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1
Dental Workforce Trends—Opportunities for Rural
Leadership
Shelly Gehshan, M.P.P.National Academy for State Health
PolicyJanuary, 2008
2
What I’ll cover
• Overall workforce trends
• What’s happening in states– integrating oral and general health– Changes in scope, supervision
• Progress on new midlevel models
3
Is there a Shortage in the US? Active Dentists per 100,000 Population
54.5 54.5
53.3
52
50.7
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
4Source: American Dental Association, Survey Center. US Census Bureau (2001).
Is there a shortage? Active Dentists per 100,000 Population (2000)
5Source: Roger Rosenblatt, Holly Andrilla, Thomas Curtin, and Gary Hart. “Shortage of Medical Personnel at Community Health Centers,” Journal of the American Medical Association 295, No. 9 (2006): 1042-10491.
Dentist Vacancy Rates at Health Centers (2004)
6
Age Distribution of Private Practice Dentists (2005)
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
<35 35-44 45-54 55-64 65+
Source: American Dental Association, 2005
7
Is There a Shortage of Hygienists?
• 158,000 hygienists in 2004
• Expected to grow (>27%) by 2014
• Hygienists leave profession
• ADHA says that, due to supervision requirements in many states, hygienists must locate where dentists are, so they are “maldistributed” as well
8
212
166161158149150152
145
226
0
50
100
150
200
250
2000
2002
2004
2006
2008
2010
2012
2014
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, http://www.bls.gov
Number of Employed Dental Hygienists, in thousands
9
Dental Safety Net Needs Expanding
• No “dental emergency rooms”• Serves less than 10% of 82 million
underserved people (Bailit, JADA, 2003)
• Critical safety net consists of community health centers, hospitals, dental and hygiene schools, school-based health centers
10
What’s Happening in States
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Supply, Redistribution Strategies
• State loan repayment programs for rural DDs and RDHs
• Licensing strategies – Foreign dentists in safety net settings– Licensure by credential– Licensure after service, residency
• Payment incentives (higher Medicaid fees in rural areas, clinics, e.g. Utah)
12
Integrating Oral Health into Primary Care
• Dentist to population ratio shrinking; PCP to population ratio is growing
• Prevention is cheaper, better
• More frequent, earlier use of primary care services for young children and underserved
• Patient trust and comfort (fear factor)
13
Target Populations for Integrating Oral Health into Primary Care
• Children 0-5
• Adolescents
• Pregnant women
• Special needs children and adults
• Elderly, nursing home residents
• People with chronic diseases, diabetes
14
Oral Health Services Medical Professionals Can Provide
• Oral health evaluation (visual screening for decay)
• Application of fluoride varnish
• Patient and parent education
• Dispensing oral health supplies– Toothbrushes, toothpaste, xylitol gum
• Limited prophylaxis, antimicrobials
• Case management, referral
15
State Action
• Curricula or training for primary care providers (AL, AR, CA, KY,ME, NH, NV, NY, OR, SD, WA, WI)
• Medicaid payment for MDs to provide fluoride varnish (NC + about 9 others)
• Joint initiatives for screening and referral (SC)
16
Trends in dental hygiene
• Gradual loosening of supervision, expansions in scope
• Movement towards providing services in public health settings
• Bulk of hygienists still practice in traditional settings; maldistributed as are dentists
17
Supervision and Payment for Hygienists
• General supervision in 45 states in dental office or some settings
• Direct access to patients in some settings in 22 states (AZ, CA, CO, CT, IA, KS, ME, MI, MN, MO, MT, NE, NH, NM, NV, NY, OK, OR, PA, RI,TX, WA)
• Medicaid can reimburse hygienists directly in 12 states (CA, CO, CT, ME, MN, MO, MT, NM, NV, OR, WA, WI)
18
What isn’t happening, but needs to
• Disease management approach for dental caries– Caries is infectious, recurs
• Change to primary care model in dentistry – Private practice model organized around
surgery, restorations, maximizing income– Primary dental care would involve screening,
risk assessment, case management, referrals
19
Progress on New Provider Models
20
Existing Models
• Dental therapist—New Zealand model– Called dental health aid therapist in AK; in use in 53
countries
• Oral health therapist—newer 3-yr program combines dental therapy and hygiene
• Expanded Function Dental Assistants– Underutilized; can expand productivity and profitability
of dental practices– For state licensing, scope info, check:
http://www.danb.org/main/statespecificinfo.asp
21
New Models for Dental Providers
• ADA model — Community Dental Health Coordinator (similar to Primary Dental Health Aides
in Alaska)
• ADHA model — Advanced dental hygiene practitioner
• Pediatric Oral Health Therapist (a dental therapist specializing in kids)
22
Community Dental Health Coordinator
• Prevention: education, fluorides, sealants
• Treatment: gingival scaling, polishing
• Restoration: atraumatic restorative therapy
• Supervision: direct or indirect for services, general supervision for patient education
23
Advanced Dental Hygiene Practitioner
• Prevention: comprehensive services
• Treatment: manage periodontal care, prophylaxis, prescriptions
• Restoration: simple restorations, extractions
• Supervision: general supervision or unsupervised; in collaborative practice, or private dental offices
24
Dental therapists
• Prevention: fluoride treatments, sealants
• Treatment: x-rays, prophylaxis, gingival scaling
• Restoration: simple restorations, stainless steel crowns, extractions
• Supervision: general supervision under standing orders
25
ADHP DHAT CDHC
Masters level 2-year program 12-18 months
Licensure IHS certification (like licensure)
Certification
Curriculum almost final
In 53 countries Planning
Seeking partners, $, legislation, pilot planned at 2 MN colleges
Proven model, many studies published. Pending legis. bars use in lower 48.
ADA has approved $2 M for 3 pilot projects; pilot ruled illegal in MI
26
ADHP DHAT CDHC
True midlevel provider (RDH + 2 yrs)
Function like midlevels, but educated in less time
Close to dental assistant, social worker (not a midlevel)
Post-RDH career track
High school grads
High school grads
Could be supported by reimbursable services
Could be supported by reimbursable services
Supported by grants? Few reimbursable services
27
ADHP DHAT CDHC
Pool of RDHs ready to train
Recruited from underserved areas, groups
Not clear, dental assistants?
Risk assessment, case management
Basic preventive and restorative services
Prevention, education, case-finding for dentists
Useful to expand safety net
Useful to expand safety net
Useful for prevention, limited use in safety net
28
Cost Effectiveness of Dental Therapists in Canada
• Dental therapists reduced the number of medical evacuations
• Transportation costs dropped dramatically• Dental therapists can deal with most dental
emergencies• Dental therapists make dentists’ visits
more productive, triage patients, take x-rays, arrange for medications before dentist arrives Source: Dr. Todd Hartsfield
29
Newtok Clinic, Yukon-Kuskokwim
30
AFHCAN CartAlaska Federal Health Care Access Network
• Wireless Networking• Touchscreen• ECG / Video Dental Camera
and Otoscope / Scanner / Digital Camera
• Mobile – Customized• Patient safe
• WWW. AFHCAN.ORG
31
32
How do we move forward on new workforce models?
33
Important Steps
• State and local policy communities come to consensus, not national groups
• Focus on the underserved, not providers
• Communicate solutions, don’t assume people understand
• Seek investments from foundations, governments
34
Important Partners
• Payors—Medicaid, SCHIP, private insurers, business
• Coalitions—Provider associations, dental/ medical leaders
• Legislators, local and state agency leaders
• Universities, training programs
• Safety net clinics, rural providers
• Foundations
35
Ideas for groundwork
• Study impact of midlevels on private dental practice, safety net clinics
• Establish manpower pilot authority (CA)
• Consider new regulatory structure for auxiliaries (WA, NM, IA, CT)
• Target new providers to safety net settings
• Data collection to monitor supply, demand
• Establish multi-state collaboratives
36
Why Dentists Oppose Midlevels
• Would create a two-tier system of care
• There’s no shortage of dentists
• It’s illegal for non-dentists to do dentistry
• They would jeopardize patient safety
• Inefficient if they practice independently
• They would take patients away from private dentists
37
Dental Economics
• About 45% of patient visits are for hygiene services
• About 55% from insurance, 45% cash
• Very sensitive to downturns in the economy; experience with oversupply
• Overhead averages about $.60-$.65 of each dollar earned
38Source: Albert Guay, “Dental Practice: Prices, Production, and Profit,” JADA, Vol. 136 (March 2005), 359.
39
Attitudes about Dentists
• “They feel no obligation to the community.”• “Uncooperative, greedy, lacking in
empathy.”• “The most territorial mammals on the face
of the earth, except maybe dogs.”• “Don’t want to care for poor people but
they don’t want us to either.”
Source: S. Gehshan, T. Straw, “Access to Oral Health Services for Low Income People,” National Conference of State Legislatures, 2002.
40
Organized Dentistry Does Care
• “voluntary programs to deliver free care…are no substitute for fixing the Medicaid program.”
• “We need to get more private dentists participating in Medicaid.” (Roth, 3/27/07)
• Active on many issues (SCHIP dental, fluoride, Title VII, dental issues in IHS, CMS)
41
Lessons Learned from theMedical Field
42
Nurse Practitioners
• Models created by leaders in 1960s (Commonwealth $)
• Nurses opposed them (too medical)
• Studies done on quality, cost effectiveness
• Needed professional home: educational program, faculty leaders (RWJ $)
43
Nurse Practitioner Workforce Growth
Source: Unpublished data from the National Organization of Nurse Practitioner Faculties; Analysis by the Center for Health Professions, UCSF, 2004.
44
Demonstration programs were mostly rural (RWJ $)
• UC Davis, rural physicians in home towns were clinical preceptors
• Utah Valley Hospital, rural clinics, back-up by ER docs
• Tuskegee Institute, mobile vans, fax/ phone to supervising physicians
• Frontier Nursing Service, KY, rural maternity care, physician back-up
45
Elements for Progress
• Demonstrated need
• Workable solutions
• Broad support
• Leadership
46
Physician Assistants
• Leader at Duke envisioned PAs as primary care providers, from roots in military medical corps
• National assoc. and accrediting body est’d early on (RWJ $)
• Developed separately from NPs
• Less controversial, yet similar to NPs
47
Growth of Physician Assistants 1980-2020
Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics and American Academy of Physician Assistants; Analysis by The Robert Graham Center, 2004.
48
Shelly GehshanSenior Program Director
National Academy for State Health Policysgehshan@nashp.org
202-903-0101
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