operating and financial leverage chapter 5. chapter 5 - outline what is leverage? break-even (be)...
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Operating and FinancialLeverage
Chapter 5
Chapter 5 - Outline
What is Leverage?Break-Even (BE) PointOperating LeverageFinancial LeverageLeverage Means RiskCombined or Total Leverage
What is Leverage?Use of special forces and effects to magnify
or produce more than the normal results from a given course of action
Leverage involves using fixed costs to magnify the potential return to a firm
Can produce beneficial results in favorable conditions
Can produce highly negative results in unfavorable conditions
Leverage in a BusinessDetermining type of fixed operational costs
Plant and equipmentCan reduce expensive labor in production of inventory
Expensive laborLessens opportunity for profit but reduces risk exposure
Determining type of fixed financial costsDebt financing
Can produce substantial profits, but failure to meet contractual obligations can result in bankruptcy
Selling equityMay reduce potential profits for existing shareholders, but
reduces their risk exposure
Break-Even (BE) PointQuantity where Total Revenue
equals Total CostCompany has no Profit or LossBE = FC / (P – VC)A leveraged firm has a high BE
pointA non-leveraged firm has a low BE
point
FIGURE 5-1Break-even chart:Leveraged firm
FIGURE 5-2Break-even chart:Conservative firm
TABLE 5-2Volume-cost-profit analysis:Leveraged firm
TABLE 5-3Volume-cost-profit analysis:Conservative firm
FIGURE 5-3Nonlinear break-evenanalysis
Operating Leverage
Measure of the amount of fixed operating costs used by a firm.
Degree of Operating Leverage (DOL) = % in EBIT (or Operating Income) / % in Sales
DOL = Q(P-VC) / (Q(P-VC) –FC)
Operating Leverage measures the sensitivity of a firm’s operating income to a in sales.
TABLE 5-4Operating income orloss
Financial Leverage
Measure of the amount of debt used by a firm
Degree of Financial Leverage (DFL) = % in EPS / % in EBIT (or Operating Income)
DFL = EBIT / (EBIT –I)
Financial Leverage measures the sensitivity of a firm’s earnings per share to a in operating income
Leverage Means Risk
Leverage is a double-edged swordIt magnifies profits as well as lossesAn aggressive or highly leveraged firm has
high fixed costs (and a relatively high break-even point)
A conservative or non-leveraged firm has low fixed costs (and a relatively low break-even point)
Many Japanese firms tend to be highly leveraged
FIGURE 5-4Financing plans andearnings per share
TABLE 5-5Impact of financingplan on earningsper share
Financial LeverageReflects the amount of debt used in the
capital structure of the firmDetermines how the operation is to be
financedDetermines the performance between two
firms having equal operating capabilities
BALANCE SHEET
Assets Liabilities and Net Worth
Operating leverage Financial leverage
TABLE 5-6Income statement
Combined or Total Leverage
Represents maximum use of leverage
Degree of Combined or Total Leverage (DCL or DTL) = % in EPS / % in Sales
DCL= Q(P-VC)/(Q(P-VC)-FC-I)= (S-TVC) /( S-TVC –FC- I)
Short-cut formula:DCL or DTL = DOL x DFL
TABLE 5-7Operating andfinancial leverage
Combining Operating and Financial LeverageCombined leverage: when both leverages
allow a firm to maximize returnsOperating leverage:
Affects the asset structure of the firmDetermines the return from operations
Financial leverage:Affects the debt-equity mixDetermines how the benefits received will be
allocated
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