increases with increasing transmission distance. It is
theoretically found that true wave reach fiber medium has presented the highest optical signal to noise ratio withcompared to other transmission fiber mediums.
v) Fig. 7 has assured that Shannon transmission bit
rate decreases with increasing transmission
distance. It is observed that single mode fiber has
presented the highest transmitted signal bit rate
with compared other transmission mediums.vi) Fig. 8 has indicated that signal transmission
quality decreases with increasing transmission
distance. It is theoretically found that true wave
reach fiber medium has presented the highest
signal transmission quality with compared to other
transmission fiber mediums.
vii) Fig. 9 has indicated that signal transmission bit
rate increases with increasing transmission
distance. It is theoretically found that true wave
reach fiber medium has presented the lowest signal
transmission bit rate with compared to other transmission fiber mediums.
IV. ConclusionsIn a summary, the model has been investigated
forward pumping based fiber optical Raman amplifiers in
different optical fiber transmission medium systems over
wide range of the affecting parameters. It is observed thattransmitted signal power, pump power and its threshold
value, signal gain, optical signal to noise ratio,
transmitted signal bandwidth, signal transmission quality
and transmission bit rates decrease with increasing
transmission distance. As well as true wave reach fiber
has presented the highest systems transmission performance compared to other transmission fiber
mediums under the same operating of conditions.
REFERENCES[1] Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed, Abd El-Naser A. Mohammed,
Mohamed M. E. El-Halawany, and Mohamoud M. Eid
“Optical Add Drop Multiplexers with UW-DWDMTechnique in Metro Optical Access Communication
Networks,” Nonlinear Optics and Quantum Optics, Vol.
44, No. 1, pp. 25–39, 2012.[2] Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed, Abd El-Naser A. Mohammed,
Mohamed M. E. El-Halawany, and Mohammed S. F.Tabour “High Transmission Performance of Radio over Fiber Systems over Traditional Optical Fiber
Communication Systems Using Different Coding Formatsfor Long Haul Applications,” Nonlinear Optics andQuantum Optics, Vol. 44, No. 1, pp. 41–63, 2012.
[3] Ch. Headley, G. Agrawal, “Raman Amplification in Fiber
Optical Communication Systems”, Elsevier, 2009.
[4] M. Islam, “Raman Amplifiers for Telecommunications andPhysical Principles”, Springer, 2004.
[5] L. Binh, T. Lhuynh, S. Sargent, A. Kirpalani, “Fiber Raman
Amplification in Ultra-high Speed Ultra-long HaulTransmission: Gain Profile, Noises and Transmission
Performance”, Technical Report MECSE-1-2007, CTIE,Monash University, 2007.
[6] H. B. Sharma1,T. Gulati, and B. Rawat, “Evaluation of Optical Amplifiers,” International Journal of EngineeringResearch and Applications (IJERA), Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. pp.663-667, 2012.
[7] Q. Hen, J. Ning, H. Zhang, and Z. Chen, “Novel ShootingAlgorithm for Highly Efficient Analysis of Fiber RamanAmplifiers,” IEEE J. Lightwave Technol., Vol. 24, No. 4,
pp. 1946-1952, 2006.[8] Abd El-Naser A. Mohammed, Abd El-Fattah Saad, Ahmed
Nabih Zaki Rashed, and Hazem Hageen “Low
Performance Characteristics of Optical Laser DiodeSources Based on NRZ Coding Formats under Thermal
Irradiated Environments,” International Journal of Computer Science and Telecommunications (IJCST), Vol.2, No. 2, pp. 20-30, 2011.
[9] M. N. Islam, “Raman Amplifiers for Telecommunications,”
IEEE J. of Select. Topics in Quantum Electron., Vol. 8,
No. 3, pp. 548–559, 2008.[10] A. Galtarossa, L. Palmieri, M. Santagiustina, and L. Ursini,
“Polarized Backward Raman Amplification in RandomlyBirefringent Fibers,” J. Lightwave Technol., Vol. 24, No.
3, pp. 4055–4063, 2009.[11] Abd El Naser A. Mohammed, Osama S. Fragallah, Ahmed
Nabih Zaki Rashed, and Mohamed El-Abyad, “NewTrends of Multiplexing Techniques Based Submarine
S i g n a l b i t e r r o r r a t e
, B E R x 1 0 - 1 2
8/20/2019 Optical Fiber Transmission Amplifications for Ultra Long Haul Applications
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182International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 – 0882
Volume 3 Issue 2, May 2014
Optical Transmission Links for High TransmissionCapacity Computing Network Systems,” Canadian Journalon Science and Engineering Mathematics, Vol. 3, No. 3,
pp. 112-126, 2012.[12] X. Liu, J. Chen, C. Lu, and X. Zhou, “Optimizing Gain
Profile and Noise Performance for Distributed Fiber Raman Amplifiers,” Opt. Express, Vol. 12, No. 24, pp.
6053–6066, 2011.
[13] G. P. Agrawal, Fiber Optical Communication Systems, New York, John Wiley and Sons, 2005.
[14] I. Mandelbaum, M. Bolshtyansky, “Raman Amplifier
Model in Single Mode Optical Fiber,” IEEE Photon.
Technol. Lett., Vol. 15, No. 12, pp. 1704– 1706, 2009.[15] Abd El–Naser A. Mohamed, Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed,
and Amina El-Nabawy, “The Effects of the Bad Weather
on the Transmission and Performance Efficiency of OpticalWireless Communication Systems,” Canadian Journal onElectrical ad Electronics Engineering, Vol. 3, No, 5, pp.
209-224, May 2012.
[16] S. Hu, H. Zhang and Y. Guo, “Stiffness Analysis in the Numerical Solution of Raman Amplifier PropagationEquations”, Opt. Exp., Vol. 12, No. 2, pp. 1656-1664,
2010.[17] S. Kumar, and H. Singh, “Transmission Performance
64×10 Gb/s WDM System Based on Optical HybridAmplifiers Using RZ- Soliton Modulation Format atDifferent Transmission Distance,” IOSR Journal of
Engineering, Vol. 2, No. 7, pp. 7-12, July 2012.[18] Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed, Abd El–Naser A. Mohamed,
Sakr A. S. Hanafy, and Amira I. M. Bendary “Electrooptic
Polymer Modulators Performance Improvement With
Pulse Code Modulation Scheme in Modern OpticalCommunication Networks,” International Journal of Computer Science and Telecommunications (IJCST), Vol.2, No. 6, pp. 30-39, 2011.
Author’s Profile
Dr. Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed was
born in Menouf city, Menoufia State,
Egypt country in 23 July, 1976.Received the B.Sc., M.Sc., and Ph.D.
scientific degrees in the Electronics and
Electrical Communications Engineering
Department from Faculty of Electronic
Engineering, Menoufia University in
1999, 2005, and 2010 respectively.
Currently, his job carrier is a scientific lecturer in
Electronics and Electrical Communications Engineering
Department, Faculty of Electronic Engineering, Menoufia
university, Menouf. Postal Menouf city code: 32951,EGYPT. His scientific master science thesis has focused
on polymer fibers in optical access communicationsystems. Moreover his scientific Ph. D. thesis has focused
on recent applications in linear or nonlinear passive or
active in optical networks. His interesting research mainly
focuses on transmission capacity, a data rate product and
long transmission distances of passive and active optical
communication networks, wireless communication, radio
over fiber communication systems, and optical network
security and management. He has published many high
scientific research papers in high quality and technical
international journals in the field of advanced
communication systems, optoelectronic devices, and passive optical access communication networks. His areas
of interest and experience in optical communication
systems, advanced optical communication networks,
wireless optical access networks, analog communication
systems, optical filters and Sensors, digitalcommunication systems, optoelectronics devices, and
advanced material science, network management systems,
multimedia data base, network security, encryption and
optical access computing systems. As well as he is
editorial board member in high academic scientificInternational research Journals. Moreover he is a reviewer
member and editorial board member in high impact
scientific research international journals in the field of
electronics, electrical communication systems,
optoelectronics, information technology and advanced
optical communication systems and networks. His
personal electronic mail ID (E-mail:ahmed_733@yahoo.com). His published paper
under the title "High reliability optical interconnections
for short range applications in high speed optical
communication systems" has achieved most popular
download articles in Optics and Laser Technology
Journal, Elsevier Publisher in year 2013.
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