ogallala aquifer. springs form when water table or perched water table intersects the surface

Ogallala aquifer

Springs form when water table or perched water table intersects the surface.

Typical cave features

Sinkhole

Karst region: early development

Karst region: mature development

Water flow underground can also shape the land surface.

Glacial Ice Budget

Note the change in color, top to bottom.

Fjord

Glacial ponds (“kettles”)

Erratics: boulders carried great distances within the ice.

Minnesota: the “Land of Ten Thousand Lakes”

Drumlin: Ice moved to the right.

Esker: Sub-glacial stream bed.

Terminal Moraines: Ex/ Cape Cod and Long Island

Antarctica

Greenland

Glacial Loess: Covers much of the midwestern U.S.

Faint blue light can reach 1000 m in ideal conditions, but the euphotic zone is usually less than 100 m.

Ocean life is dependent upon the availability of mineral nutrients.

The thermocline is a barrier to this.

New shorelines are made by changing the sea level or by changing the elevation of the land.

Longshore currents work to re-smooth the coastline.

Average ocean surface currents in February-March.

Gulf Stream: Map is by the colonial deputy postmaster general in 1768 – Benjamin Franklin. Mail took 2 weeks longer to go from England to the colonies than the other way around.

Simplified “conveyor belt” of oceanic circulation.