nutritional supplements and nutraceuticals

NUTRACEUTICALS

lal preethi s.s s3 biochemistry Dept of biochemistry University of kerala

75% of Indians below 40 are stressed

35% -prone to diseases

Lifestyle habits Lifestyle habits are changing,common lifestyle diseases are sleeping sleeping

disorders ,stroke heart attack,cancers e.t.c disorders ,stroke heart attack,cancers e.t.c

NUTRITIONAL SUPPLEMENTS - provid a well rounded health and fitness.

Times are changing…..

Greek Physician Hippocrates, Known as father of Medicine.

(said several centuries ago)

“Let Food be Your Medicine”

The Philosophy behind is:

“Focus on Prevention”

Nutraceutical can be defined as

The term “Nutraceutical” was coined from “Nutrition” & “Pharmaceutical” in 1989 by Stephen DeFelice,MD, Founder and Chairman of the Foundation for Innovation in Medicine (FIM).

“ A food or part of food or nutrient, that A food or part of food or nutrient, that provides health benefits, including the provides health benefits, including the prevention and treatment of a diseaseprevention and treatment of a disease.” .”

Broadly can be defined as:

Nutrients: Substances which have established

Nutritional functions e.g. Vitamins, Minerals, Amino Acids, Fatty acids, etc.

Herbals/ Phytochemicals: Herbs or Botanical products

Dietary Supplements: Probiotics, Prebiotics, Antioxidants, Enzymes, etc.

Classification based on the chemical groups

plant Tomato,garlic,momordica

animal Shark liver oil,codeliver oil

minerals Calcium ,magnesium,phosphorous

microorganism Bifidobacterium,Lactobacilli

condition Nutraceuticals

Allergy relief Ginkgo biloba

Arthritis support glucosamine

Cancer prevention Flax seeds ,green tea

Cholesterol lowering garlic

Digestive support Digestive enzymes

Diabetic support Garlic,monordica

Female hormone support

Black cohosh

immunomodulator ginseng

Prostate support Tomato lycopenes

Calcium.Calcium. MagnesiumMagnesium ManganeseManganese BoronBoron Copper Copper ZincZinc PhosphorusPhosphorus

CalciumCalcium: essential for bone and teeth, : essential for bone and teeth, maintaining bone strength, nerve, muscle and maintaining bone strength, nerve, muscle and glandular function, blood clotting,glandular function, blood clotting,

IronIron: energy production, Hb, oxygen transport.: energy production, Hb, oxygen transport.

MagnesiumMagnesium: for healthy nerve and muscle : for healthy nerve and muscle function, bone formation, function, bone formation,

PhosphorousPhosphorous: energy production, phosphorylation : energy production, phosphorylation process, bone and teeth, for genetic material, process, bone and teeth, for genetic material,

Inorganic mineral supplements

Cobalt: component of Vit. B 12 and B 12 coenzymes,

Copper: Hb and collagen production, function of heart, energy production, absorption of Iron,

Iodine: proper function of Thyroid gland,

Chromium: with insulin it helps in conversion of carbohydrate and fat into energy, treatment of diabetes,

SeleniumSelenium: Antioxidant, functioning of heart : Antioxidant, functioning of heart muscle, part of GPX enzyme, muscle, part of GPX enzyme,

ZincZinc: Essential for cell reproduction, for : Essential for cell reproduction, for development in Neonates, wound healing, development in Neonates, wound healing, production of sperm and testosterone production of sperm and testosterone hormone, hormone,

Vitamins Fat Soluble Vitamins

Vitamin A: Acts as antioxidant, essential for growth and development, maintains healthy vision, skin and mucous membranes, may aid in the prevention and treatment of certain cancers and in the treatment of certain skin disorders.

Vitamin D: Essential for formation of bones and teeth, helps the body to absorb and use calcium.

Vitamin E: Antioxidant, helps to form blood cells, boosts immune system

Vitamin K: Essential for blood clotting

Vitamin CVitamin C: Antioxidant, necessary for healthy bones, gums, : Antioxidant, necessary for healthy bones, gums, teeth and skin. Helps in wound healing, prevent from common teeth and skin. Helps in wound healing, prevent from common coldcold

Vitamin B 1Vitamin B 1: Helps in carbohydrate metabolism, essential for : Helps in carbohydrate metabolism, essential for neurological function. neurological function.

Vitamin B 2Vitamin B 2: Energy metabolism, maintain healthy eye, skin : Energy metabolism, maintain healthy eye, skin and nerve function. and nerve function.

Vitamin B 3Vitamin B 3: Energy metabolism, brain function: Energy metabolism, brain function

Vitamin B 6Vitamin B 6: Helps to produce essential proteins, convert : Helps to produce essential proteins, convert proteins to energyproteins to energy

Vitamin B 12Vitamin B 12: Help in producing genetic material, formation of : Help in producing genetic material, formation of RBC, maintenance of CNS, synthesis of amino acids, involved RBC, maintenance of CNS, synthesis of amino acids, involved in metabolism of protein, fat and carbohydrate. in metabolism of protein, fat and carbohydrate.

Folic acid: Helps in RBC formation, formation of genetic material of cell, very much essential during pregnancy

Pantothenic acid: Aids in synthesis of cholesterol, steroids, and fatty acids, crucial for intraneuronal synthesis of acetylcholine.

Live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host

Species of Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae some E. coli and Bacillus species are also

used as probiotics

probitics

Shorten Duration of Intestinal Infections

Treat Diarrhea

Improve Symptoms of

Irritable Bowel Syndrome

Reduce Bladderand Urinary

Tract Infections

ManageLactose

Intolerance

PotentialBenefits ofProbiotics

Nondigestible substances that provide a beneficial physiological effect for the host by selectively stimulating the favorable growth of a limited number of indigenous bacteria.

Commonly known prebiotics are:

Oligofructose .Oligofructose . InulinInulin Galacto-oligosaccharidesGalacto-oligosaccharidesLactulose Lactulose

prebiotics

Phytochemicals could provide health benefits as;

• Substrate for biochemical reactions• Cofactors of enzymatic reactions • Inhibitors of enzymatic reactions• Absorbents that bind to & eliminate undesirable

constituent in the intestine • Scavengers of reactive or toxic chemicals • Enhance the absorption and / or stability of essential

nutrients

• Selective growth factor for beneficial bacteria

• Fermentation substrate for beneficial bacteria

• Selective inhibitors of deleterious intestinal bacteria

There are thousands of phytochemicals. But some of the basic classes of them are found in these foods:Cruciferous vegetables: broccoli, cauliflower, cabbage, dark leafy greens.

Phytochemicals found are: organosulfur and glucosinolates and they may help prevent cancer.

Tomatoes and Watermelons

Phytochemical found: Lycopene

Lycopene has been found to be 2 times as powerful as beta carotene (Vitamin A) in the destruction of free radicals. Cancer prevention..

Phytochemical family

Used in the treatment of heart diseases.

Prevent diabetes. Infertility treatment .

Citrus Fruits

Phytochemical found: monoterpenes

May help to prevent cancer.

Oranges are well known for their high vitamin c level . Oranges contain other important phytochemical including

carotenoids,isohesperidin,terpeniol, flavonoids, hesperidin, limonene.

Benefits of orange

The orange oil is used to treat chronic bronchitis.The orange oil is used to treat chronic bronchitis. Tea made from dried orange flowers stimulates the nervous Tea made from dried orange flowers stimulates the nervous

system. Orange peel is traditionally used to treat sleeping system. Orange peel is traditionally used to treat sleeping problems.problems.

The phytochemicals limonene and flavonoids appear to have The phytochemicals limonene and flavonoids appear to have anti-carcinogenic properties.anti-carcinogenic properties.

They can block the carcinogenesis by acting as a blocking They can block the carcinogenesis by acting as a blocking agent.agent.

limonin and limonene can induce the enzyme activity of limonin and limonene can induce the enzyme activity of glutathione S-transferase, which is an important detoxifying glutathione S-transferase, which is an important detoxifying enzyme.enzyme.

Feeding of orange oils, rich in limonene, seemed to inhibit Feeding of orange oils, rich in limonene, seemed to inhibit tumors of forestomach, lung and mammary tumorstumors of forestomach, lung and mammary tumorsaa

Phytochemicals in orange

Omega 3 and health

• Structural carbohydrate of plants• Neither digested nor absorbed • Insoluble fibers - Predominant

– Absorbs water in gastrointestinal tract– Promotes regular elimination– Increases stool weight – Speeds up digestion/elimination time

• Soluble fibers - Health benefits– Lowers serum cholesterol– Regulates blood sugar levels

Dietary fibre

Intake of Dietary Fiber

• Increased fiber intake may reduce risk of:– Gastrointestinal diseases– Hypertension– Diabetes– Heart disease– Several types of cancer (Colon)

• Recommended: 20-35 g daily• Best sources: fruit, vegetables, whole grain

breads/cereals, beans, rice, nuts, seeds • Adequate water intake is important

Wheat bran (17 g/cup)

Legumes: 15-19 g/cup

Based on Therapeutic Use: Nutraceuticals

• For bone &joint health- fish oils

• For Migrane risk reduction- tea

• For Cancer risk reduction- soy

• For Eye health- leutin

• For Diabetes- fenugreek

Local name : Marigold Family : Asteraceae Uses : Prevents the cataract,

Protects macula of eye

LEUTIN

Aloe vera: Anti-inflammatory, emollient, wound healing, Garlic: Antibacterial, antifungal, antithrombotic, antiinflammatory,

Ginger: carminative, antiemetic, treatment of dizziness

Herbals

TURMERIC CURCUMINOIDS

SOURCE : Rhizomes of Curcuma longa FAMILY : Zingiberaceae CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS :

Curcumin, desmethoxy curcumin, bisdesmethoxy curcumin

USES : Antimicrobial activity Recent findings indicate

that it has integrase enzyme inhibitor activity

GRCP( DEPT OF PHARMACOLOGY) 38

KARELA SOURCE :

Momordica charantia FAMILY :

Cucurbitaceae USES :

Hypoglycemic effectExtract of karela increases

rate of glycogen synthesis by 4-5 fold in liver.

39

FENUGREEK SOURCE : Trigonella foenum-graecum FAMILY: Leguminoseae CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS :

Alkaloids (gentianine and trigonelline) flavanoids, coumarins, proteins,amino acids, steroid saponins. USES :

In treatment of anorexia, gastritis.

Fenugreek possess laxative, expectorant, demulcent properties.

Shows hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic propertiesGRCP( DEPT OF PHARMACOLOGY) 41

Green tea: Antioxidant, reduces risk of CVD, enhances humoral and cell mediated Immunity,

Vegetables, fruits, whole grain, herbs, nuts and various seeds contain an abundance of phenolic compounds, terpenoids, sulphur compounds, pigments etc. that has been associated with protection / treatment of certain disease conditions,

Nutraceuticals are present in most of the food Nutraceuticals are present in most of the food ingredients with varying concentration ingredients with varying concentration

Concentration, time and duration of supply of Concentration, time and duration of supply of nutraceuticals influence human healthnutraceuticals influence human health

Manipulating the foods, the concentration of active Manipulating the foods, the concentration of active ingredients can be increasedingredients can be increased

Diet rich in nutraceuticals along with regular exercise, Diet rich in nutraceuticals along with regular exercise, stress reduction and maintenance of healthy body stress reduction and maintenance of healthy body weight will maximise health and reduce disease risk weight will maximise health and reduce disease risk

CONCLUSION

Advanced Human Nutrition - Robert Advanced Human Nutrition - Robert E.C WildmanE.C Wildman

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