oilfield scale management: fundamentals to field filefast 7 proposal oilfield scale management:...

FAST 7 Proposal

OILFIELD SCALE MANAGEMENT:

FUNDAMENTALS TO FIELDDuration: 1 April 2019 – 31 March 2022

Eric Mackay, Ken Sorbie

& Anne Neville

Flow Assurance & Scale Team: Scale Workshop

Treetops Hotel, Aberdeen, 29 January 2019

Co-Is: Mike Singleton, Lorraine Boak, Oscar Vazquez, Thibaut Charpentier

Researchers: Oleg Ishkov, Alexander Graham, Duarte Silva, Alan Beteta

2

OILFIELD SCALE MANAGEMENT: FUNDAMENTALS TO FIELD

THEME 1: Scale Inhibition Performance and Retention

Mechanisms (Lead – Ken Sorbie)

THEME 2: Reservoir Geochemical Modelling and

Squeeze Modelling (Lead Eric Mackay)

THEME 3: Effect of Solid Surface on Scale Deposition

and Inhibition (Lead Anne Neville)

FAST 7* Joint Industry Programme

*Items new to FAST 7 identified in red throughout rest of presentation

3

THEME 1: Scale Inhibition Performance and

Retention Mechanisms1. SCALE INHIBITOR COUPLED ADSORPTION/PRECIPITATION:

Modelling of coupled Adsorption/Precipitation experiments and

field SI squeeze treatments.

Adsorption Precipitation

Coupled Г/П area

26.67pv 12.1pv

Equilibrium PPTN & ADS

Kinetic PPTN. Case

NO ADSORPTION

~50pv

Kinetic PPTN. Case

EQUILIBRIUM

ADSORPTION

4

THEME 1: Scale Inhibition Performance and

Retention Mechanisms2. SCALE PREDICTION – EQUILIBRIUM AND KINETICS: Building on

the FAST Scale Prediction code to develop a new state-of-the-art

software package - ScαleFAST .

Attributes

+ ID : Enum CompID+ c : Double+ MM : Double+ n : Double+ m : Double+ A : AiAjAkAw

Constructor

+ New(Enum CompID, MM := Double)

Attributes

+ IsAi : Boolean+ IsAj : Boolean+ IsAk : Boolean+ IsAw : Boolean+ Index : Integer+ M : Double + AjReaction : Reaction

Attributes

+ Component : Component+ StoiCoef : Double

Attributes

+ Therm : Double+ Stoic : Double

Attributes

+ Equation : String+ ReagentsAndProductsList

: List (Of ReactionUnit)+ Keq : K_Equilibrium+ InputForm : Boolean

ReagentsAnd

ProductsList

Keq

AjReaction(for Aj components only)

A

Component

1

3

5

7

9

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

SR (C

aCO

3)

p (bar)

T = 80 °CQv = 1000 m3/d

SR kineticSR thermodynamic

OH-

OIL

Many oil components+ Gas (C1, C2, C3)+ CO2

+H2S

GAS

CARBONATE ROCK(CaCO3)

5

THEME 1: Scale Inhibition Performance and

Retention Mechanisms3. CARBONATE RESERVOIRS: The transport, geochemistry,

adsorption/ precipitation and modelling of SI treatments in

carbonate reservoirs.

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

pH

Final [SI], ppm

VS-Co Initial

0g Calcite

5g Calcite

10g Calcite

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000

Ap

pa

ren

t A

dso

rpti

on

, m

g S

I/g

ro

ck

Final [SI], ppm

5g Calcite, VS-Co

10g Calcite, VS-Co

6

THEME 1: Scale Inhibition Performance and

Retention Mechanisms4. MUTUAL SOLVENTS: The role of mutual solvents in scale inhibitor

squeeze treatments. This topic was introduced in FAST 6 and 1 PhD

has been completed on phase behaviour. The work will concentrate

on mutual solvent propagation and impact on inhibitor retention.

Results: MS Pre-Flush Saturation Changes

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0

C/C

o

PV

Increasing PV availableto Main Treatment

100% Oil

@ Sor

Initial MTBreakthrough

MTAfter 5PV

MTAfter 10PV

Post Treatment

PV consistent after Post Flush

0

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

0 200 400 600 800 1000

[SI]

(p

pm

)

PV

No MS Pre-Flush

<1ppm at ~350PV

MS Pre-Flush

<1ppm at ~800PV

MS Pre-Flush Sample Images

0.09 0.26 0.43 0.60 0.78 0.95 1.12 1.29 1.46 1.64PV

Rig Dead Volume

(Brine)Displaced

BrineMS/Crude/Brine

7

THEME 1: Scale Inhibition Performance and

Retention Mechanisms5. SCALE FORMATION IN EOR PROCESSES: This was first introduced

in FAST 6 and has several parts, including impact of EOR polymer

on SI retention and on inhibition efficiency, and may include further

work on silicates arising during ASP flooding.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

SI C

on

cen

trat

ion

(p

pm

)

Pore Volume Injected

Competitive AdsorptionImpact of Polymer Preflush

5% DETPMP in SWSI Postflush

SI Basecase

With Polymer Preflush

If MIC is 2.5ppm

DETPMP Only @ 91PVs

Polymer Preflush @ 51PVs

1713

30

81

10097

511

15

41

95

100

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

4 8 10 20 35 50

% In

hib

itio

n E

ffic

ien

cy

Scale Inhibitor (ppm)

Inhibition Efficiency of pH Neutral DETPMP with 500ppm HPAM60:40% NSSW : FW @ pH 5.5 and 70oC

2 hr

22 hr

Impact on Inhibition EfficiencyDETPMP + HPAM

MIC = >90% IE2hr MIC: 35ppm22hr MIC: 35ppm

8

THEME 1: Scale Inhibition Performance and

Retention Mechanisms6. SULPHIDE SCALE STUDIES: Experimental and modelling studies of

sulphide scale formation and prevention including FeS, ZnS/PbS.

Carbonate system

Sulphide system

Precipitation/dissolution

Reactions

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14

[Fe

], [

Zn],

[P

b],

mg

/L

pH

Exp.Fe2+ Pre.Fe2+

Compound Ksp

FeS5.08E-21 (1.29E-19 *

correction factor)

19

X solution

Scale Inhibitor

Sulphide

solution

XS

2 h 24 hICP

Analysis

9

OILFIELD SCALE MANAGEMENT: FUNDAMENTALS TO FIELD

THEME 1: Scale Inhibition Performance and Retention

Mechanisms (Lead – Ken Sorbie)

THEME 2: Reservoir Geochemical Modelling and

Squeeze Modelling (Lead Eric Mackay)

THEME 3: Effect of Solid Surface on Scale Deposition

and Inhibition (Lead Anne Neville)

FAST 7* Joint Industry Programme

*Items new to FAST 7 identified in red throughout rest of presentation

10

THEME 2: Reservoir Geochemical Modelling

and Squeeze Modelling7. SQUEEZE MODEL DEVELOPMENT: SQUEEZE will be developed to

include extended optimisation, precipitation, and MS preflushes.

𝒊 𝒏 𝒊𝑨

𝒊 ⟶ 𝒏 𝒊𝑨 𝒊

𝒊

𝑴𝒈

𝒊 𝒏 𝒊𝑨

𝒊 ⟶ 𝑴𝒈 𝒏 𝒊𝑨 𝒊

𝒊

0

1

10

100

1000

10000

100000

0 200 400 600 800 1000

[SI]

(p

pm

)

PV

No MS Pre-Flush

<1ppm at ~350PV

MS Pre-Flush

<1ppm at ~800PV

11

THEME 2: Reservoir Geochemical Modelling

and Squeeze Modelling8. COUPLING OF ScαleFAST PREDICTION MODEL TO PVT CODES

AND FLOW MODELS: Coupling to research and commercial PVT

models and to flow models at reservoir, wellbore and pore scales. Composition after pseudoisation

Component Mole fraction (%)

CO2 8.24

N2+C1 51.66

C2-C4 14.63

iC5-C10 9.56

C11-C14 4.58

C15-C20 11.33

Total 100

12

THEME 2: Reservoir Geochemical Modelling

and Squeeze Modelling9. RESERVOIR SCALE MODELLING OF EOR PROCESSES: Impact on

scale management of CO2 WAG and chemical EOR (polymer, ASP,

altered brine) and application to field cases.

INJTR

PRODN0 100 200 300 400 500

0 100 200 300 400 500

-40

0-3

00

-20

0-1

00

0

-40

0-3

00

-20

0-1

00

0

0.00

0.17

0.35

0.52

0.69

0.87

1.04

1.21

1.39

1.56

1.73

-0.4

-0.3

-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 2025 2026 2027 2028 2029 2030

Ca

lcit

e ch

an

ge (

ton

nes

)

Time

L1 L2 L3 L4 L5 L6 L7 L8 L9

L1

L2

L3

L4

L5

L6

L7

L8

L9

H2O ↔ OH- + H+

CO2 (aq) + H2O ↔ H+ + HCO3-

HCO3- ↔ H+ + CO3

2-

CaCO3(s) ↔ Ca2+ + CO32-

13

THEME 2: Reservoir Geochemical Modelling

and Squeeze Modelling10. RESERVOIR BRINE ANALYSIS: Analysis of produced brine

compositions from many reservoirs using data supplied by

sponsors to understand chemical EOR and scale risk.

Calculated Injection Water fractions in the produced

brine using the Reacting Ions toolkit (SPE

141400PA)

14

THEME 2: Reservoir Geochemical Modelling

and Squeeze Modelling11. SCALE MANAGEMENT DURING UNCONVENTIONAL PRODUCTION:

Field data analysis and modelling of scale formation in

unconventional oil and gas developments, and design of inhibition.

15

THEME 2: Reservoir Geochemical Modelling

and Squeeze Modelling12. KNOWLDEGE TRANSFER OF SCALING AND FLOW PROCESSES:

3D micromodel printing, visualisation and modelling of reactive

transport, Formation and Produced Waters Atlas, and dScale.

dScale.orgFormation and Produced Waters Atlas

3D printing and visualisation

16

OILFIELD SCALE MANAGEMENT: FUNDAMENTALS TO FIELD

THEME 1: Scale Inhibition Performance and Retention

Mechanisms (Lead – Ken Sorbie)

THEME 2: Reservoir Geochemical Modelling and

Squeeze Modelling (Lead Eric Mackay)

THEME 3: Effect of Solid Surface on Scale Deposition

and Inhibition (Lead Anne Neville)

FAST 7* Joint Industry Programme

*Items new to FAST 7 identified in red throughout rest of presentation

17

THEME 3: Effect of Solid Surface on Scale

Deposition and Inhibition13. SURFACE SCALE IN MULTI-PHASE CONDITIONS: Experimental

studies to evaluate the challenges in surface scale inhibition in oil/water

systems

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Po

lym

orp

h m

ole

%

Time (min)

Calcite

Vaterite

Aragonite

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Po

lym

orp

h m

ole

%

Time (min)

Vaterite

Calcite

Aragonite

0% oil

content

23% oil

content

• Understand how oil affects deposition and precipitation

• Interactions between inhibitor and oil

• Techniques; cryo SEM, FBRM

18

THEME 3: Effect of Solid Surface on Scale

Deposition and Inhibition14. SURFACE DEPOSITION STUDIES: Studies of scale deposition on

surfaces – how this differs from bulk scale formation, kinetics, and how

surfaces can be engineered to reduce scale

• Induction time

• Growth rates

𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑑 = 𝐴 𝐵

𝑇3 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝑆𝑅 2

Growth rate dm/dt as a function of flow,

roughness, surface energy, SR, T etc

19

20

Report to all FAST Steering Meetings

1. Scale during CO2 EOR

CNPq and Galp – Hydra Rodrigues

2. Scale during ASP Flooding

PDO – Mandhr Al Kalbani

3. Surface studies

University of Leeds/FAST Loubna Gargoum

4. Surface studies

University of Leeds/FAST Kabir Raheem

Report to some FAST Steering Meetings

5. Dispersion free simulation of reservoir scaling

Energi Simulation / HWU / ETP - Masoud Ghaderi

Existing PhD Studentships

21

Report to all FAST Steering Meetings

1. Automatic Optimisation of Squeeze Treatment Designs

OGIC / James Watt scholarship - Vahid Azari

2. Mutual Solvents

CONACYT (Mexico) scholarship - Hugo Sanchez

3. Experimental / modelling BaSO4 reaction kinetics

DHRTC scholarship - Hamid Rafiee

4. Sulphide Inhibition

Saudi Aramco scholarship - TBC

Report to some FAST Steering Meetings

5. Visualisation of Pore Scale Reactive Flow

EPSRC - Alexandros Dimou

6. Multiscale Reactive Flow ModellingJames Watt scholarship - Ebuka David

New Externally Funded PhD Studentships

22

New PhDs if Funding Available in FAST7

1. Silicate scaling

2. Scale management during polymer EOR

3. Unconventionals

4. Inhibition mechanisms

5. Scale formation under extreme conditions

6. Others?

Two other companies expressed interest in funding scholarships

23

Major Deliverables

1. Report sections and presentations

2. Publications and theses

3. SQUEEZE 11++

4. HW Scale Prediction Code (ScaleFAST)

5. Book on Oilfield Scale

6. Online Formation and Produced Water Atlas

7. Technical notes and methods

8. dScale Knowledge Transfer portal

9. Sponsor staff training and consultancy

10. Link to FASTrac (later – Mike Singleton)

24

Book on Oilfield Scale

1. Introduction

2. Mineral Scale Formation and Prediction

3. Scale Dissolvers

4. Scale Inhibitors and How They Work

5. Inhibitor Transport and Retention in Porous Media

6. Scale Inhibitor Squeeze Treatments

7. Squeeze Design and Optimisation

8. Impact of Reservoir on Scale Prediction and Prevention

9. Sample Preservation and Inhibitor Analysis

10. Designing a Field Treatment and Testing Programme

11. Field Case Studies

25

Online Formation and Produced Water Atlas

Database populated with data from operators with support of OGA

Stewardship

Sections on collection and use of data:

• Sample preservation

• Sample quality control

• Overall synthesis for basin

• Identification of end member brine compositions

• Comparison of supplied formation water compositions and those interpreted from

produced water data

• Scale prediction

• History matching of reservoir simulation model with well rates and compositions as

matching parameters

• Derivation of Cation Exchange Capacities from field data

• Updating of thermodynamic equilibrium parameters for field conditions

• Updating of kinetic rate parameters for production conditions

• Implications for water management during unconventional production

• Impact of brine composition on carbon storage

• Implications of brine composition on chemical EOR prospects

26

Ticket Price and Budget

£20,000

£25,000

£30,000

£35,000

£40,000

£45,000

£50,000

1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019

tick

et p

rice

year

Actual ticket price

Today's prices

£0

£500,000

£1,000,000

£1,500,000

£2,000,000

£2,500,000

£3,000,000

£3,500,000

1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019

pro

ject

va

lue

year

Total project value

Today's prices

Ticket price Project budget

£48,500 per annum for three-year term

Seeking 18 sponsors

Current FAST 6 Sponsors