ocean water
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Ocean WaterChapter 15
Section 1 Properties of OceanWater
Objectives:› List substances that are dissolved in
ocean water› Explain how a thermocline forms› Compare and Contrast properties of
ocean water› Predict the solubility of salt in water
at different temperatures
Skills Warm-up
What’s in Water?› Suppose that you have a glass of
pure water, a glass of fresh water, and a glass of salt water.
› If you evaporated the water, what would be left behind in each glass?
Origin of Ocean Water When earth first
formed, it was very ________
Active volcanoes sent ________ ________and ___________ out
One of the gasses was _________________
The released gasses gathered in a layer to become the __________________
Origin of Ocean Water After earth’s surface
cooled, the water vapor ________________ into droplets of water
Water droplets combined and fell to earth as _________
Rainwater flowed over earth’s surface and formed _________ and __________
Water then pooled in large connected basins – the _____________
Our Oceans 4 Oceans
› ___________› ___________› ___________› ___________
Pacific Ocean – largest ocean › covers ______ of the
earth › contains _______ of
earth’s salt water
Chemical Properties of Ocean Water Ocean water is a mixture
of dissolved› __________› __________› tiny amounts of many
__________ As rivers flow across
earth, these substances are picked up
When rivers reach the ocean, the substances are deposited as _________ ______ or used by _______ _____________
Chemical Properties of Ocean Water Major dissolved gasses
› ________ ________ ____________ Major dissolved salts
Salinity The number of _______ __ ______ in 1 kg of water Average salinity of ocean water is _________ Salinity varies from one part of the ocean to
another What causes high salinity:
› High _______________› Low _______________› ________________
What causes low salinity:› High _______________› Melting ____________› Where fresh water meets salt water (___________)
Parts of salt per 1000 parts ocean water
Physical Properties of Ocean Water _______________ Top of water column
directly heated by ______ – depth of 100 to 400 meters
Summer surface temps are _________ than winter
Temp varies from place to place – water is warmer near the __________ and cooler near the __________
Physical Properties of Ocean Water Just beneath the surface
water is a zone where water temp decreases rapidly - ______________
Thermocline forms because warm surface water ______ __ ____ ___ colder water
Depth of thermocline changes with the __________ and with ___________
Below the thermocline, water temp decreases only _____________
Ocean Water and Living Things
Organisms that live in the ocean use substances dissolved in ocean water to survive› _________ – use
dissolved nitrate for growth
› _____ __________– use calcium to build tough, thick shells
› _________ – use silica to build tiny, intricate shells
Ocean Water and Living Things
Many organisms depend on __________
For what???? Sunlight can’t
_______________ too far into ocean water
These organisms must live in _______ ________ near the shore or _________ on top of the water
Examples – algae and diatoms
Ocean Water and Living Things
Some organisms move up and down in the water column by changing their ________
Fish have a _________ ____________› Fill with gas from
bloodstream – fish is less dense – fish rises
› Empty swim bladder – fish is more dense – fish sinks deeper
Organisms that live in deep ocean water must withstand great _____________
Drinkable Ocean Water You shouldn’t drink ocean water – it has too
much _________ for your body to process You will actually get more ___________! Some areas of the world don’t have enough fresh
water They drink ocean water by removing the salt -
________________
Desalination Ocean water is pumped
into a chamber and __________
Water turns to __________ Steam is sent to another
chamber where it cools and _____________
Salt is too __________ and is left behind
Water from condensed steam is fresh and ________________
But fossil fuels need to be used to heat the water
Check and Explain 1. What substances are dissolved in ocean
water? 2. What is a thermocline? Explain how it
forms. 3. Explain the following properties of ocean
water: composition, temperature, salinity, and density.
4. Imagine you have a glass of water at room temperature. You mix salt into the water until no more will dissolve. Then you put the glass in the refrigerator. What will happen to the salt in the water?
Lab – “How Do Temperature and Salinity Affect Density?”
Text page 344
Section 2 Ocean Currents
Objectives:› Describe the major ocean current
patterns in the Pacific and Atlantic oceans
› Identify two factors that drive ocean currents
› Compare and Contrast surface currents and deep currents
› Predict the effects of the Coriolis force
Skills Warm-up
At the Edge› Imagine that you are riding in the
center of a merry-go-round. › You want to throw a ball to a friend
at the edge of the merry-go-round.› Where would your friend have to sit
to be able to catch the ball?
Ocean Currents If you were on a boat
adrift in the ocean near Antarctica, the boat would travel in a _____________ direction.
It would be carried along in a flow of water called a ____________
Current – a flow of water moving through the ocean
A strong current flows in a clockwise direction around _____________
Ocean Currents Currents flow through
all parts of the ocean _______ __________ – flow
horizontally at or near the top of the ocean
_______ __________ – flow horizontally far beneath the surface
Ocean water also flows _____________› Ocean water can flow
down toward the ocean floor or up toward the surface
Surface Currents Surface currents are
driven by _______ that blow for long distances over the ocean’s surface
The winds blow in a ________ ______ because of the Coriolis effect
__________ __________ – caused by the earth’s rotation, bends the earth’s winds and ocean currents
Ocean currents movie
Surface Currents and Wind Patterns
Earth rotates in an ___________ direction
Earth’s motion makes winds blowing toward the equator curve ____________
Winds blowing toward the poles curve ____________
Surface currents in the ocean form similar patterns
If winds change direction, so do surface currents
Surface Currents in the World Ocean ________ currents flow
from the equator ________ currents flow
from the poles Surface currents form
a circular pattern called a ________
Gyres in the northern hemisphere flow ________________
Gyres in the southern hemisphere flow ________________
Deep Currents The movement of surface
currents has little effect on _______ ________ __________
Deep currents are kept in motion by __________ differences
Cold water is the most dense and is at the ____________
This deep cold water flows toward the ___________, but the Coriolis effect bends them ______________
Deep Currents Where winds blow in a
constant direction parallel to the coast, surface currents and deep currents can mix
Wind pushes warm surface water _______ _____ ____ ________
______ _______ _________ moves up to take its place
_____________– the upward movement of deep water
Upwelling brings ___________ up from the ocean floor – attracts marine animals
Shoreline Currents Near shoreline,
_______ currents form that travel only __________ ______________
____________ _________ – when waves approach the shore at an angle and create a zigzag pattern parallel to shore
Shoreline Currents If there is a __________ or
___________, longshore currents can be trapped
Once it finds an opening, the longshore current breaks out forcefully
A narrow, powerful stream of water flows at a right angle to the shore – ______ __________
Very _______________ – swim parallel to shore
Shoreline Currents ____________ – forms
when water carried to the shore in waves pulls __________ toward the ocean
Usually it is not strong enough to be dangerous
But, if wave action is _________ or ocean bottom _______ _________ sharply, it can pull swimmers out to deeper water
Upwelling and Fisheries In areas of ___________,
winds blow warm surface water away from the coast
Cold, deep water moves in to fill the space
This cold, deep water contains large amounts of _____________ that support _________ and feed _________
These are the areas of the world’s most __________ fishing grounds
Upwelling and Fisheries Usually the upwelling
area along the ________ coast of S. A. is very productive
But, when ____ _________ comes, upwelling stops
El Nino is a disturbance of ocean currents and winds that occurs every _______ _______
It warms coastal waters, not allowing the nutrient rich colder waters up
No nutrients – no fish!
Check and Explain 1. Describe the surface currents in the
North Pacific Ocean and the North Atlantic Ocean.
2. What two factors cause ocean currents to form?
3. How do surface currents and deep currents differ? How are they similar?
4. What direction would a plane have to travel to reach a city directly south of its starting point if winds were blowing to the east? Why?
Section 3 Ocean Waves
Objectives:› Explain how waves form› Identify the parts of an ocean wave› Explain how to measure wave
motion› Define how a water particle moves
as a wave passes
Waves Ocean waves form when
_________ pushes against the ocean’s surface
_________ from the wind pushing makes ripples form
__________ is transferred from the wind to the water, making a wave
The _________ a wave surface becomes, the more energy it can absorb from the wind
Mechanics of Wave Motion When you watch a wave move, the
water appears to _______ __________ But, the water barely moves at all It is ______ ___________ that moves
forward, not the water particles Water particles actually move in a
circular __________________ motion
http://www.teachersdomain.org/ext/ess05_int_wavemotion/index.html
Characteristics of Waves Ocean waves form
_____ _______ ________ Wind blows over open
water causing unevenly space, ragged ______ ___ _________ to form
As the wave energy continues to travel, the waves form an even series of smooth, low hills of water called ____________
Wave Action and Energy As a wave gets closer to shore, its height
__________ and its wavelength ____________ As wave reaches shallow water some of the
wave energy transfers up increasing ______ _________
When wave contacts the ocean floor, friction slows down the deeper part of wave but wave crest keeps moving and ________ _________
Wave Action and Energy Waves carry a large amount
of _________ When a wave breaks all the
energy is ___________ against the shore
Can destroy property and disrupt boating and shipping
Can build a ___________ – high, sloping wall built at an angle to the shore
This forces waves to break away from the shore and it is protected from the full force of the waves
Earthquakes and Ocean Waves The most dramatic and
destructive ocean waves are caused by _______________
Earthquake causes part of the ocean floor to ______ ______
This pushes overlying water up, forming a ________ of water
As bulge settles down, it creates a series of _______ ___________
These ___________ waves can travel at speeds of over 700km/hour
Rogue Waves June 3, 1984 the Marques
sailing ship was sunk - 19 of its 28 crew members were lost
The cause was a _______ ________ that seemed to come out of nowhere
Rogue waves occur when two ordinary waves ___________
If their crests and troughs line up, their energy is added together and can form a wave up to ___ _________ __________
Check and Explain 1. How do ocean waves form? 2. Name the parts of an ocean wave. 3. Imagine you are on the deck of a boat
on a calm day. How can you determine the period of the waves passing under the boat?
4. Imagine a small piece of driftwood floating in the ocean. Describe its motion as a wave passes under it. What does this tell you about how a water particle moves as a wave passes?
Activity Tsunami move
Section 4 Tides
Objectives:› Describe the effect of gravity on
earth’s water› Explain why tides change› Compare and Contrast the different
types of daily tide patterns› Predict the effects of tides on fishing
Gravity and Ocean Water The sun and moon are large
objects that exert __________ _______ on the earth
_________ _________ shows the effects of gravity more than the solid earth
Every day the level of the ocean surface rises and falls because of the gravitational pull of the sun and the moon
________ – the daily changes in water level
Gravity and Ocean Water Gravitational pull of the
moon on the ocean is ________ on the side of earth _______ the moon
This causes the ocean to bulge on that side
On the side of earth ________ the moon, the moon’s gravity pulls the _____ ______ towards it and away from its ocean
This also causes a bulge
Gravity and Ocean Water As the earth rotates,
_____ _______ occur in areas of the earth’s surface beneath the bulges
______ _______– the highest level that ocean water reaches on the shore
Low tides occur in areas between the bulges
_____ ________– the lowest level that ocean water reaches on the shore
Daily Tide Patterns Every _______ ______ has at
least one high tide and one low tide every day
Factors that influence daily tide patterns› __________________________
______________________› __________________________
______________________› ________________________
Tide patterns repeat every 24 hours and 50 minutes
Because a complete cycle takes slightly ______ than a day, tides occur at different times
Daily Tide Patterns _____________________–
two high tides and two low tides each day› Atlantic coast of U.S.
_____________________ – one high tide and one low tide each day› Southeastern U.S.
along Gulf of Mexico ______________________–
mix of diurnal and semidiurnal tide patterns› Pacific coast of U.S.
Monthly Tide Cycles Tide heights can vary
each month ______________– daily tides
cycles with the greatest difference between high and low tides
______________ – daily tides cycles with the least difference between high and low tides
Periods of spring and neap tides occur twice each month and are caused by the changing positions of the sun and moon
Tides and Living Things Some organisms live on the
shore __________ the level of the highest tide and the lowest tide – must ___________› Sand dollars› Hermit crabs› Seaweed
As tide changes, they may be _________ with water or __________ to air and sun
Fish are also affected by tides and may come _________ to shore to feed during high tide
Grunion Life cycle of the grunion
fish depends on _______ __________
They swim onto the beach to _________ during the highest spring tides
They ________ their eggs in the sand, where they will develop until the next spring tide
The rising water stimulates the eggs to ________ and the young grunion swim out to sea
Tidal Power – Provides Energy Power plant at mouth
of ________ ________ in France
Huge _______ was built across the river with _________ beneath the surface for water to flow through
Inside the tunnels are large spinning _________
Spinning turbines operate _____________ that produce electricity
Check and Explain 1. How does gravity cause tides? 2. Why do tides change over the course
of a month? 3. What is the difference between a
semidiurnal tide pattern and a diurnal tide pattern?
4. When would a person going fishing on a beach have the best chance of catching a fish? Explain your answer.
Test Review Read Chapter 14 review – page 335
and complete:
› Check Your Vocabulary› Check Your Knowledge
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