o we will summarize the actions taken by aggressive regimes in … · 2019-10-09 · militaristic...

Chapter 23: The Coming War

OBJECTIVES: Chapter 23:1, Dictators and War

o We will examine how dictators and militaristic regimes arose in several nations in the 1930s.

o We will summarize the actions taken by aggressive regimes in Europe and Asia.

o We will analyze the responses of Britain, France, and the United States to these aggressive regimes.

(Pro 17:15) He that justifieth the

wicked, and he that condemneth

the just, even they both are

abomination to the LORD.

• In November 1918, World War I ended when Germany surrendered to the Allies.

• At Versailles, only Britain, France and the U.S. had real say in most of the important decisions.

• Germany and Russia were not even present.

• Italy and Japan both allies

expected far more land for

their sacrifices.

• A mountain of frustration and

bitterness and a desire for

revenge capped what Wilson

said was “The war to end all

wars.”

• In the 1920s many nations moved towards democracy and freedom.

• Others took opposite direction embracing repressive dictatorships or totalitarianism.

• Totalitarianism is a government where a single party or leader controls the economic, social, and cultural lives of its people.

Rise of Totalitarianism

• In 1917 Communist Revolution in Russia led to the first totalitarian state.

• The communist leader Vladimir Lenin created the beginnings of a Totalitarian system of control to maintain power.

• His programs resulted in civil war, starvation, famine, and the death of millions of Russians.

• After Lenin’s death in 1924, Joseph

Stalin led the Soviet Union.

• Stalin means “man of steel” in

Russian.

• He was extremely cruel and

ruthless.

• His efforts to transform the Soviet Union into a industrial power and form state-run collective farms resulted in the deaths of at least 10 million people.

• In what was known as a the Great Terror, Stalin purged the Communist Party of real or suspected traitors ordering deaths or imprisonment of up to a million people.

• A combination of fear and massive propaganda left Stalin in power.

• In Italy, the nation was disappointed that it did not gain territory it sought from the break up of Austria-Hungary.

• Added was a postwar depression that made it difficult for returning veterans to get jobs.

• A communist movement grew and the government seemed inept to stop it.

• During this time Benito Mussolini came on the scene in 1919 and founded the Fascist Party.

• A right-wing organization that trumpeted nationalism and promised to make Italy great again.

• Followers of this man were known as Black Shirts.

• They fought in the streets against socialists and communists.

• Fearing Revolution King Victor Emmanuel III asked Mussolini to form a government.

• Mussolini called himself leader and consolidated his control over the government and the army within a few years.

• He outlawed political parties, took over the press, created a secret police, organized youth groups to indoctrinate the young and suppressed strikes.

• He opposed liberalism and socialism.

• Isa_33:22 For the LORD is

our judge, the LORD is our

lawgiver, the LORD is our

king; he will save us.

• 1Jn_4:8 He that loveth not

knoweth not God; for God is

• The exercise of force is contrary to the principles of God's government; He desires only the service of love; and love cannot be commanded; it cannot be won by force or authority. Only by love is love awakened. To know God is to love Him.... {Desire of Ages: 22.1}

Aggressive Leaders in Germany and Japan

• After World War I, Germany became a democracy.

• Weimar Republic struggled throughout the 1920s to establish a functioning democracy.

• However, Germany was beset with severe economic troubles in the 1920s, including runaway inflation.

• Anger over the Treaty of Versailles and internal disunity also plagued the young government.

• In the 1930s, the worldwide

Great Depression hit the Weimar

Republic hard, worsening

problems that already existed.

• Increasingly antidemocratic

parties on the right especially

the National Socialist German

Workers Party (Nazi) threatened

the Republic.

• Nazis were not socialists.

• They bitterly opposed Communism

and socialism and promoted class

interests or worker’s right above

German ethnic solidarity.

• Adolf Hitler led the Nazi party, the son of a minor civil servant from Austria, a failed artist, and a wounded and decorated WWI soldier.

• Hitler was also in prison after the party attempted a rebellion and he wrote the book Mein Kampf, in which he stated his observations of the problems facing Germany.

• He criticized many people, political programs, and ideologies, but his sharpest assaults were against communists and Jews.

• Hitler was violently anti-Semitic or prejudiced against the Jewish people.

• He preached that the greatest threat against Germany was the Jewish people.

• His book became a national bestseller and inflamed already prejudice against Jews, for their religious differences and economic intolerance.

Hitler Seizes Power

• Over the next two years, Hitler became

president as well as chancellor,

consolidated his power, and ruled

unchecked by the Reichstag or the

German parliament.

• By 1935 the democratic institutions of

the Weimar Republic was silenced,

and Hitler spoke alone as the voice of

Germany.

Hitler Seizes Power

• The shattered German economy, the widespread unemployment, homelessness and hunger played into Nazi’s hands.

• Recognizing the power of Hitler’s party, in January 1932, the president of the Weimar Republic appointed Hitler chancellor over Germany.

Hitler Seizes Power

• Hitler was aided by a secret police that crushed all opposition, a state-controlled press that praised his accomplishments.

• And a state controlled educational system that indoctrinated the young, that portrayed Hitler in a godlike aura.

• By the late 1930s, Hitler’s economic policies, including rearmament and massive public works projects had ended the depression in Germany.

Hitler Seizes Power

• Many Germans followed his lead

and cheered for him at Nazi rallies.

• Hitler’s political initiative restricted

freedom.

• He openly attacked Jewish people,

Communists, and socialists.

Discussion Question

• Why do you think nations like Germany were ready to embrace leaders like Hitler?

• What is the significant of totalitarian regimes controlling the media and education system? Why do you think they want to control information? Do you think even in the United States, the media is seeking to cause people to think and believe in a certain way especially when it comes to morality and lifestyle?

Militarists Gain Power in Japan Guided Notes, page 6.

• In Japan as in Germany, the 1920s

was a period of increased

democracy and peaceful change.

• The Japanese government reduced

the power of the military, passed

laws to give all men the right to

vote, legalized trade unions, and

allowed several diverse political

parties to be established.

Militarists Gain Power in Japan

• This period ended with the Great

Depression, the economic crisis

discredited Japan’s Civilian

Leaders.

• Reasserting their traditional

powers, military leaders argued that

expansion throughout Asia would

solve Japan’s economic troubles

and guarantee future security.

Militarists Gain Power in Japan

• Throughout the 1930s, the military

played a significant role in shaping

Japanese civilian and military

policy.

• However there was no single

charismatic leader and Japan

continued as a constitutional

monarchy headed mainly by aloof

emperor.

Expansion of the Empire

• Military control led to aggression.

• In 1931, Japan attacked Manchuria a region of northeastern China and established a puppet state.

• Japan controlled its domestic and foreign policies as well and its abundant natural resources.

• In 1937, Japan moved against China, gaining control over major Chinese railroad links and costal areas.

Expansion of the Empire

• In the then capital city of Nanjing

Japanese soldiers acted with such

brutality, murdering more than

200,000 residents and burning a

large section of the city that the

incident became known as the

“Rape of Nanjing.”

Dictators Turn To Aggression

• League of Nations never recovered from America’s refusal to join it.

• League was handicapped by its own charter.

• It had no standing army and no real power to enforce its decrees.

• Hitler focused on restoring Germany’s strength and nullifying the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles.

• From 1933 to 1936, he rebuilt the German economy and dramatically enlarged the army, navy, and air force in direct defiance of the Treaty of Versailles.

• In the mid-1930s Hitler sought toward his goal of unifying all Germanic people into one state.

• In 1935 he reclaimed Saar region from French control.

• In 1936, in a direct challenge to the League, he sent German troops into the Rhineland.

• The League failed to respond.

• Mussolini in 1935 invaded Ethiopia

and when her Emperor, Haile

Selassie appealed to the League for

support, the organization did

nothing.

• Fascists also were victorious in the Spanish Civil War where Germany and Italy supported Francisco Franco who overthrew Spain’s democratic Republican government.

• They also tested their military technology.

• The U.S. and Great Britain and France were largely in the sidelines.

• The policy that France and Britain pursued against aggressive nations during the 1930s is known as appeasement.

• It is a policy of granting concessions to a potential enemy in hope that it will maintain peace.

• This allowed the Fascist powers to be more bold and aggressive.

• U.S. played an important role in this

appeasement policy.

• Although in the 1930s, FDR

pursued a good neighbor policy

with Latin America and improved

relations with the Soviet Union, he

did not take a forceful line against

German aggression.

• Instead the U.S. concerned itself

with its own economic troubles and

embraced a policy of isolationism.

• Hitler took advantage and in

1938 annexed Austria called

Anschluss.

• Hitler then took Sudetenland

a portion of western

Czechoslovakia largely

populated by ethnic

Germans.

Munich Conference:

• At the Munich Conference with Hitler, British prime minister Neville Chamberlain and French premiere Edouard Daladier sacrificed the Sudetenland to preserve the peace.

• On the return to London, Chamberlain declared that the Munich Pact was meant to secure peace.

• He was wrong.

Discussion Question

• What would you have done differently if you

were in the position of Britain, France, and

the United States in dealing with Hitler?

OBJECTIVES: Learning About the Holocaust

o We will trace the roots and

progress of Hitler’s campaign

against the Jews.

o We will study the goals of Hitler’s

Final Solution.

o We will examine how the United

States responded to the

Holocaust.

Eph_5:11 And have no fellowship

with the unfruitful works of

darkness, but rather reprove

Hitler Preaches Hate: Page 4 Guided Notes.

• From the start the Nazi

movement was seeped in anti-

Semitism.

• Hitler blamed Jews for all the ills

of Germany, from Communism to

inflation, to abstract painting

and especially the German

defeat of WWI.

The Holocaust

• At first persecution of Jews was

economic.

• Hitler urged Germans to boycott

Jewish-owned businesses and he

barred Jews from jobs in civil service,

banking, stock exchange, law.

journalism, and medicine.

The Holocaust

• In 1935, Hitler banned marriage

between Jews and non-Jews and

segregated Jews at every level of

society.

• Hitler had total control of society

and used propaganda to promote

anti-Jew hate.

The Holocaust

• This was the building blocks for the

Holocaust.

• It is the Nazi attempt to kill all Jews

under their control.

• Nazi ideology stipulated that

Aryans (white, especially German,

Nordic, and Anglo-Saxon blood)

were superior to other people.

The Holocaust

• In the 1936 Olympics in

Berlin Germany, Jesse

Owens and Sohn Kee

Chung disproved that

theory by winning Olympic

• Mack Robinson, Jackie

Robinson’s brother won a

silver medal.

• Rom_10:12 For there is no difference between the Jew and the Greek: for the same Lord over all is rich unto all that call upon him.

• Joh_13:34 A new commandment I give unto you, That ye love one another; as I have loved you, that ye also love one another.

Violence Erupts on Kristallnacht

• On November 9, 1938,

Kristallnacht or night of the

broken class.

• After a Jewish refugee killed a

German diplomat in Paris.

• Nazi officials ordered attacks

on Jews in Germany, Austria,

and Sudetenland.

• Secret Police and military units

destroyed more than 1,500

synagogues and 7,500 Jewish

owned businesses, killed more

than 200 Jews and injured

600 others.

• The Nazis arrested thousands.

• Between 1933 and 1937

129,000 Jews fled Germany

and Nazi-controlled Austria.

• They included notable

figures in the scientific and

artistic world, including

physicist Albert Einstein.

• But the Great Depression caused U.S. and other countries to bar their doors to many Jews.

• The St. Louis departed Germany for Cuba with 900 Jewish refugees.

• 22 passengers were permitted to stay.

• The ship returned to Germany.

• Almost 600 Jews onboard the ship died in concentration camps.

• Before the war, the U.S. could have done more if it relaxed its immigration policy and accepted more Jewish refugees.

• Anti-Semitism,

• apathy,

• Preoccupation of problems from the Great Depression

• and a tendency to underestimate Hitler’s genocidal plans played a factor.

• The Nazis would culminate their

persecution of the Jews with the

final solution the systematic

extermination of all Jews living in

the region.

• Today we call such wilful

annihilation of a racial, political,

or cultural group as genocide.

Concentration Camps

• In 1933, the year he became

chancellor, Hitler opened the first

Nazi concentration camps where

members of specifically

designated groups were confined.

• In theory the camps were not to

kill but to rather turn them into

useful members of society.

Concentration Camps

• Nazi’s also imprisoned political

opponents such as labor

leaders, socialists, communists,

or anyone that opposed the

regime.

• Also considered undesirables

were Gypsies, Jehovah

Witnesses, homosexuals,

physical disabled.

Discussion Question

• Should nations around the world get involved and use whatever methods to try to stop genocide from happening, including sending troops?

• Do you think the United States should accept refugees freely from dangerous nations such as Syria even though there maybe a possibility for ISIS to pretend to be refugees to attack the U.S.?

OBJECTIVES: Chapter 23:2: From Isolation To Involvement

o We will analyze the course of the early years of World War II in Europe.

o We will describe FDR’s foreign policy in the mid-1930s and the great debate between interventionists and isolationists.

o We will examine how the United States became more involved in the conflict.

(Mat 5:42) Give to him that

asketh thee, and from him that

would borrow of thee turn not

thou away.

• In Chicago, October 5, 1937,

FDR spoke out against

Japanese aggression in Asia.

• In fact Japan also sunk a

American gunboat Panay on

the Chang River killing three

American sailors.

• FDR suggested that no part

of the world was truly

isolated from the rest of the

world.

• He was heavily criticized for

his speech but it marked

that he gave alert to some

Americans to the threat

Japan posed to the U.S.

• Britain and France saw the

need to take action.

• They vowed not to let Hitler

take another country

without consequences.

• Realizing that Hitler’s next

move would be against

Poland, Britain and France

signed an alliance with

Poland promising aid if

Hitler attacked.

• Hitler was more concerned

about war with the USSR than

with France and Great Britain.

• Not wanting to fight a war in

two fronts Germany singed the

Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression

Pact with USSR on August 23,

• The two former rivals publicly promised not to attack one another.

• Secretly they agreed to invade and divide Poland and recognize each other’s territorial ambitions.

• The public agreement alone shocked the West and guarantee an invasion of Poland by Germany.

War Begins

• War came to Europe in the early hours of September 1, 1939, when a massive German blitzkrieg or sudden attack on Poland.

• It was a new style of warfare that emphasized the use of speed and firepower to penetrate deep into the enemy’s territory using coordinated assaults from Planes and Tanks and motorized vehicles and infantry.

War Begins

o In the midst of this attack, the Soviet Union also invaded Poland from the East.

o Poland was defeated by the end of the month.

o France and Britain declared war against Germany, but they did nothing to help save Poland.

War Begins

• Europe was at war just like 21

years ago.

• The Axis Powers eventually

included Germany, Italy, Japan,

and several other nations.

• The allies included Britain,

France, and eventually, many

other nations, including the

Soviet Union, the U.S., and China.

War Begins

• After the Polish invasion there was a eight month period of relative quiet called the phony war.

• The next storm erupted in the spring of 1940,

• Germany’s nonaggression pact with the USSR freed Hitler to send his army west.

War Begins

• On April 9, 1940 Germany

attacked Denmark and Norway.

• The two countries almost fell

immediately.

• May 10, Netherlands, Belgium,

and Luxembourg.

• The small nations fell like

tumbling dominos.

France Next.

• Hitler then set his sights on France.

• The French thought that the Germans would invade through Belgium like they did in World War I and sent its finest army there.

• An area thought invasion proof was the Ardennes, a hilly forested area that military experts thought was invasion proof.

France Next.

• But the experts were proved

wrong as German forces

invaded from that area, and

was in the midst of trapping the

British and French Forces in a

area near the English Channel.

War Begins

• A few German tactical mistakes allowed Britain enough time to evacuate both British and French forces from the port of Dunkirk numbering 338,000.

• Had they not escaped, it would have been doubtful if Britain remained in the war.

• It was called the Miracle of Dunkirk.

1Co_10:13 There hath no

temptation taken you but such as

is common to man: but God is

faithful, who will not suffer you to

be tempted above that ye are

able; but will with the temptation

also make a way to escape, that

ye may be able to bear it.

Paris Falls

• Germany took Paris and forced the French to surrender in the same railway car that the French used for surrender in 1918.

• France was divided into two sections.

• The larger northern section controlled by the Germans were known as occupied France.

• And the smaller southern section administered by the French known as unoccupied France or Vichy France.

• Although officially neutral, they collaborated with the Nazis.

The Battle of Britain

• After France fell in 35 days, Hitler then sent his forces after Britain.

• New Prime Minister Winston Churchill inspired the people to hold their ground.

• Hitler’s plan was called Operation Sea Lion where the German Luftwaffe or air force sought to destroy the British Royal Air Force and gain control over the skies in the English Channel.

The Battle of Britain

• The Battle of Britain was an air battle.

• The British lost nearly 1,000 planes and the Germans lost more than 1,700 planes.

• Germany bombed civilian as well as military targets including houses, factories, and churches with a month long blitz against London.

• Yet London held its ground.

American Debates Intervention

• President Roosevelt shared Churchill’s concerns but at the beginning of the war, the majority of Americans opposed U.S. intervention.

• The Great Depression had everyone focus on domestic affairs.

• Many also believed that the U.S, involved in WWI was a deadly mistake.

• The rise of fascism in Europe made the sacrifices of WWI seem even more pointless.

• Congress passed the Neutrality

Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937.

• The acts imposed certain

restrictions on Americans during

times of war.

• For example, Americans were

prohibited from sailing on ships

owned by nations at war.

• The Neutrality Acts also prevented

Americans from making loans to

belligerent nations or selling

weapons.

• The act did not distinguish

between aggressors like Germany

and Italy and victims like Poland

or their allies, France and Britain.

• Once war began in Europe,

Roosevelt felt confined by the

limitations of the Neutrality Acts.

• Though he issued a proclamation of

American neutrality, he was firmly

anti-Nazi and wanted to aid the

democracies of Europe.

• Congress agreed and passed the Neutrality Act of 1939 which included a cash-and carry provision.

• This provision allowed belligerent nations to buy goods and arms in the United States if they paid and carried the merchandise on their own ships.

• Since the British navy controlled the seas, cash-and-carry in effect aided the allies.

• Many Americans disagreed with FDR openly pro-allied positions.

• They thought it violated American neutrality and draw the country to the war.

• A great debate between isolationists and interventionists raged particularly after the fall of France and the Battle of Britain.

Isolationist viewpoint.

• United States should avoid alliances with other nations.

• Americans should focus on issues at home, such as the Depression.

• Complete neutrality was the way to keep the U.S. safe.

• Intervention, in a foreign war would be a mistake just as WWI was.

• Charles Lindbergh believed that the Soviets and Japanese were the real threats and not Western Europe.

Interventionists Viewpoint

• The U.S. should work with other nations to promote collective security.

• Axis aggressions were wrong and threatened American interests.

• The U.S. should aid the Allies, who were fighting for democracy and freedom.

• The U.S. should put pressure on the Axis powers and prepare for war.

Preparing For War

• Edward R. Murrow a CBS reporter

brought first-hand accounts on

the blitz in London that the

bombings were directed towards

civilians.

• This convinced Americans to at

least the need to prepare to

defend itself.

Preparing For War

• Shortly after the fall of

France in September

1940, Germany, Italy,

and Japan signed the

Tripartite Pact and

became allies.

Preparing For War

• In the same month, after heated

debate between isolationists and

interventionists, Congress passed a

Selective Service Act,

• A peace time draft providing for

military training of 1.2 million troops

and 800,000 reserve troops each

Preparing For War

• At the same time FDR took an additional step to strengthen Britain.

• He gave the British 50 WWI era Battleships in exchange for eight British defense bases.

• Britain needed the ships to convoy goods across the Atlantic.

• Believing the act to be an emergency measure, FDR made the transfer without the consent of Congress.

Preparing For War

• On January 6, 1941 after he was elected for a third term, FDR addressed Congress with the “four freedoms.”

• Freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, and freedom from fear.

• These freedoms were threatened by Nazi and Japanese militarism.

• FDR believed that the best way to stay out of the conflict with Germany was to aid Britain.

Discussion Question

• Which of the four freedoms do you feel is the

most important and why?

• Then go to the corner of which freedom you

think is the most important.

Preparing For War

• In March 1941, Congress approved the Lend-Lease Act symbolically numbered 1776 after much heated debate.

• The act authorized FDR to sell, transfer title, exchange, lease, lend, or otherwise dispose of, to any such government any defense article.”

• Whenever he thought it was “necessary in the interest of the defense of the United States.”

Preparing For War

• By 1945 the U.S. had sent

more than $40 billion of

Lend-Lease to aid to the

Allies, including the Soviet

Union.

• It was basically an economic

declaration of war to the

Axis Power.

Preparing For War

• In August 1941, FDR met

with Churchill secretly on a

warship off Newfoundland.

• They talked not only about

Britain’s problems in the

war but also about their

hopes for the war after

Hitler’s defeat.

Preparing For War

• They signed the Atlantic

Charter that endorsed

national self-determination,

and an international system

of “general security.”

• It signaled a deepening

alliance between both

nations.

U.S. Navy Battles German U Boats.

• Hitler was not blind to the U.S, who began to escort arms shipment to Iceland, where the British picked them up and brought it to England.

• In the fall of 1941, he ordered his German U boats to attack American ships attacking several including the U.S.S. Reuben James that killed more than a hundred sailors.

U.S. Navy Battles German U Boats.

• This angered the Americans.

• FDR gave orders to the navy to

attack German U boats on sight.

• In June 1941, Germany went to war

against the Soviet Union.

• War seemed inevitable with the

Discussion Question

• If you were living in America in the late

1930s, would you be an interventionist or

isolationist?

OBJECTIVES: Chapter 23:3 America Enters the War

o We will examine why Japan decided to attack Pearl Harbor and describe the attack itself.

o We will examine how the United States mobilized for war after the attack on Pearl Harbor.

o We will summarize the course of the war in the Pacific through the summer of 1942.

(Luk 21:34) And take heed to

yourselves, lest at any time your

hearts be overcharged with

surfeiting, and drunkenness, and

cares of this life, and so that day

come upon you unawares.

Japan Attacks the U.S.

• Although the U.S. and Japan were allies in WWI, tensions were brewing for decades.

• Japan as the area’s industrial and economic leader resented any threats to its authority in the region.

• America’s presence in Guam and the Philippines and its support of China posed such threats.

• As war in Europe broke out, the Japanese Empire continued to grow in China and began to move into Indochina.

• July 1940, FDR sought to stop this expansion by placing an embargo on important naval and aviation supplies to Japan, such as oil, iron ore, fuel, steel, and rubber.

• After Japan signed the

Tripartite Pact in 1940

with Germany and Italy,

FDR signed a more

extensive embargo.

• The embargo did not stop

but slowed expansion.

• In 1941, General Hideki Tojo

became the Japanese prime

minister.

• Known as “the Razor” for his sharp

mind he focused on military

expansion but wanted to keep the

U.S. neutral.

• In the Summer of 1941 Japan and the U.S. attempted to negotiate an end of their disagreement but with little success.

• Japan wanted to expand and the U.S. was against it.

• Finally in late November 1941, Cordell Hull, the U.S. Secretary of State rejected Japan’s latest demands.

• Tojo had given up on peace and ordered a surprise attack on the U.S. for a decisive blow.

• Japan’s navy sailed for Pearl

Harbor, Hawaii the site of the

U.S. Navy’s main Pacific base.

• The forces that Tojo sent from

Japan under the command of

Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo

included 6 aircraft carries, 360

planes, and a fleet of warships.

• Their mission was to eradicate the American naval and air presence in the Pacific with a surprise attack.

• Such a blow would prevent Americans from maintaining a strong resistance to Japanese expansion.

• Americans suffered heavy losses.

• Nearly 2,500 people killed,

• 8 battleships severely damaged,

• 3 destroyers left unusable,

• 3 light cruisers damaged,

• and 160 aircraft destroyed

• and 128 more damaged.

o The U.S. battle fleet was knocked out of commission for nearly six months.

o Allowing the Japanese to freely access the needed raw materials for their newly conquered territories just as they planned.

Dodie Miller: Hero

• Dodie Miller was a cook in the

U.S.S. West Virginia.

• He was the first African

American to receive the Navy

Cross Medal for his actions at

Pearl Harbor.

Dodie Miller: Hero

• On 7 December 1941. Miller had arisen at 6 a.m., and was collecting laundry when the alarm for general quarters sounded. He headed for his battle station, the antiaircraft battery magazine a midship, only to discover that torpedo damage had wrecked it, so he went on deck. Because of his physical prowess, he was assigned to carry wounded fellow Sailors to places of greater safety. Then an officer ordered him to the bridge to aid the mortally wounded Captain of the ship. He subsequently manned a 50 caliber Browning anti-aircraft machine gun until he ran out of ammunition and was ordered to abandon ship.

Dodie Miller: Hero

• Miller described firing the machine gun during the battle, a weapon which he had not been trained to operate: "It wasn't hard. I just pulled the trigger and she worked fine. I had watched the others with these guns. I guess I fired her for about fifteen minutes. I think I got one of those Jap planes. They were diving pretty close to us."

Dodie Miller: Hero

• Miller was commended by the Secretary of the Navy Frank Knox on 1 April 1942, and on 27 May 1942 he received the Navy Cross, which Fleet Admiral (then Admiral) Chester W. Nimitz, the Commander in Chief, Pacific Fleet personally presented to Miller on board aircraft carrier USS Enterprise (CV-6) for his extraordinary courage in battle. Speaking of Miller, Nimitz remarked:

• “This marks the first time in this conflict that such high tribute has been made in the Pacific Fleet to a member of his race and I'm sure that the future will see others similarly honored for brave acts.” Source: U.S. Navy Website: History Page.

• Despite these losses, the situation was not as bad as it could have been.

• The most important ships, the aircraft carriers were out at sea during the time of the attack and were not attacked along with seven heavy cruisers.

• Of the ships attacked, only three, The Arizona, Oklahoma, and Utah suffered irreparable damage.

• American submarine bases also survived as did important fuel and maintenance facilities.

• Nagumo canceled a third wave of bombers and refused to seek out the aircraft carriers and turned back towards home because he feared an American counterattack.

America Declares War

• FDR addressed Congress the following day and asked to declare war against Japan and Congress unanimously voted.

• The attack on Pearl Harbor unified the nation on the war.

• Politics were swept away as the house voted 388 to 1 and 100 to 0 in the Senate.

• Initial suspicion of supporting the allies because of the Soviet Union went away.

• Germany and Italy true to their commitments declared war on the U.S.

Mobilizing For War:

• A Spirit of Patriotism swept across the country.

• During the war more than 16 million Americans served in the military.

• From 1941 to 1942 alone the army grew from 1.4 million to 3 million.

• The navy increased from under 300,000 to more than 600,000.

• And marines from 54,000 to 150,000.

Mobilizing For War:

• 300,000 Mexican Americans and 25,000 Native Americans served in integrated units.

• Nearly one million African Americans joined the military but served mostly in segregated units.

• However as casualties mounted, more African Americans saw more active combat, eventually served in White combat units.

Mobilizing For War:

• Over 350,000 women also responded to the call.

• 1941 Congresswoman Edith Nourse Rogers introduced a bill to establish what would become the Women’s Army Corps (WAC)

• Women became clerical workers, truck drivers, instructors and lab technicians for the U.S. Army.

Mobilizing For War:

• More than 150,000 women

volunteered for the service,

15,000 served abroad over the

course of the war and over 600

received medals for their service.

• More than 57,000 nurses served

in the Army Nurses Corps.

Mobilizing For War:

• American production would play a key role in helping the allies win the war.

• Civilian industries would need to be converted into industries that produced war materials.

• In January 1942, the government set up the War Production Board (WPB) to oversee the conversion of peacetime industry to war industry.

Mobilizing For War:

• Government also created other

agencies to allocate scarce

materials into proper industries,

• regulate the production of

civilian goods,

• establish production contracts,

negotiate with organized labor,

and control inflation.

Mobilizing For War:

• America managed to create a production miracle.

• Massive defense spending finally ended the Great Depression.

• For the first time in more than a decade there was a job for every worker.

• Each year of the war the U.S. raised its production goals for the military materials, and each year met those goals.

Mobilizing For War:

• The Ford Motor Company poured all its resources into war production building over 8,000 B-24 liberator bombers.

• Henry J. Kaiser shipyards produced large merchant ships in the space of four and a half days.

• In 1944, American production levels were double those of all the Axis nations put together giving the allies a crucial advantage.

Fierce Fighting in the Pacific

• In December 1941, General

Douglas MacArthur

commander of U.S. Army

forces in Asia struggled to hold

the U.S. positions in the

Philippines with little support.

• This task grew even more daunting when the Japanese destroyed half of the army’s fighter planes in the region and rapidly took Guam, Wake Island, and Hong Kong.

• On December 22, Japan sent its main army to invade the Philippines.

• MacArthur badly underestimated the Japanese and was forced to retreat.

• U.S. forces fell back from Manila to the Bataan peninsula and a fortification on Corregidor Island, where they dug in for a long siege.

• The Americans began to run low in critical supplies and suffered greatly.

• MacArthur was ordered

to evacuate to

Australia, the other

Americans remained.

• They held out until early

May 1942 when

75,000 allied soldiers

surrendered.

• The Japanese forced the sick and malnourished prisoners of war or POWs to march 55 miles up the Bataan peninsula to reach a railway.

• That took them inland where they were forced to march 8 more miles.

• More than 7,000 American and Filipino troops died during the grueling journey called the Bataan Death march.

• Japanese Forces advance

throughout the Pacific,

securing important raw

materials and fuel for her

• Much of Southeast Asia and

the Western Pacific were

securely under Japanese

control.

• By the summer of 1942,

Japan appeared ready to

dominate the Indian Ocean,

Australia, New Zealand, and

the central Pacific.

• If the Allies did not regroup

quickly, they would have

little hope of victory.

America Strikes Back with the Dolittle Raid:

• After Pearl Harbor, FDR wanted

America to retaliate against

Japan.

• American military leaders

devised a plan for a nighttime

bombing raid from the deck of

the aircraft carrier U.S.S. Hornet

led by Colonel James Dolittle.

• While still 800 miles away

from mainland Japan, the

Hornet was detected so

rather than wait for night

Dolittle led a force of 16 B-

25 bombers against Tokyo.

• They bombed the city at

around noon.

• The raid killed 50 Japanese

and damaged 100

buildings.

• The pilots then flew to China

where they crash landed.

• Dolittle’s raid proved a

minimal military gain but a

morale booster.

Battle of Coral Sea

• The Battle of Coral Sea also gave hope to the American military.

• In early May 1942 the Japanese moved to take Port Moresby in New Guinea.

• From that position, they would threatened Australia.

• The US. Sent two aircraft carriers, the Lexington and Yorktown along with support vessels.

Battle of Coral Sea

• On May 7 and 8, in the

middle of a Pacific storm,

Japanese and U.S. aircraft

carriers engaged in battle,

• It was the first sea fight in

which enemy warships

never saw one another.

Battle of Coral Sea

• Instead planes from both side attacked each others ships.

• Although strategically it was a draw, it forced the Japanese to call off its attack on New Guinea and shifted the momentum towards the Americans.

• From that day on, the Pacific theater of battle would be won or lost on the strength of American carriers and planes.

• America’s productive capacity gave America a marked advantage over their adversaries.

Discussion Question

• Do you think the attack on Pearl Harbor

could have been prevented if America

heeded the warning signs and was better

prepared?

• Do you think American sanctions on Japan

led to the Pearl Harbor attack?

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