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Total effects of treatmentSpecific treatment

Placebo

Hawthorne

Regression to mean

Natural history

Fr. biais, obliquity, perh. from L. bifax, two-faced

Chance and Bias

Onset Early Dx Usual Dx Death

• (inception cohort)

–(inception)

– : military unit in Macedonia

• ( )10

• worst case scenario best case scenario

• ( )

DC

BA

( )

• (blind)

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