noncommutative geometry lecture 2: spectral triples and ...ponge/lecture_notes/tsinghua2.pdf · the...

Noncommutative GeometryLecture 2: Spectral Triples and

the Atiyah-Singer Index Theorem

Raphael Ponge

Seoul National University

October 24, 2011

1 / 41

What is a Noncommutative Manifold?

Definition

A spectral triple is a triple (A,H,D), where

H is a super Hilbert space with a Z2-grading H = H+ ⊕H−.

A is an (even) algebra of bounded operators on H.

D is a selfadjoint (unbounded) operator such that:

D maps H± to H∓.

[D, a] is bounded for all a ∈ A.

(D + i)−1 is a compact operator.

2 / 41

The de Rham Spectral Triple

Setup

Mn is a compact oriented Riemannian manifold (n even).

d : C∞(M,ΛkT ∗M)→ C∞(M,Λk+1T ∗M) is the de Rhamdifferential with adjoint d∗.

Remark

Λ∗T ∗M = ΛevenT ∗M ⊕ ΛoddT ∗M.

Proposition

The following is a spectral triple(C∞(M), L2(M,Λ∗T ∗M), d + d∗

),

with L2(M,Λ∗T ∗M) = L2(M,ΛevenT ∗M)⊕ L2(M,ΛoddT ∗M).

3 / 41

The Chern-Gauss-Bonnet Theorem

Definition

The Fredholm index of the operator d + d∗ is

ind(d + d∗) := dim ker[(d + d∗)|Λeven

]− dim ker

[(d + d∗)|Λodd

].

Definition (Euler Characteristic χ(M))

χ(M) :=n∑

k=0

(−1)k dim Hk(M),

where Hk(M) is the de Rham cohomology of M.

4 / 41

The Chern-Gauss-Bonnet Theorem

Theorem (Chern-Gauss-Bonnet)

χ(M) = ind(d + d∗) =

∫M

Pf(

RM),

where Pf(RM)

is the Paffian form of the curvature RM of M.

5 / 41

The Signature Spectral Triple

Setup

(Mn, g) compact oriented Riemannian manifold (n even).

Definition (Hodge Operator)

The operator ? : ΛkT ∗M → Λn−kT ∗M is defined by

?α ∧ β = 〈α, β〉Volg (x) ∀α, β ∈ ΛkT ∗x M,

where Volg (x) is the volume form of M.

Remark

As ?2 = 1, there is a splitting

Λ∗T ∗M = Λ+ ⊕ Λ− with Λ± := {α; ?α = ±α}.

6 / 41

The Signature Spectral Triple

Proposition

The following is a spectral triple,(C∞(M), L2(M,Λ∗T ∗M), d − ?d?

),

with L2(M,Λ∗T ∗M) = L2(M,Λ+)⊕ L2(M,Λ−).

7 / 41

The Signature Theorem

Definition

The Fedholm index of d − ?d? is

ind(d − ?d?) := dim ker[(d − ?d?)|Λ+

]− dim ker

[(d − ?d?)|Λ−

].

Definition (Signature σ(M))

If n = 4p, then σ(M) of M is the signature of the bilinear form,

Hn2 (M)× H

n2 (M) 3 (α, β)→

∫Mα ∧ β.

8 / 41

The Signature Theorem

Theorem (Hirzebruch)

σ(M) = ind(d − ?d?) if n = 4p,

= 2n2

∫M

L(

RM),

where L(RM)

:= det12

[RM/2

tanh(RM/2)

]is called the L-form of the

curvature RM .

9 / 41

The Dolbeault Spectral Triple

Setup

Mn compact Kalher manifold (n complex dim.).

Λ0,qT ∗M := Span{

dzk1 ∧ · · · ∧ dzkq}

is the bundle ofanti-holomorphic q-forms.

∂ : C∞(M,Λ0,qT ∗M)→ C∞(M,Λ0,q+1T ∗M) is theDolbeault differential with adjoint ∂

∗.

Remark

Λ0,∗T ∗M = Λ0,evenT ∗M ⊕ Λ0,oddT ∗M.

10 / 41

The Dolbeault Spectral Triple

Proposition

The following is a spectral triple,(C∞(M), L2

(M,Λ0,∗T ∗M

), ∂ + ∂

∗),

with L2(M,Λ0,∗T ∗M

)= L2

(M,Λ0,evenT ∗M

)⊕ L2

(M,Λ0,oddT ∗M

).

11 / 41

The Hirzebruch-Riemann-Roch Theorem

Definition

The Fredholm index of the operator ∂ + ∂∗

is

ind(∂ + ∂∗) := dim ker

[(∂ + ∂

∗)|Λ0,even

]− dim ker

[(∂ + ∂

∗)|Λ0,odd

].

Definition (Holomorphic Euler Characteristic)

χ(M) :=n∑

q=0

(−1)q dim H0,q(M),

where H0,q(M) is the Dolbeault cohomology of M.

12 / 41

The Hirzebruch-Riemann-Roch Theorem

Theorem (Hirzebruch-Riemann-Roch)

χ(M) = ind(∂ + ∂

∗)

=

∫M

Td(R1,0

),

where Td(R1,0

):= det

[R1,0

eR1,0−1

]is called the Todd form of the

holomorphic curvature R1,0 of M.

13 / 41

The Dirac Operator

Fact

On Rn the square root√

∆ is a ψDO, but not a differentialoperator.

Dirac’s Idea

Seek for a square root of ∆ as a differential operator with matrixcoefficients,

/D =∑

c j∂j .

Definition

The Clifford algebra of Rn is the C-algebra Cl(Rn) generated bythe canonical basis vectors e1, · · · , en of Rn with relations,

e ie j + e je i = −2δij .

Remark

Any Euclidean space (V , 〈·, ·〉) defines a Clifford algebra.14 / 41

The Quantization Map

Denote by Λ•CRn the complexied exterior algebra of Rn.

Proposition

There is a linear isomorphism c : Λ•CRn → Cl(Rn) given by

c(e i1 ∧ · · · ∧ e ik ) = e i1 · · · e ik , 1 ≤ i1 < · · · < ik ≤ n.

Remark

This is not an isomorphism of algebras, e.g., for all ξ, η ∈ Rn, wehave c−1 (c(ξ)c(η)) = ξ ∧ η − 〈ξ, η〉.

Corollary

There is a Z2-grading,

Cl(Rn) = Cl+(Rn)⊕ Cl−(Rn), Cl±(Rn) := c(Λeven/oddC Rn).

Remark

Cl+(Rn) is a sub-algebra of Cl(Rn). 15 / 41

The Spinor Representation

Theorem

1 Cl(Rn) has a unique irreducible representation,

ρ : Cl(Rn)→ End(/Sn),

where /Sn is the space of spinors of Rn.

2 If n is even, then /S has a splitting /Sn = /S+n ⊕ /S

−n which is

preserved by the action of Cl+(Rn).

3 If n is even, the spinor representation gives rise to anisomorphism,

Cl(Rn) ' End /Sn.

16 / 41

The Spin Group Spin(n)

Definition

The spin group Spin(n) is the double cover of SO(n),

{±1} → Spin(n)→ SO(n)→ {1}.

Remark

The spin group Spin(n) can be realized as the Lie group of someLie algebra contained in Cl+(Rn).

Proposition

The spinor representation splits into the half-spin representations,

ρ± : Spin(n) −→ End(/S±n ).

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The Dirac Operator

Setup

(Mn, g) is a compact oriented Riemannian manifold (n even).

Definition

The Clifford bundle of M is the bundle of algebras,

Cl(M) =⊔x∈M

Cl(T ∗x M),

where Cl(T ∗x M) is the Clifford algebra of (T ∗x M, g−1).

18 / 41

The Dirac Operator

Remarks

1 There is a quantization map,

c : Λ•CT ∗M −→ Cl(M).

This an isomorphism of vector bundles, but not anisomorphism of algebra bundles.

2 There is a splitting,

Cl(M) = Cl+(M)⊕ Cl−(M), Cl± = c(

Λeven/oddT ∗CM).

Cl+(M) is a sub-bundle of algebras of Cl(M).

19 / 41

Spin Structure

Definition

A spin structure on M is a reduction of its structure group fromSO(n) to Spin(n).

Theorem

If M has a spin structure, then there is an associated spinor bundle/S = /S+ ⊕ /S− such that

1 Cl(M) ' End /S and the action of Cl+(M) preserves theZ2-grading /S = /S+ ⊕ /S−.

2 The Riemannian metric lifts to a Hermitian metric on /S.

3 The Levi-Civita connection lifts to a connection ∇/S on /Spreserving its Z2-grading and Hermitian metric.

20 / 41

The Dirac Operator

Setup

(Mn, g) is a compact spin oriented Riemannian manifold (n even).

Definition (Dirac operator)

The Dirac operator /D : C∞(M, /S)→ C∞(M, /S) is the composition,

/D : C∞(M, /S)∇/S

−→ C∞(M, /S ⊗ T ∗M) −→C∞(M, /S)σ ⊗ ξ −→ c(ξ)σ,

where c(ξ) ∈ Clx(M) is identified with an element of End /Sx .

Proposition

The following is a spectral triple,(C∞(M), L2 (M, /S) , /D

),

with L2(M, /S) = L2(M, /S+)⊕ L2(M, /S−).21 / 41

The Atiyah-Singer Index Theorem

Setup

(Mn, g) is a compact spin oriented Riemannian manifold (neven).

E is a Hermitian vector bundle over M with connection ∇E .

Definition (Twisted Dirac Operator)

The operator /DE = /DE ,∇E : C∞(M, /S ⊗ E )→ C∞(M, /S ⊗ E ) is

/DE = /D ⊗ 1E + c ◦ ∇E ,

where c ◦ ∇E is given by the composition,

C∞(M, /S ⊗ E )1⊗∇E

→ C∞(M, /S ⊗ T ∗M ⊗ E )c⊗1→ C∞(M, /S ⊗ E )

σ ⊗ ξ ⊗ s −→ (c(ξ)σ)⊗ s.

22 / 41

The Atiyah-Singer Index Theorem

Definition

The Fredholm index of /DE is

ind /DE := dim ker[(/DE )|/S+⊗E

]− dim ker

[(/DE )|/S−⊗E

].

Theorem (Atiyah-Singer)

ind /DE = (2iπ)−n2

∫M

A(RM) ∧ Ch(FE ),

where:

- A(RM) := det12

[RM/2

sinh(RM/2)

]is called the A-class of the

curvature RM of M.

- Ch(FE ) := Tr[e−F

E]

is called the Chern form of the

curvature FE of ∇E .

23 / 41

The Atiyah-Singer Index Theorem

Remark

The index formula can be proved by heat kernel arguments.

By the McKean-Singer formula,

ind /DE = Tr[γe−t/D

2E

]∀t > 0

=

∫M

Tr[γe−t/D

2E (x , x)

]volg (x) ∀t > 0.

where γ := 1/S+⊗E − 1/S−⊗E is the grading operator.

The proof is then completed by using:

Theorem (Atiyah-Bott-Patodi, Gilkey)

Tr[γe−t/D

2E (x , x)

]volg (x) −−−→

t→0+

[A(RM) ∧ Ch(FE )

](n).

24 / 41

K -Theory

Setup

M is a compact manifold.

Definition

Two vectors E1 and E2 over M are stably equivalent when thereexists a vector bundle F such that

E1 ⊕ F ' E2 ⊕ F .

Remark

There is an addition on stable equivalence classes of vector bundlesgiven by

[E1] + [E2] := [E1 ⊕ E2].

This turns the set of stable equivalence classes into a monoid.

25 / 41

Definition

K 0(M) is the Abelian group of formal differences

[E1]− [E2]

of stable equivalence classes of vector bundles over M.

Remark

Let G be an Abelian group and ϕ : Vect(M)→ G a map such that

ϕ(E1 ⊕ E2) = ϕ(E1) + ϕ(E2) ∀Ej ∈ Vect(M).

Then ϕ gives rise to a unique additive map,

ϕ : K 0(M) −→ G ,

ϕ([E ]) := ϕ(E ) ∀E ∈ Vect(M).

26 / 41

Index Map of a Dirac Operator

Setup

Mn is a compact spin oriented Riemannian manifold (n even).

/D : C∞(M, /S)→ C∞(M, /S) is the Dirac operator of M.

Lemma

If E1 and E2 are vector bundles over M, then

ind /DE1⊕E2= ind /DE1

+ ind /DE2.

Proposition

The Dirac operator gives rise to a unique additive index map,

ind/D : K 0(M) −→ Z,ind/D [E ] := ind /DE .

27 / 41

de Rham Currents

Setup

M is a compact manifold.

Definition

D′k(M) is the space of de Rham currents of dimension k , i.e.,continuous linear forms on C∞(M,Λk

CT ∗M).

Example

Let N be an oriented submanifold of dimension k . Then N definesa k-dimensional current CN on M by

〈CN , η〉 :=

∫Nι∗η ∀η ∈ C∞(M,Λk

CT ∗M),

where ι : N → M is the inclusion of N into M.

28 / 41

Poincare Duality

Definition

Assume M oriented and set n = dim M. The Poincare dual of ann − k- form ω on M is the k-dimensional current ω∨ defined by

〈ω∨, η〉 :=

∫Mω ∧ η ∀η ∈ C∞(M,Λk

CT ∗M).

Example

The Poincare dual of A(RM) is

〈A(RM)∨, η〉 =

∫M

A(RM) ∧ η.

This is an even (resp., odd) current if dim M is even (resp., odd).

29 / 41

de Rham Homology

Definition (de Rham Boundary)

The de Rham boundary d t : D′k(M)→ D′k−1(M) is defined by

〈d tC , η〉 := 〈C , dη〉 ∀η ∈ C∞(M,Λk−1C T ∗M).

Definition

The de Rham homology of M is the homology of the complex(D′•(M), d t). It is denoted H•(M).

Remark

When M is oriented, the Poincare duality yields an isomorphism,

Hn−k(M) ' Hk(M).

30 / 41

Pairing with K -Theory

Definition

Let C = C0 + C2 + · · · be an even current and let E be a vectorbundle over M. The pairing of C and E is

〈C ,E 〉 := 〈C ,Ch(FE )〉,

where FE is the curvature of any connection on E .

Lemma

The value of 〈C ,E 〉 depends only the homology class of C and theK -theory class of E .

Proposition

The above pairing descends to a bilinear pairing,

〈·, ·〉 : Heven(M)× K 0(M) −→ C.

31 / 41

The Atiyah-Singer Index Theorem (K -Theoretic Version)

Setup

Mn is a compact spin oriented Riemannian manifold (n even).

/D : C∞(M, /S)→ C∞(M, /S) is the Dirac operator of M.

E is a vector bundle over M.

32 / 41

The Atiyah-Singer Index Theorem (K -Theoretic Version)

For the Poincare dual C = A(RM)∧ we get

〈A(RM)∧,E 〉 = 〈A(RM)∧,Ch(FE )〉 =

∫M

A(RM) ∧ Ch(FE ).

By the Atiyah-Singer index theorem,

ind/D [E ] = ind /DE = (2iπ)−n2

∫M

A(RM) ∧ Ch(FE ).

Therefore, the Atiyah-Singer index theorem can be restated as

Theorem (Atiyah-Singer)

ind/D [E ] = (2iπ)−n2 〈A(RM)∧,E 〉 ∀E ∈ K 0(M).

Remark

Ch(/D) := (2iπ)−n2

[A(RM)∧

]∈ Heven(M) is called the Chern

character of /D.

33 / 41

Noncommutative Vector Bundles

Definition

A finitely generated projective module over an algebra A is a(right-)module of the form,

E = eAN , e ∈ MN(A), e2 = e.

Theorem (Serre-Swan)

For A = C∞(M) (with M compact manifold), there is aone-to-one correspondence:

{Vector Bundles over M} ←→ {f.g. proj. modules over C∞(M)}E −→ C∞(M,E ).

34 / 41

Grassmannian Connection

Suppose that E = ran(e) with e = e∗ = e2 ∈ C∞ (M,Mq(C)).Then

C∞(M,E ) = {ξ = (ξj) ∈ C∞(M,Cq); eξ = ξ} = eC∞(M)q.

Thus,

C∞(M, /S ⊗ E ) = C∞(M, /S)⊗C∞(M) C∞(M,E ) = eC∞(M, /S)q.

Definition

The Grassmanian connection ∇E0 of E is defined by

∇E0 ξ := e(dξj) ∀ξ = (ξj) ∈ C∞(M,E ).

35 / 41

Twisted Dirac Operators

Lemma

Under the identification C∞(M, /S ⊗ E ) = eC∞(M, /S)q, thetwisted Dirac operator /DE = /DE ,∇E

0agrees with

e(/D ⊗ 1) : eC∞(M, /S)q −→ eC∞(M, /S)q,

[e(/D ⊗ 1)] s := e(/Dsj) ∀s = (sj) ∈ eC∞(M, /S)q.

36 / 41

Index Map of a Spectral Triple

Setup

(A,H,D) is a spectral triple with A unital.

E = eAq, e2 = e ∈ Mq(A), is a f.g. projective module.

Remark

eHq is a Hilbert space with grading eHq = e (H+)q ⊕ e (H−)

q.

Definition

DE is the (unbounded) operator of eHq with domain e (dom D)q

and defined by

DEσ := e(Dσj ) ∀σ = (σj) ∈ e (dom D)q .

37 / 41

Index Map of a Spectral Triple

Lemma

The operator DE is Fredholm.

Definition

The index of DE is

ind DE := dim ker(DE)|e(H+)q − dim ker(DE)|e(H−)q .

Example

For a Dirac spectral triple(C∞(M), L2(M, /S), /D

), as we saw before

/DE = /DE with E := ran(e).

Thus,ind /DE = ind /DE .

38 / 41

K -Theory of A

Definition

Two f.g. projective modules E1 and E2 over A are stably equivalentwhen there exists a f.g. projective module such that

E1 ⊕F ' E2 ⊕F .

Definition

K0(A) is the Abelian group of formal differences

[E1]− [E2]

of stable equivalence classes of f.g. projective modules over A.

Remark

When A = C∞(M), the Serre-Swan theorem implies that

K0 (C∞(M)) ' K 0(M).

39 / 41

The Index Map of a Spectral Triple

Lemma

If E1 and E2 are f.g. projective modules over A, then

ind DE1⊕E2 = ind DE1 + ind DE2

Proposition

The spectral triple (A,H,D) defines a unique additive index map,

indD : K0(A) −→ Z,

such that, for any f.g. projective module E over A,

indD [E ] = ind DE .

40 / 41

The Index Map of a Spectral Triple

Example

For a Dirac spectral triple(C∞(M), L2(M, /S), /D

), under the

Serre-Swan isomorphism

K0 (C∞(M)) ' K 0(M),

the index map ind/D : K0 (C∞(M))→ Z agrees with theAtiyah-Singer index map,

ind/D : K 0(M) −→ Z.

41 / 41