nonfiction read aloud
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Nonfiction Read AloudOctober 16, 2012 & October 30, 2012Jennifer GondekInstructional Specialist for Inclusive Educationjgondek@tstboces.orghttp://inclusiveed.wikispaces.com
Please reflect on the 2 questions on page 2 of your packet. Make a few notes to share out later today.
Whip-Around•Name•Grade level•Share out a nonfiction text you brought today and why it’s a favorite
Session Objectives:Participants will:
Understand the difference between a Traditional Read Aloud and Interactive Read Aloud
Explain the benefits of using informational text for IRA Connect elements of the Interactive Read Aloud to the Common
Core Learning Standards Determine appropriate informational texts for read aloud at a
given grade level Create a CCLS aligned lesson plan for IRA using an
informational text. Share resources and strategies for implementation of an IRA in
the K-5 classroom Plan for generalization of strategies through integration of
additional informational texts throughout the classroom schedule
A Clarification What is the difference between informational genres and nonfiction?
According to Fountas and Pinnell,“Informational genres are “a category of texts in which the purpose is to inform or give facts about a topic. Nonfiction feature articles and essays are examples of informational text” (page 247).
Nonfiction is “a text based on fact” (page 248).
Specific types of non-fictionAlmanac AutobiographyBiography BlueprintBook report Creative nonfictionDesign document DiagramDiary DictionaryNonfiction films EncyclopediaEssay Guides and manualsHandbook HistoryJournal (disambiguation) JournalismLetter Literary criticismMemoir Natural historyPhilosophy PhotographResearch paper Science bookScientific paper StatuteTextbook Travelogue
WHY NONFICTION?
WHY INTERACTIVEREAD ALOUD?
9
A Definition•According to Fountas and Pinnell,
Interactive Read-Aloud is “A teaching context in which students are actively listening and responding to an oral reading of a text.”
--The Continuum of Literacy Learning,
Grades K-2. A Guide to Teaching, page 163.
Read-Aloud vs. Interactive Read-Aloud
Read Aloud Interactive Read Aloud
• Teacher reads aloud for pleasure
• Students listen, but are not expected to participate
• Listening comprehension occurs, but is not assessed
• Teacher reads aloud with a purpose
• Students listen and reflect orally or through writing
• Listening comprehension occurs and is assessed
Motivating Reluctant Readers through Nonfiction Read-Alouds presented by Dawn Little, M.Ed., Links to Literacy
Benefits of Interactive Read Aloud:•Vocabulary development•Acquisition of syntax•Sensitivity to formats of informational text•Gains in expressive language•Models strategic thinking•Introduces new concepts•Indulges curiosity•Helps students understand their world
Interactive Read Aloud Supports:•Literature Study-Book Clubs•Reading Mini-lessons•Independent Reading•Guided Reading•Writing Mini-lessons•Independent Writing
CONNECTION TO THE
COMMON CORE
CCLS: Shift 1Balancing Informational
and Literary Texts
Distribution of Literary and Informational Passages by Grade in the 2009 NAEP Reading Framework
Grade Literary Informational
4 50% 50%8 45% 55%12 30% 70%
Record of Reading:
Record of Reading:
Appendix B:•Informational Text vs. Informational Text for Read Aloud•Samples of text exemplars•Sample performance tasks linked to CCLS
Shift 3Staircase of Complexity
• Growth “steps” for each grade level•Grade appropriate text at the center of instruction•Close and careful reading with scaffolded supports for students reading below level.
From Reading Between the Lines http://act.org/research/policymakers/pdf/reading_summary.pdf
The Domino Theory
Teach children to decode first, and put off vocabulary and
comprehension instruction until later.
Smolkin & Donovan, 2002.
“If we want children to reason their ways through texts during a time when they cannot yet read, then the social context for comprehension acquisition must be a read-aloud of text.” (p. 144)
Shift 4Text-Based Evidence•Rich and rigorous conversations•Dependent on the text•Classroom experiences connected to text•Evidentiary arguments
Shift 5Writing from SourcesUsing Evidence To:
InformMake argumentsRespond to ideas, events, facts, and arguments presented in text
Shift 6Academic Vocabulary
• Pivotal and commonly found words
•Build vocabulary to access grade level complex text Tier 2
Selecting Quality Texts:Factors for Consideration: Length of the text and time required to read it.Your student’s background knowledgeYour student’s experience in listening to texts.Topics of interest to the age level.Accessibility of concepts to the age level.Maturity of themes and ideasDensity of the textAccessibility of illustrationsComplexity and Accessibility of languageAppeal to the age groupOpportunities to connect with other texts/content(Fountas & Pinnell, 2006)
http://inclusiveed.wikispaces.org
Understanding the Demands of NF
Factors for Consideration: GenreText StructureContentThemes and IdeasLanguage and Literary FeaturesSentence ComplexityVocabularyWordsIllustrationsBook and Print Features(Fountas & Pinnell, 2006)
1. Choose a new text.
2. Discuss it in terms of appeal to students.
3. Use the 10 factors to analyze the text on page 7 of your packet.
1. Choose a new text to explore.
2. Discuss it in terms of appeal to students.
3. Use the “Questions to Ask About Factual Texts” form to guide your discussion on page 8 of your packet.
Preparing for Interactive Read Aloud:•Plan ahead!•Read the text yourself•Examine the text•Note a few targeted opportunities to
model (think aloud!) comprehension strategies/skills.
•Note a few targeted opportunities (post-its!) to stop for text talk.
•Determine vocabulary words to be taught.(Fountas & Pinnell, 2006)
Setting for an Interactive Read Aloud:• Students must be comfortably seated
• Everyone should be able to hear/see
• Procedure in place for turn and talks/group discussion
(Fountas & Pinnell, 2006)
Conceptual Model:Gradual Release of Responsibility*
Teacher + Students
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Com
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Co
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*Pearson, P.D., & Gallagher, M.C. (1983). The instruction of reading comprehension. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 8, 317-344.
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ract
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Turn
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Gradual Release of Responsibility
Think Aloud
Practice
Turn & TalkIndependen
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Structure of an Interactive Read-Aloud
Selection and PreparationOpeningReading AloudEmbedded TeachingText TalkDiscussion and Self-EvaluationRecord of ReadingWritten Response (optional, but strongly recommended)
(Fountas & Pinnell, 2006)
Comprehension Strategy Focus for Lesson Components:
Before Reading During Reading After ReadingIdentify Purpose Use a consistent
frameworkRetelling or Written Response
Previewing Question-Asking Review, Extend Vocabulary
Predict Make connections
Define critical vocabulary
Make inferences
Self MonitorVocabulary
(Santoro, Chard, Howard & Baker, 2008)
Nonfiction Read AloudPart 2 Jennifer GondekInstructional Specialist for Inclusive Educationjgondek@tstboces.orghttp://inclusiveed.wikispaces.com
Browse the room. Choose one text (book or article) to work with for the rest of the session. This can be a book you brought, or a new title.
Exploration TimeWelcom
e Back!
Structure of an Interactive Read-Aloud
Selection and PreparationOpeningReading AloudEmbedded TeachingText TalkDiscussion and Self-EvaluationRecord of ReadingWritten Response (optional, but strongly recommended)
(Fountas & Pinnell, 2006)
Opening Moves:“Engage the students’ interest and activate thinking in various ways” -Fountas & Pinnell, 2006
Opening Moves:Opening #1
“We’ve been talking about what firefighters do to help us. Today we’re going to read another book about what firefighters do. [Show opened book cover] What do you notice? [Children Respond] This book is funny because it shows dogs as firefighters, but it also tells us what real firefighters do. So listen to find out what firefighters do for work. What kinds of things do you think you will hear about?
Opening Moves:Opening #2
[Open book to end papers] “Something exciting is happening here. What do you think? [Children Respond] Firefighting is dangerous work, isn’t it, but firefighters really help us. You know that they fight fires, and this book tells us about that. You’ll learn how they fight fires but also what they do after the fire is out. What kinds of questions do you think firefighters would ask after they put out a fire? [Children Respond]
Opening Moves:Opening #3
[Open book to show both covers] These dogs are firefighters. When the fire alarm rings, firefighters have to be ready to go in just a few minutes. Listen to this: ‘Open the firehouse doors. Start the engines. They’re off!’ We have seen firefighters speeding to put out a fire. They do that over and over, but they have other work to do as well. That’s what we will learn in this book.”
Opening Moves:Using the Opening Moves chart as a reference, create 2-3 opening moves for the text you have chosen.
Vocabulary
The Vocabulary Catch-22
Children need to learn more words to read well, but they need to read well to
learn more words.
McKenna, M.C. (2004). Teaching vocabulary to struggling older readers. Perspectives, 30(1), 13-16.
The Matthew Effect
50K
40K
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Why Wide Reading Why Wide Reading Is Enough Is Not Enough
Vocabulary size andthe amount a child reads are correlated.
Direct instruction cannot possibly account for the number of word meanings children acquire.
Context is generally unreliable as a means of inferring word meanings.
Most words occur too infrequently to provide the number of exposures needed to learn them.
Marzano, R.J. (2004). The developing vision of vocabulary instruction. In J.F. Baumann & E.J. Kame’enui (Eds.), Vocabulary instruction: Research to practice (pp. 100-117). New York: Guilford.
Oral vocabulary at the end of first grade is a significant predictor of comprehension ten years later.
Cunningham, A.E., & Stanovich, K.E. (1997). Early reading acquisition and its relation to experience and ability 10 years later. Developmental Psychology, 33, 934-945.
“Adding three root words a day is the average daily number of words learned by primary age children with the largest vocabularies.” (p. 37)
AndyBiemiller
Biemiller, A. (2004). Teaching vocabulary in the primary grades. In J.F. Baumann & E.J. Kame’enui (Eds.), Vocabulary instruction: Research to practice (pp.28-40). New York: Guilford.
“Adding three root words a day is the average daily number of words learned by primary age children with the largest vocabularies.” (p. 37)
3 words x 140 days 400 words per year
Biemiller, A. (2004). Teaching vocabulary in the primary grades. In J.F. Baumann & E.J. Kame’enui (Eds.), Vocabulary instruction: Research to practice (pp. 28-40). New York: Guilford.
A Continuum of Word Knowledge
No knowledge
A vague sense of the meaning
Narrow knowledge with aid of context
Good knowledge but shaky recall
Rich, decontextualized knowledge,connected to other word meaningsSharon Walpole, University of Delaware
How do we classify Tier 1, 2, and 3 words?
Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3
Read page 33 of Appendix A.
Any additional elements to add?
Beck and McKeown’s Three TiersTier 3 • Rare words
• 73,500 word families K-12• Often content-area related• Examples: isotope, estuary
Tier 2 • Important to academic success• 7,000 word families• Not limited to one content area• Examples: fortunate, ridiculous
Tier 1 • The most familiar words• 8,000 word families• Known by average 3rd grader• Examples: happy, go
Determine (3-5) Tier 2 or 3 vocabulary words you will focus your instruction on in this text.
•Explicitly pre-teach these words
•Stop during reading to attend to each word at least once.
•Provide opportunities to review after reading
Nonfiction Text Features:
Chapters 5 & 7
Nonfiction Text FeaturesCaptions Bold
typeArrows Bullets
Keys Headings Labels Glossary
Index Table of Contents
Photos Illustrations
Diagrams
Italics Maps Inserts
Nonfiction Text Structures:
Chapter 8
Books to Use with Primary Students
Books to Use with Intermediate Students
Descriptive
Problem/Solution
Time/OrderChronologicalComparison/Contrast
Cause/Effect
Directions
Mooney, Hoyt, and Parkes, 2003
Reading Aloud: Embedded Teaching and Text Talk
Be intentional!If you stop too often:
-The discussion may lose ground, too much talk and not enough text.-Everyone will lose track of the meaning due to interruption-Children will become disengaged and disinterested-It will take too long to get through a text!
From Teaching for Comprehension and Fluency by Fountas & Pinnell, 2006
How Do I Decide?• What do my students need to understand about this particular text?•What important aspects of the text can students talk about with one another?•What are the opportunities for teaching or “lifting” student’s thinking with this book?•How much should I try to teach using this book (without overdoing it?)•What is most important to help the students think about today, and what should I save for another day?•Is it more important to reread or revisit this text than to have students experience another book?•Should a plan to revisit the text at a later time?
From Teaching for Comprehension and Fluency by Fountas & Pinnell, 2006
Reading Aloud: Embedded Teaching
Think Aloud
Predicting
MAKING CONNECTIONS
INFERRINGSynthesizing
Analyzing
Asking Questions
* Notice vocabulary in context*
Reading Aloud: Text Talk
Intentional Conversation:“Conversational moves directed toward a goal of instruction.”
-Lift the thinking of your students.-Guide and shape the conversation
From Teaching for Comprehension and Fluency by Fountas & Pinnell, 2006
* Notice vocabulary in context*
Reading Aloud: Text Talk
TURN AND TALK
Discussion and Self-Evaluation:•Review key vocabulary and extend learning. •Focus the discussion what you’ve learned so far.•Predict what might happen in the next section.•Compare what they know now to earlier thoughts.•Discuss deeper meaning and author’s message.•Go back into the text to support students’ thinking.•Record students’ thinking on a chart.•Create a chart or list for future use.•Give a 1 minute self-evaluation about the IRA.
Let’s take a peek intosome classrooms!
What do you notice?
5th Grade Introducing Vocabulary
2nd Grade Opening Move and Think Aloud
4th Grade Opening Move with Explicit Learning Target
2nd Grade Modeling and Lifting Student Thinking
2nd Grade Turn and Talk
Multi 1/2 Grades Group Discussion
Written Response:The Reader Response Journal
• Great to use with articles that require students to go back into the text to support their thinking.
• Break out of the old cycle and require students to do some critical thinking and reflection on their own before getting help from a peer or adult.
Read- Discuss- Write
Read- Write- Discuss-Revise
5th Grade Quick Response to Reading
Designing Units
Pair Fiction and Informational Read-Aloud Texts
•Consider pairing fiction with informational books.
•Pairs help teachers feel more comfortable with informational read-aloud.
Additional Options for Planning:•Topic•Theme•Genre•Author Study•Illustrator•Text Structure•Mentor Texts for Writing•Content Areas
Resources:• Interactive Reading and Shared Reading, presentations by Janice Such at www.u-46.org• The Common Core Learning Standards• Motivating Reluctant Readers through Nonfiction Read-Alouds presented by Dawn Little, M.Ed., Links to
Literacy• http://www.readworks.org• http://www.readworks.org/books/readaloud• Benajmin, L. & Moynihan, E. “The Nonfiction Read-Aloud: An Essential Ingredient in Student Learning.”
School Talk 10 (2005): 3-4• McGee, L. & Schickendanz, J. “Repeated interactive read-alouds in preschool and kindergarten.” The
Reading Teacher 60.8 (2007): 742-751• Santoro, L., Chard, D., Howard, L., & Baker, S. “Making the Very Most of Classroom Read-Alouds to
Promote Comprehension and Vocabulary” The Reading Teacher 61.5 (2008), 396-408• Cummins, S. & Stallmeyer-Gerard, C. “Teaching for Synthesis of Informational Texts with Read-Alouds” The
Reading Teacher 64.6 (2011): 394-405• Moss, B. “Making a case and a place for effective content area literacy instruction in the elementary
grades” The Reading Teacher 59.1 (2005): 46-55• Barrentine, S. “Engaging with reading through interactive read-alouds” The Reading Teacher 50.1 (1996):
36-43• Fisher, D., Flood, J., Lapp, D., & Frey, N. “Interactive read-alouds: Is there a common set of implementation
practices?” The Reading Teacher 58.1 (2004): 8-17• Founta, Irene C. & Pinnel, Gay Su. Teaching for Comprehending and Fluency. Portsmouth: Heinemann:
2006.
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