nobel prize winners by category
Post on 23-May-2017
232 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
Nobel Prize winners by category (chemistry)year name country* achievement
1901 Hoff, Jacobus Henricus van ’tThe
Netherlandslaws of chemical dynamics and osmotic pressure
1902 Fischer, Emil Germany work on sugar and purine syntheses
1903 Arrhenius, Svante Sweden theory of electrolytic dissociation
1904 Ramsay, Sir William U.K.discovery of inert gas elements and their places
in the periodic system
1905 Baeyer, Adolf von Germanywork on organic dyes, hydroaromatic
compounds
1906 Moissan, Henri Franceisolation of fluorine; introduction of Moissan
furnace
1907 Buchner, Eduard Germany discovery of noncellular fermentation
1908 Rutherford, Ernest U.K.investigations into the disintegration of elements
and the chemistry of radioactive substances
1909 Ostwald, Wilhelm Germanypioneer work on catalysis, chemical equilibrium,
and reaction velocities
1910 Wallach, Otto Germany pioneer work in alicyclic combinations
1911 Curie, Marie Francediscovery of radium and polonium; isolation of
radium
1912 Grignard, Victor France discovery of the Grignard reagents
Sabatier, Paul France method of hydrogenating organic compounds
1913 Werner, Alfred Switzerland work on the linkage of atoms in molecules
1914 Richards, Theodore William U.S.accurate determination of the atomic weights of
numerous elements
1915 Willstätter, Richard Germany pioneer researches in plant pigments, especially
chlorophyll
1918 Haber, Fritz Germany synthesis of ammonia
1920 Nernst, Walther Hermann Germany work in thermochemistry
1921 Soddy, Frederick U.K.chemistry of radioactive substances; occurrence
and nature of isotopes
1922 Aston, Francis William U.K.work with mass spectrograph; whole-number
rule
1923 Pregl, Fritz Austria method of microanalysis of organic substances
1925 Zsigmondy, Richard Austriaelucidation of the heterogeneous nature of
colloidal solutions
1926 Svedberg, Theodor H.E. Sweden work on disperse systems
1927 Wieland, Heinrich Otto Germany researches into the constitution of bile acids
1928 Windaus, Adolf Germanyconstitution of sterols and their connection with
vitamins
1929 Euler-Chelpin, Hans von Swedeninvestigations in the fermentation of sugars and
the enzyme action involved
Harden, Sir Arthur U.K.investigations in the fermentation of sugars and
the enzyme action involved
1930 Fischer, Hans Germany hemin, chlorophyll research; synthesis of hemin
1931 Bergius, Friedrich Germanyinvention and development of chemical high-
pressure methods
Bosch, Carl Germanyinvention and development of chemical high-
pressure methods
1932 Langmuir, Irving U.S.discoveries and investigations in surface
chemistry
1934 Urey, Harold C. U.S. discovery of heavy hydrogen
1935 Joliot-Curie, Frédéric and Irène France synthesis of new radioactive elements
1936 Debye, PeterThe
Netherlands
work on dipole moments and diffraction of X-
rays and electrons in gases
1937 Haworth, Sir Norman U.K. research on carbohydrates and vitamin C
Karrer, Paul Switzerland research on carotenoids, flavins, and vitamins
1938 Kuhn, Richard (declined) Germany carotenoid and vitamin research
1939 Butenandt, Adolf (declined) Germany work on sexual hormones
Ruzicka, Leopold Switzerland work on polymethylenes and higher terpenes
1943 Hevesy, Georg Charles von Hungary use of isotopes as tracers in chemical research
1944 Hahn, Otto Germany discovery of the fission of heavy nuclei
1945 Virtanen, Artturi Ilmari Finland invention of a fodder-preservation method
1946 Northrop, John Howard U.S.preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in
pure form
Stanley, Wendell Meredith U.S.preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in
pure form
Sumner, James Batcheller U.S. discovery of enzyme crystallization
1947 Robinson, Sir Robert U.K.investigation of alkaloids and other plant
products
1948 Tiselius, Arne Swedenresearches in electrophoresis and adsorption
analysis; serum proteins
1949 Giauque, William Francis U.S.behaviour of substances at extremely low
temperatures
1950 Alder, Kurt West Germany discovery and development of diene synthesis
Diels, Otto Paul Hermann West Germany discovery and development of diene synthesis
1951 McMillan, Edwin Mattison U.S. discovery of and research on transuranium
elements
Seaborg, Glenn T. U.S.discovery of and research on transuranium
elements
1952 Martin, A.J.P. U.K. development of partition chromatography
Synge, R.L.M. U.K. development of partition chromatography
1953 Staudinger, Hermann West Germany work on macromolecules
1954 Pauling, Linus U.S. study of the nature of the chemical bond
1955 du Vigneaud, Vincent U.S. first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone
1956 Hinshelwood, Sir Cyril Norman U.K. work on the kinetics of chemical reactions
Semyonov, Nikolay Nikolayevich U.S.S.R. work on the kinetics of chemical reactions
1957Todd (of Trumpington), Alexander
Robertus Todd, BaronU.K. work on nucleotides and nucleotide coenzymes
1958 Sanger, Frederick U.K.determination of the structure of the insulin
molecule
1959 Heyrovský, Jaroslav Czech. discovery and development of polarography
1960 Libby, Willard Frank U.S. development of radiocarbon dating
1961 Calvin, Melvin U.S.study of chemical steps that take place during
photosynthesis
1962 Kendrew, Sir John Cowdery U.K. determination of the structure of hemoproteins
Perutz, Max Ferdinand U.K. determination of the structure of hemoproteins
1963 Natta, Giulio Italystructure and synthesis of polymers in the field
of plastics
Ziegler, Karl West Germanystructure and synthesis of polymers in the field
of plastics
1964 Hodgkin, Dorothy Mary Crowfoot U.K. determining the structure of biochemical
compounds essential in combating pernicious
anemia
1965 Woodward, Robert Burns U.S.synthesis of sterols, chlorophyll, and other
substances
1966 Mulliken, Robert Sanderson U.S.work concerning chemical bonds and the
electronic structure of molecules
1967 Eigen, Manfred West Germany studies of extremely fast chemical reactions
Norrish, Ronald George Wreyford U.K. studies of extremely fast chemical reactions
Porter, Sir George U.K. studies of extremely fast chemical reactions
1968 Onsager, Lars U.S.work on the theory of thermodynamics of
irreversible processes
1969 Barton, Sir Derek H.R. U.K.work in determining actual three-dimensional
shapes of molecules
Hassel, Odd Norwaywork in determining actual three-dimensional
shapes of molecules
1970 Leloir, Luis Federico Argentinadiscovery of sugar nucleotides and their role in
the biosynthesis of carbohydrates
1971 Herzberg, Gerhard Canada research in the structure of molecules
1972 Anfinsen, Christian B. U.S. fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry
Moore, Stanford U.S. fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry
Stein, William H. U.S. fundamental contributions to enzyme chemistry
1973 Fischer, Ernst Otto West Germany organometallic chemistry
Wilkinson, Sir Geoffrey U.K. organometallic chemistry
1974 Flory, Paul J. U.S. studies of long-chain molecules
1975 Cornforth, Sir John Warcup U.K. work in stereochemistry
Prelog, Vladimir Switzerland work in stereochemistry
1976 Lipscomb, William Nunn, Jr. U.S. structure of boranes
1977 Prigogine, Ilya Belgium widening the scope of thermodynamics
1978 Mitchell, Peter Dennis U.K.formulation of a theory of energy-transfer
processes in biological systems
1979 Brown, Herbert Charles U.S.
introduction of compounds of boron and
phosphorus in the synthesis of organic
substances
Wittig, Georg West Germany
introduction of compounds of boron and
phosphorus in the synthesis of organic
substances
1980 Berg, Paul U.S. first preparation of a hybrid DNA
Gilbert, Walter U.S.development of chemical and biological
analyses of DNA structure
Sanger, Frederick U.K.development of chemical and biological
analyses of DNA structure
1981 Fukui Kenichi Japanorbital symmetry interpretation of chemical
reactions
Hoffmann, Roald U.S.orbital symmetry interpretation of chemical
reactions
1982 Klug, Aaron U.K.determination of the structure of biological
substances
1983 Taube, Henry U.S. study of electron-transfer reactions
1984 Merrifield, Bruce U.S.development of a method of polypeptide
synthesis
1985 Hauptman, Herbert A. U.S. development of a way to map the chemical
structures of small molecules
Karle, Jerome U.S.development of a way to map the chemical
structures of small molecules
1986 Herschbach, Dudley R. U.S.development of methods for analyzing basic
chemical reactions
Lee, Yuan T. U.S.development of methods for analyzing basic
chemical reactions
Polanyi, John C. Canadadevelopment of methods for analyzing basic
chemical reactions
1987 Cram, Donald J. U.S.development of molecules that can link with
other molecules
Lehn, Jean-Marie Francedevelopment of molecules that can link with
other molecules
Pedersen, Charles J. U.S.development of molecules that can link with
other molecules
1988 Deisenhofer, Johann West Germanydiscovery of the structure of proteins needed in
photosynthesis
Huber, Robert West Germanydiscovery of the structure of proteins needed in
photosynthesis
Michel, Hartmut West Germanydiscovery of the structure of proteins needed in
photosynthesis
1989 Altman, Sidney U.S. discovery of certain basic properties of RNA
Cech, Thomas Robert U.S. discovery of certain basic properties of RNA
1990 Corey, Elias James U.S.development of retrosynthetic analysis for
synthesis of complex molecules
1991 Ernst, Richard R. Switzerland improvements in nuclear magnetic resonance
spectroscopy
1992 Marcus, Rudolph A. U.S.explanation of how electrons transfer between
molecules
1993 Mullis, Kary B. U.S.invention of techniques for gene study and
manipulation
Smith, Michael Canadainvention of techniques for gene study and
manipulation
1994 Olah, George A. U.S.development of techniques to study hydrocarbon
molecules
1995 Crutzen, PaulThe
Netherlands
explanation of processes that deplete Earth’s
ozone layer
Molina, Mario U.S.explanation of processes that deplete Earth’s
ozone layer
Rowland, F. Sherwood U.S.explanation of processes that deplete Earth’s
ozone layer
1996 Curl, Robert F., Jr. U.S.discovery of new carbon compounds called
fullerenes
Kroto, Sir Harold W. U.K.discovery of new carbon compounds called
fullerenes
Smalley, Richard E. U.S.discovery of new carbon compounds called
fullerenes
1997 Boyer, Paul D. U.S.explanation of the enzymatic conversion of
adenosine triphosphate
Skou, Jens C. Denmarkdiscovery of sodium-potassium-activated
adenosine triphosphatase
Walker, John E. U.K.explanation of the enzymatic conversion of
adenosine triphosphate
1998 Kohn, Walter U.S. development of the density-functional theory
Pople, John A. U.K.development of computational methods in
quantum chemistry
1999 Zewail, Ahmed H. Egypt/U.S.study of the transition states of chemical
reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy
2000 Heeger, Alan J. U.S. discovery of plastics that conduct electricity
MacDiarmid, Alan G. U.S. discovery of plastics that conduct electricity
Shirakawa Hideki Japan discovery of plastics that conduct electricity
2001 Knowles, William S. U.S.work on chirally catalyzed hydrogenation
reactions
Noyori Ryoji Japanwork on chirally catalyzed hydrogenation
reactions
Sharpless, K. Barry U.S. work on chirally catalyzed oxidation reactions
2002 Fenn, John B. U.S.development of techniques to identify and
analyze proteins and other large molecules
Tanaka Koichi Japandevelopment of techniques to identify and
analyze proteins and other large molecules
Wüthrich, Kurt Switzerlanddevelopment of techniques to identify and
analyze proteins and other large molecules
2003 Agre, Peter U.S.discoveries regarding water channels and ion
channels in cells
MacKinnon, Roderick U.S.discoveries regarding water channels and ion
channels in cells
2004 Ciechanover, Aaron Israeldiscovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein
degradation
Hershko, Avram Israel discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein
degradation
Rose, Irwin U.S.discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein
degradation
2005 Chauvin, Yves Francedevelopment of the metathesis method in
organic synthesis
Grubbs, Robert H. U.S.development of the metathesis method in
organic synthesis
Schrock, Richard R. U.S.development of the metathesis method in
organic synthesis
2006 Kornberg, Roger D. U.S.work concerning the molecular basis of
eukaryotic transcription
2007 Ertl, Gerhard Germany studies of chemical processes on solid surfaces
2008 Chalfie, Martin U.S.discovery and development of the green
fluorescent protein, GFP
Shimomura, Osamu U.S.discovery and development of the green
fluorescent protein, GFP
Tsien, Roger Y. U.S.discovery and development of the green
fluorescent protein, GFP
2009 Ramakrishnan, Venkatraman U.S.studies of the structure and function of the
ribosome
Steitz, Thomas U.S.studies of the structure and function of the
ribosome
Yonath, Ada Israelstudies of the structure and function of the
ribosome
2010 Heck, Richard F. U.S.development of techniques to synthesize
complex carbon molecules
Negishi Ei-ichi Japandevelopment of techniques to synthesize
complex carbon molecules
Suzuki Akira Japandevelopment of techniques to synthesize
complex carbon molecules
2011 Shechtman, Daniel Israel discovery of quasicrystals
2012 Kobilka, Brian K. U.S. studies of G-protein-coupled receptors
Lefkowitz, Robert J. U.S. studies of G-protein-coupled receptors
*Nationality given is the citizenship of recipient at the time award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not
awarded in years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g., World Wars I and
II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a decision.
ECONOMICSThe table provides a chronological list of recipients of the Nobel Prize for Economics.
Nobel Prize winners by category (economics)*year name country** achievement
1969 Frisch, Ragnar Norway work in econometrics
Tinbergen, JanThe
Netherlandswork in econometrics
1970 Samuelson, Paul U.S. work in scientific analysis of economic theory
1971 Kuznets, Simon U.S. extensive research on the economic growth of nations
1972 Arrow, Kenneth J. U.S.contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and
welfare theory
Hicks, Sir John R. U.K.contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and
welfare theory
1973 Leontief, Wassily U.S. input-output analysis
1974 Hayek, Friedrich von U.K.pioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social,
and institutional phenomena
Myrdal, Gunnar Swedenpioneering analysis of the interdependence of economic, social,
and institutional phenomena
1975Kantorovich, Leonid
VitalyevichU.S.S.R. contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources
Koopmans, Tjalling
C.U.S. contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources
1976 Friedman, Milton U.S.consumption analysis, monetary theory, and economic
stabilization
1977Meade, James
EdwardU.K. contributions to the theory of international trade
Ohlin, Bertil Sweden contributions to the theory of international trade
1978Simon, Herbert
AlexanderU.S. decision-making processes in economic organizations
1979 Lewis, Sir Arthur U.K. analyses of economic processes in developing nations
Schultz, Theodore
WilliamU.S. analyses of economic processes in developing nations
1980Klein, Lawrence
RobertU.S.
development and analysis of empirical models of business
fluctuations
1981 Tobin, James U.S. portfolio selection theory of investment
1982 Stigler, George J. U.S. economic effects of governmental regulation
1983 Debreu, Gerard U.S. mathematical proof of supply-and-demand theory
1984 Stone, Sir Richard U.K. development of a national income accounting system
1985 Modigliani, Franco U.S. analyses of household savings and financial markets
1986 Buchanan, James M. U.S. public-choice theory bridging economics and political science
1987Solow, Robert
MertonU.S. contributions to the theory of economic growth
1988 Allais, Maurice Francecontributions to the theory of markets and efficient use of
resources
1989 Haavelmo, Trygve Norway development of statistical techniques for economic forecasting
1990 Markowitz, Harry M. U.S. study of financial markets and investment decision making
Miller, Merton H. U.S. study of financial markets and investment decision making
Sharpe, William F. U.S. study of financial markets and investment decision making
1991 Coase, Ronald U.S. application of economic principles to the study of law
1992 Becker, Gary S. U.S. application of economic theory to social sciences
1993Fogel, Robert
WilliamU.S. contributions to economic history
North, Douglass C. U.S. contributions to economic history
1994 Harsanyi, John C. U.S. development of game theory
Nash, John F. U.S. development of game theory
Selten, Reinhard Germany development of game theory
1995 Lucas, Robert E., Jr. U.S.incorporation of rational expectations in macroeconomic
theory
1996 Mirrlees, James A. U.K.contributions to the theory of incentives under conditions of
asymmetric information
Vickrey, William U.S.contributions to the theory of incentives under conditions of
asymmetric information
1997 Merton, Robert C. U.S.method for determining the value of stock options and other
derivatives
Scholes, Myron S. U.S.method for determining the value of stock options and other
derivatives
1998 Sen, Amartya India contributions to welfare economics
1999 Mundell, Robert A. Canadaanalysis of optimum currency areas and of policy under
different exchange-rate regimes
2000 Heckman, James J. U.S.development of methods of statistical analysis of individual
and household behaviour
McFadden, Daniel L. U.S.development of methods of statistical analysis of individual
and household behaviour
2001 Akerlof, George A. U.S. analysis of markets with asymmetric information
Spence, A. Michael U.S. analysis of markets with asymmetric information
Stiglitz, Joseph E. U.S. analysis of markets with asymmetric information
2002 Kahneman, Daniel U.S./Israel
integration of psychological research into economic science,
especially concerning human judgment and decision making
under uncertainty
Smith, Vernon L. U.S.establishment of laboratory experiments as a tool in empirical
economic analysis
2003 Engle, Robert F. U.S. development of techniques for the analysis of time series data
Granger, Clive W.J. U.K. development of techniques for the analysis of time series data
2004 Kydland, Finn E. Norway contributions to dynamic macroeconomics
Prescott, Edward C. U.S. contributions to dynamic macroeconomics
2005 Aumann, Robert J. Israel contributions to game-theory analysis
Schelling, Thomas C. U.S. contributions to game-theory analysis
2006 Phelps, Edmund S. U.S. analysis of intertemporal trade-offs in macroeconomic policy
2007 Hurwicz, Leonid U.S. work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory
Maskin, Eric S. U.S. work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory
Myerson, Roger B. U.S. work that laid the foundations of mechanism design theory
2008 Krugman, Paul U.S. analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity
2009 Ostrom, Elinor U.S. analysis of economic governance, especially the commons
Williamson, Oliver E. U.S.analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of
the firm
2010 Diamond, Peter A. U.S. analysis of markets with search frictions
Mortensen, Dale T. U.S. analysis of markets with search frictions
Pissarides,
Christopher A.Cyprus/U.K. analysis of markets with search frictions
2011 Sargent, Thomas J. U.S. empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy
Sims, Christopher A. U.S. empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy
2012 Roth, Alvin E. U.S. work on market design and matching theory
Shapley, Lloyd S. U.S. work on market design and matching theory
*Officially called the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel, it is
technically not a Nobel Prize, although it is identified with the award.
**Nationality given is the citizenship of recipient at the time award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not
awarded in years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g., World Wars I and
II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a decision.
LITERATUREThe table provides a chronological list of recipients of the Nobel Prize for Literature.
Nobel Prize winners by category (literature)year name country* literary area
1901 Sully Prudhomme France poet
1902 Mommsen, Theodor Germany historian
1903 Bjørnson, Bjørnstjerne Martinius Norway novelist, poet, dramatist
1904 Echegaray y Eizaguirre, José Spain dramatist
Mistral, Frédéric France poet
1905 Sienkiewicz, Henryk Poland novelist
1906 Carducci, Giosuè Italy poet
1907 Kipling, Rudyard U.K. poet, novelist
1908 Eucken, Rudolf Christoph Germany philosopher
1909 Lagerlöf, Selma Sweden novelist
1910 Heyse, Paul Johann Ludwig von Germany poet, novelist, dramatist
1911 Maeterlinck, Maurice Belgium dramatist
1912 Hauptmann, Gerhart Germany dramatist
1913 Tagore, Rabindranath India poet
1915 Rolland, Romain France novelist
1916 Heidenstam, Verner von Sweden poet
1917 Gjellerup, Karl Denmark novelist
Pontoppidan, Henrik Denmark novelist
1918 Karlfeldt, Erik Axel (declined) Sweden poet
1919 Spitteler, Carl Switzerland poet, novelist
1920 Hamsun, Knut Norway novelist
1921 France, Anatole France novelist
1922 Benavente y Martínez, Jacinto Spain dramatist
1923 Yeats, William Butler Ireland poet
1924 Reymont, Wladyslaw Stanislaw Poland novelist
1925 Shaw, George Bernard Ireland dramatist
1926 Deledda, Grazia Italy novelist
1927 Bergson, Henri France philosopher
1928 Undset, Sigrid Norway novelist
1929 Mann, Thomas Germany novelist
1930 Lewis, Sinclair U.S. novelist
1931 Karlfeldt, Erik Axel (posthumous award) Sweden poet
1932 Galsworthy, John U.K. novelist
1933 Bunin, Ivan Alekseyevich U.S.S.R. poet, novelist
1934 Pirandello, Luigi Italy dramatist
1936 O’Neill, Eugene U.S. dramatist
1937 Martin du Gard, Roger France novelist
1938 Buck, Pearl U.S. novelist
1939 Sillanpää, Frans Eemil Finland novelist
1944 Jensen, Johannes V. Denmark novelist
1945 Mistral, Gabriela Chile poet
1946 Hesse, Hermann Switzerland novelist
1947 Gide, André France novelist, essayist
1948 Eliot, T.S. U.K. poet, critic
1949 Faulkner, William U.S. novelist
1950 Russell, Bertrand U.K. philosopher
1951 Lagerkvist, Pär Sweden novelist
1952 Mauriac, François France poet, novelist, dramatist
1953 Churchill, Sir Winston U.K. historian, orator
1954 Hemingway, Ernest U.S. novelist
1955 Laxness, Halldór Iceland novelist
1956 Jiménez, Juan Ramón Spain poet
1957 Camus, Albert France novelist, dramatist
1958 Pasternak, Boris Leonidovich (declined) U.S.S.R. novelist, poet
1959 Quasimodo, Salvatore Italy poet
1960 Saint-John Perse France poet
1961 Andric, Ivo Yugoslavia novelist
1962 Steinbeck, John U.S. novelist
1963 Seferis, George Greece poet
1964 Sartre, Jean-Paul (declined) France philosopher, dramatist
1965 Sholokhov, Mikhail Aleksandrovich U.S.S.R. novelist
1966 Agnon, S.Y. Israel novelist
Sachs, Nelly Sweden poet
1967 Asturias, Miguel Ángel Guatemala novelist
1968 Kawabata Yasunari Japan novelist
1969 Beckett, Samuel Ireland novelist, dramatist
1970 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr Isayevich U.S.S.R. novelist
1971 Neruda, Pablo Chile poet
1972 Böll, Heinrich West Germany novelist
1973 White, Patrick Australia novelist
1974 Johnson, Eyvind Sweden novelist
Martinson, Harry Sweden novelist, poet
1975 Montale, Eugenio Italy poet
1976 Bellow, Saul U.S. novelist
1977 Aleixandre, Vicente Spain poet
1978 Singer, Isaac Bashevis U.S. novelist
1979 Elytis, Odysseus Greece poet
1980 Milosz, Czeslaw U.S. poet
1981 Canetti, Elias Bulgaria novelist, essayist
1982 García Márquez, Gabriel Colombia novelist, journalist, social critic
1983 Golding, Sir William U.K. novelist
1984 Seifert, Jaroslav Czech. poet
1985 Simon, Claude France novelist
1986 Soyinka, Wole Nigeria dramatist, poet
1987 Brodsky, Joseph U.S. poet, essayist
1988 Mahfouz, Naguib Egypt novelist
1989 Cela, Camilo José Spain novelist
1990 Paz, Octavio Mexico poet, essayist
1991 Gordimer, Nadine South Africa novelist
1992 Walcott, Derek St. Lucia poet
1993 Morrison, Toni U.S. novelist
1994 Oe Kenzaburo Japan novelist
1995 Heaney, Seamus Ireland poet
1996 Szymborska, Wislawa Poland poet
1997 Fo, Dario Italy dramatist, actor
1998 Saramago, José Portugal novelist
1999 Grass, Günter Germany novelist
2000 Gao Xingjian France novelist, dramatist
2001 Naipaul, Sir V.S. Trinidad novelist
2002 Kertész, Imre Hungary novelist
2003 Coetzee, J.M. South Africa novelist
2004 Jelinek, Elfriede Austria novelist, dramatist
2005 Pinter, Harold U.K. dramatist
2006 Pamuk, Orhan Turkey novelist
2007 Lessing, Doris U.K. novelist
2008 Le Clézio, Jean-Marie Gustave France novelist, essayist
2009 Müller, Herta Germany novelist
2010 Vargas Llosa, Mario Peru novelist, dramatist
2011 Tranströmer, Tomas Sweden poet
2012 Mo Yan China novelist, short-story writer
*Nationality given is the citizenship of recipient at the time award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not
awarded in years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g., World Wars I and
II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a decision.
PEACEThe table provides a chronological list of recipients of the Nobel Prize for Peace.
Nobel Prize winners by category (peace)year name country*
1901 Dunant, Henri Switzerland
Passy, Frédéric France
1902 Ducommun, Élie Switzerland
Gobat, Charles-Albert Switzerland
1903 Cremer, Sir Randal U.K.
1904 Institute of International Law (founded 1873)
1905 Suttner, Bertha, Freifrau von Austria-Hungary
1906 Roosevelt, Theodore U.S.
1907 Moneta, Ernesto Teodoro Italy
Renault, Louis France
1908 Arnoldson, Klas Pontus Sweden
Bajer, Fredrik Denmark
1909 Beernaert, Auguste-Marie-François Belgium
Estournelles de Constant, Paul-H.-B. d’ France
1910 International Peace Bureau (founded 1891)
1911 Asser, Tobias Michael Carel The Netherlands
Fried, Alfred Hermann Austria-Hungary
1912 Root, Elihu U.S.
1913 Lafontaine, Henri-Marie Belgium
1917 International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863)
1919 Wilson, Woodrow U.S.
1920 Bourgeois, Léon France
1921 Branting, Karl Hjalmar Sweden
Lange, Christian Lous Norway
1922 Nansen, Fridtjof Norway
1925 Chamberlain, Sir Austen U.K.
Dawes, Charles G. U.S.
1926 Briand, Aristide France
Stresemann, Gustav Germany
1927 Buisson, Ferdinand-Édouard France
Quidde, Ludwig Germany
1929 Kellogg, Frank B. U.S.
1930 Söderblom, Nathan Sweden
1931 Addams, Jane U.S.
Butler, Nicholas Murray U.S.
1933 Angell, Sir Norman U.K.
1934 Henderson, Arthur U.K.
1935 Ossietzky, Carl von Germany
1936 Saavedra Lamas, Carlos Argentina
1937 Cecil (of Chelwood), Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 1st Viscount U.K.
1938 Nansen International Office for Refugees (founded 1931)
1944 International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863)
1945 Hull, Cordell U.S.
1946 Balch, Emily Greene U.S.
Mott, John R. U.S.
1947 American Friends Service Committee U.S.
Friends Service Council (FSC) U.K.
1949 Boyd-Orr of Brechin Mearns, John Boyd Orr, Baron U.K.
1950 Bunche, Ralph U.S.
1951 Jouhaux, Léon France
1952 Schweitzer, Albert Alsace
1953 Marshall, George C. U.S.
1954 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Office of the (founded 1951)
1957 Pearson, Lester B. Canada
1958 Pire, Dominique Belgium
1959 Noel-Baker (of the City of Derby), Philip John Noel-Baker, Baron U.K.
1960 Luthuli, Albert John South Africa
1961 Hammarskjöld, Dag Sweden
1962 Pauling, Linus U.S.
1963 International Committee of the Red Cross (founded 1863)
League of Red Cross Societies (founded 1919)
1964 King, Martin Luther, Jr. U.S.
1965 United Nations Children’s Fund (founded 1946)
1968 Cassin, René France
1969 International Labour Organisation (founded 1919)
1970 Borlaug, Norman Ernest U.S.
1971 Brandt, Willy West Germany
1973 Kissinger, Henry U.S.
Le Duc Tho (declined) North Vietnam
1974 MacBride, Seán Ireland
Sato Eisaku Japan
1975 Sakharov, Andrey Dmitriyevich U.S.S.R.
1976 Corrigan, Mairéad Northern Ireland
Williams, Betty Northern Ireland
1977 Amnesty International (founded 1961)
1978 Begin, Menachem Israel
Sadat, Anwar el- Egypt
1979 Teresa, Mother India
1980 Pérez Esquivel, Adolfo Argentina
1981 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Office of the (founded 1951)
1982 García Robles, Alfonso Mexico
Myrdal, Alva Sweden
1983 Walesa, Lech Poland
1984 Tutu, Desmond South Africa
1985 International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (founded 1980)
1986 Wiesel, Elie U.S.
1987 Arias Sánchez, Oscar Costa Rica
1988 United Nations Peacekeeping Forces
1989 Dalai Lama Tibet
1990 Gorbachev, Mikhail U.S.S.R.
1991 Aung San Suu Kyi Myanmar
1992 Menchú, Rigoberta Guatemala
1993 de Klerk, F.W. South Africa
Mandela, Nelson South Africa
1994 ’Arafat, Yasir Palestinian
Peres, Shimon Israel
Rabin, Yitzhak Israel
1995 Pugwash Conferences (founded 1957)
Rotblat, Joseph U.K.
1996 Belo, Carlos Filipe Ximenes East Timor
Ramos-Horta, José East Timor
1997 International Campaign to Ban Landmines (founded 1992)
Williams, Jody U.S.
1998 Hume, John Northern Ireland
Trimble, David Northern Ireland
1999 Doctors Without Borders (founded 1971)
2000 Kim Dae Jung South Korea
2001 United Nations (founded 1945)
Annan, Kofi Ghana
2002 Carter, Jimmy U.S.
2003 Ebadi, Shirin Iran
2004 Maathai, Wangari Kenya
2005 ElBaradei, Mohamed Egypt
International Atomic Energy Agency (founded 1957)
2006 Grameen Bank (founded 1976)
Yunus, Muhammad Bangladesh
2007 Gore, Al U.S.
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (founded 1988)
2008 Ahtisaari, Martti Finland
2009 Obama, Barack U.S.
2010 Liu Xiaobo China
2011 Gbowee, Leymah Liberia
Johnson Sirleaf, Ellen Liberia
Karmān, Tawakkul Yemen
2012 European Union (founded 1993)
*Nationality given is the citizenship of recipient at the time award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not
awarded in years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g., World Wars I and
II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a decision.
PHYSICSThe table provides a chronological list of recipients of the Nobel Prize for Physics.
Nobel Prize winners by category (physics)year name country* achievement
1901Röntgen, Wilhelm
ConradGermany discovery of X-rays
1902Lorentz, Hendrik
AntoonNetherlands investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation
Zeeman, Pieter Netherlands investigation of the influence of magnetism on radiation
1903 Becquerel, Henri France discovery of spontaneous radioactivity
Curie, Marie France investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel
Curie, Pierre France investigations of radiation phenomena discovered by Becquerel
1904
Rayleigh (of Terling
Place), John William
Strutt, 3rd Baron
U.K. discovery of argon
1905 Lenard, Philipp Germany research on cathode rays
1906 Thomson, Sir J.J. U.K. researches into electrical conductivity of gases
1907 Michelson, A.A. U.S. spectroscopic and metrological investigations
1908 Lippmann, Gabriel France photographic reproduction of colours
1909 Braun, Ferdinand Germany development of wireless telegraphy
Marconi, Guglielmo Italy development of wireless telegraphy
1910Waals, Johannes
Diederik van derNetherlands research concerning the equation of state of gases and liquids
1911 Wien, Wilhelm Germany discoveries regarding laws governing heat radiation
1912 Dalén, Nils Swedeninvention of automatic regulators for lighting coastal beacons
and light buoys
1913Kamerlingh Onnes,
HeikeNetherlands
investigation into the properties of matter at low temperatures;
production of liquid helium
1914 Laue, Max von Germany discovery of diffraction of X-rays by crystals
1915 Bragg, Sir Lawrence U.K. analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays
Bragg, Sir William U.K. analysis of crystal structure by means of X-rays
1917Barkla, Charles
GloverU.K. discovery of characteristic X-radiation of elements
1918 Planck, Max Germany discovery of the elemental quanta
1919 Stark, Johannes Germanydiscovery of the Doppler effect in positive ion rays and
division of spectral lines in an electric field
1920Guillaume, Charles
ÉdouardSwitzerland discovery of anomalies in alloys
1921 Einstein, Albert Switzerland work in theoretical physics
1922 Bohr, Niels Denmark investigation of atomic structure and radiation
1923 Millikan, Robert U.S. work on elementary electric charge and the photoelectric effect
Andrews
1924Siegbahn, Karl
Manne GeorgSweden work in X-ray spectroscopy
1925 Franck, James Germanydiscovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon
an atom
Hertz, Gustav Germanydiscovery of the laws governing the impact of an electron upon
an atom
1926 Perrin, Jean France work on the discontinuous structure of matter
1927Compton, Arthur
HollyU.S. discovery of wavelength change in diffused X-rays
Wilson, C.T.R. U.K.method of making visible the paths of electrically charged
particles
1928Richardson, Sir Owen
WillansU.K. work on electron emission by hot metals
1929Broglie, Louis-Victor,
7 e duc (duke) de France discovery of the wave nature of electrons
1930
Raman, Sir
Chandrasekhara
Venkata
India work on light diffusion; discovery of the Raman effect
1932 Heisenberg, Werner Germany creation of quantum mechanics
1933 Dirac, P.A.M. U.K. introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanics
Schrödinger, Erwin Austria introduction of wave equations in quantum mechanics
1935 Chadwick, Sir James U.K. discovery of the neutron
1936 Anderson, Carl David U.S. discovery of the positron
Hess, Victor Francis Austria discovery of cosmic radiation
1937 Davisson, Clinton U.S. experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in
Joseph crystals irradiated by electrons
Thomson, Sir George
PagetU.K.
experimental demonstration of the interference phenomenon in
crystals irradiated by electrons
1938 Fermi, Enrico Italydisclosure of artificial radioactive elements produced by
neutron irradiation
1939Lawrence, Ernest
OrlandoU.S. invention of the cyclotron
1943 Stern, Otto U.S. discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton
1944 Rabi, Isidor Isaac U.S.resonance method for registration of various properties of
atomic nuclei
1945 Pauli, Wolfgang Austria discovery of the exclusion principle of electrons
1946Bridgman, Percy
WilliamsU.S. discoveries in the domain of high-pressure physics
1947Appleton, Sir Edward
VictorU.K. discovery of the Appleton layer in the upper atmosphere
1948 Blackett, Patrick M.S. U.K.discoveries in the domain of nuclear physics and cosmic
radiation
1949 Yukawa Hideki Japan prediction of the existence of mesons
1950 Powell, Cecil Frank U.K.photographic method of studying nuclear processes;
discoveries concerning mesons
1951Cockcroft, Sir John
DouglasU.K. work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles
Walton, Ernest
Thomas SintonIreland work on transmutation of atomic nuclei by accelerated particles
1952 Bloch, Felix U.S. discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids
Purcell, E.M. U.S. discovery of nuclear magnetic resonance in solids
1953 Zernike, Frits Netherlands method of phase-contrast microscopy
1954 Born, Max U.K. statistical studies of atomic wave functions
Bothe, Walther West Germany invention of the coincidence method
1955 Kusch, Polykarp U.S. measurement of the magnetic moment of the electron
Lamb, Willis Eugene,
Jr.U.S. discoveries in the hydrogen spectrum
1956 Bardeen, John U.S.investigations on semiconductors and invention of the
transistor
Brattain, Walter H. U.S.investigations on semiconductors and invention of the
transistor
Shockley, William B. U.S.investigations on semiconductors and invention of the
transistor
1957 Lee, Tsung-Dao China discovery of violations of the principle of parity
Yang, Chen Ning China discovery of violations of the principle of parity
1958Cherenkov, Pavel
AlekseyevichU.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect
Frank, Ilya
MikhaylovichU.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect
Tamm, Igor
YevgenyevichU.S.S.R. discovery and interpretation of the Cherenkov effect
1959 Chamberlain, Owen U.S. confirmation of the existence of the antiproton
Segrè, Emilio U.S. confirmation of the existence of the antiproton
1960 Glaser, Donald A. U.S. development of the bubble chamber
1961 Hofstadter, Robert U.S. determination of the shape and size of atomic nucleons
Mössbauer, Rudolf West Germany discovery of the Mössbauer effect
Ludwig
1962Landau, Lev
DavidovichU.S.S.R.
contributions to the understanding of condensed states of
matter
1963 Jensen, J. Hans D. West Germanydevelopment of the shell model theory of the structure of
atomic nuclei
Mayer, Maria
GoeppertU.S.
development of the shell model theory of the structure of
atomic nuclei
Wigner, Eugene Paul U.S.principles governing interaction of protons and neutrons in the
nucleus
1964Basov, Nikolay
GennadiyevichU.S.S.R.
work in quantum electronics leading to construction of
instruments based on maser-laser principles
Prokhorov, Aleksandr
MikhaylovichU.S.S.R.
work in quantum electronics leading to construction of
instruments based on maser-laser principles
Townes, Charles Hard U.S.work in quantum electronics leading to construction of
instruments based on maser-laser principles
1965 Feynman, Richard P. U.S. basic principles of quantum electrodynamics
Schwinger, Julian
SeymourU.S. basic principles of quantum electrodynamics
Tomonaga
Shin’ichiroJapan basic principles of quantum electrodynamics
1966 Kastler, Alfred Francediscovery of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances
in atoms
1967 Bethe, Hans Albrecht U.S. discoveries concerning the energy production of stars
1968 Alvarez, Luis W. U.S. work with elementary particles, discovery of resonance states
1969 Gell-Mann, Murray U.S. classification of elementary particles and their interactions
1970 Alfvén, Hannes Sweden work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and
ferrimagnetism
Néel, Louis-Eugène-
FélixFrance
work in magnetohydrodynamics and in antiferromagnetism and
ferrimagnetism
1971 Gabor, Dennis U.K. invention of holography
1972 Bardeen, John U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity
Cooper, Leon N. U.S. development of the theory of superconductivity
Schrieffer, John
RobertU.S. development of the theory of superconductivity
1973 Esaki, Leo Japan tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors
Giaever, Ivar U.S. tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors
Josephson, Brian D. U.K. tunneling in semiconductors and superconductors
1974 Hewish, Antony U.K. work in radio astronomy
Ryle, Sir Martin U.K. work in radio astronomy
1975 Bohr, Aage N. Denmarkwork on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear
fusion
Mottelson, Ben R. Denmarkwork on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear
fusion
Rainwater, James U.S.work on the atomic nucleus that paved the way for nuclear
fusion
1976 Richter, Burton U.S. discovery of a new class of elementary particles (psi, or J)
Ting, Samuel C.C. U.S. discovery of a new class of elementary particles (psi, or J)
1977 Anderson, Philip W. U.S.contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in
magnetic, noncrystalline solids
Mott, Sir Nevill F. U.K.contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in
magnetic, noncrystalline solids
Van Vleck, John H. U.S.contributions to understanding the behaviour of electrons in
magnetic, noncrystalline solids
1978Kapitsa, Pyotr
LeonidovichU.S.S.R. invention and application of a helium liquefier
Penzias, Arno U.S.discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation,
providing support for the big-bang theory
Wilson, Robert
WoodrowU.S.
discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation,
providing support for the big-bang theory
1979Glashow, Sheldon
LeeU.S.
unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of
subatomic particles
Salam, Abdus Pakistanunification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of
subatomic particles
Weinberg, Steven U.S.unification of electromagnetism and the weak interactions of
subatomic particles
1980Cronin, James
WatsonU.S.
demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-
conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries
Fitch, Val Logsdon U.S.demonstration of simultaneous violation of both charge-
conjugation and parity-inversion symmetries
1981Bloembergen,
NicolaasU.S. applications of lasers in spectroscopy
Schawlow, Arthur
LeonardU.S. applications of lasers in spectroscopy
Siegbahn, Kai Manne
BörjeSweden electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis
1982Wilson, Kenneth
GeddesU.S. analysis of continuous phase transitions
1983 Chandrasekhar, U.S. contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of
Subrahmanyan stars
Fowler, William A. U.S.contributions to understanding the evolution and devolution of
stars
1984 Meer, Simon van der Netherlandsdiscovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the
electroweak theory
Rubbia, Carlo Italydiscovery of subatomic particles W and Z, which supports the
electroweak theory
1985 Klitzing, Klaus von West Germanydiscovery of the quantized Hall effect, permitting exact
measurements of electrical resistance
1986 Binnig, Gerd West Germany development of electron microscopes
Rohrer, Heinrich Switzerland development of electron microscopes
Ruska, Ernst West Germany development of electron microscopes
1987 Bednorz, J. Georg West Germany discovery of new superconducting materials
Müller, Karl Alex Switzerland discovery of new superconducting materials
1988 Lederman, Leon Max U.S. research in subatomic particles
Schwartz, Melvin U.S. research in subatomic particles
Steinberger, Jack U.S. research in subatomic particles
1989 Dehmelt, Hans Georg U.S.development of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic
particles for study
Paul, Wolfgang West Germanydevelopment of methods to isolate atoms and subatomic
particles for study
Ramsey, Norman
FosterU.S. development of the atomic clock
1990Friedman, Jerome
IsaacU.S. discovery of quarks
Kendall, Henry Way U.S. discovery of quarks
Taylor, Richard E. Canada discovery of quarks
1991Gennes, Pierre-Gilles
deFrance discovery of general rules for behaviour of molecules
1992 Charpak, Georges France invention of a detector that traces subatomic particles
1993 Hulse, Russell Alan U.S. identifying binary pulsars
Taylor, Joseph H., Jr. U.S. identifying binary pulsars
1994Brockhouse, Bertram
N.Canada development of neutron-scattering techniques
Shull, Clifford G. U.S. development of neutron-scattering techniques
1995 Perl, Martin Lewis U.S. discovery of the tau subatomic particle
Reines, Frederick U.S. discovery of the neutrino
1996 Lee, David M. U.S. discovery of superfluidity in the isotope helium-3
Osheroff, Douglas D. U.S. discovery of superfluidity in the isotope helium-3
Richardson, Robert C. U.S. discovery of superfluidity in the isotope helium-3
1997 Chu, Steven U.S. process of trapping atoms with laser cooling
Cohen-Tannoudji,
ClaudeFrance process of trapping atoms with laser cooling
Phillips, William D. U.S. process of trapping atoms with laser cooling
1998 Laughlin, Robert B. U.S. discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect
Störmer, Horst L. U.S. discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect
Tsui, Daniel C. U.S. discovery of the fractional quantum Hall effect
1999 Hooft, Gerardus ’t Netherlands study of the quantum structure of electroweak interactions
Veltman, Martinus Netherlands study of the quantum structure of electroweak interactions
J.G.
2000 Alferov, Zhores I. Russia development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics
Kilby, Jack S. U.S. development of the integrated circuit (microchip)
Kroemer, Herbert Germany development of fast semiconductors for use in microelectronics
2001 Cornell, Eric A. U.S.
achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of
alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the
condensates
Ketterle, Wolfgang Germany
achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of
alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the
condensates
Wieman, Carl E. U.S.
achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of
alkali atoms; early fundamental studies of the properties of the
condensates
2002 Davis, Raymond, Jr. U.S. detection of neutrinos
Giacconi, Riccardo U.S. seminal discoveries of cosmic sources of X-rays
Koshiba Masatoshi Japan detection of neutrinos
2003 Abrikosov, Alexei A. U.S.discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at
very low temperatures
Ginzburg, Vitaly L. Russiadiscoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at
very low temperatures
Leggett, Anthony J. U.S.discoveries regarding superconductivity and superfluidity at
very low temperatures
2004 Gross, David J. U.S.discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong
interaction
Politzer, H. David U.S.discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong
interaction
Wilczek, Frank U.S.discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong
interaction
2005 Glauber, Roy J. U.S. contributions to the field of optics
Hall, John L. U.S. contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy
Hänsch, Theodor W. Germany contributions to the development of laser spectroscopy
2006 Mather, John C. U.S.discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic
microwave background radiation
Smoot, George F. U.S.discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic
microwave background radiation
2007 Fert, Albert France discovery of giant magnetoresistance
Grünberg, Peter Germany discovery of giant magnetoresistance
2008 Kobayashi Makoto Japandiscovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts
the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature
Maskawa Toshihide Japandiscovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts
the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature
Nambu, Yoichiro U.S.discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry
in subatomic physics
2009 Boyle, Willard Canada/U.S. invention of the CCD sensor, an imaging semiconductor circuit
Kao, Charles U.K./U.S.achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibres for
optical communication
Smith, George E. U.S. invention of the CCD sensor, an imaging semiconductor circuit
2010 Geim, Andre Netherlands experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene
Novoselov,
KonstantinRussia/U.K. experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene
2011 Perlmutter, Saul U.S.discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through
observations of distant supernovae
Schmidt, Brian P.U.S./
Australia
discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through
observations of distant supernovae
Riess, Adam G. U.S.discovery of the accelerating expansion of the universe through
observations of distant supernovae
2012 Haroche, Serge Francedevelopment of methods that enable measuring and
manipulation of individual quantum systems
Wineland, David J. U.S.development of methods that enable measuring and
manipulation of individual quantum systems
*Nationality given is the citizenship of recipient at the time award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not
awarded in years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g., World Wars I and
II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a decision.
PHYSIOLOGY OR MEDICINEThe table provides a chronological list of recipients of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine.
Nobel Prize winners by category (physiology or medicine)year name country* achievement
1901 Behring, Emil von Germany work on serum therapy
1902 Ross, Sir Ronald U.K. discovery of how malaria enters an organism
1903 Finsen, Niels Ryberg Denmark treatment of skin diseases with light
1904 Pavlov, Ivan Petrovich Russia work on the physiology of digestion
1905 Koch, Robert Germany tuberculosis research
1906 Golgi, Camillo Italy work on the structure of the nervous system
1906 Ramón y Cajal, Santiago Spain work on the structure of the nervous system
1907 Laveran, Alphonse France discovery of the role of protozoans in diseases
1908 Ehrlich, Paul Germany work on immunity
1908 Metchnikoff, Élie Russia work on immunity
1909 Kocher, Emil Theodor Switzerlandphysiology, pathology, and surgery of the thyroid
gland
1910 Kossel, Albrecht Germany researches in cellular chemistry
1911 Gullstrand, Allvar Sweden work on dioptrics of the eye
1912 Carrel, Alexis France work on vascular suture; transplantation of organs
1913 Richet, Charles France work on anaphylaxis
1914 Bárány, RobertAustria-
Hungarywork on vestibular apparatus
1919 Bordet, Jules Belgium work on immunity factors in blood serum
1920 Krogh, August Denmarkdiscovery of the capillary motor-regulating
mechanism
1922 Hill, A.V. U.K. discoveries concerning heat production in muscles
Meyerhof, Otto Germany work on metabolism of lactic acid in muscles
1923 Banting, Sir Frederick Grant Canada discovery of insulin
Macleod, J.J.R. U.K. discovery of insulin
1924 Einthoven, WillemThe
Netherlandsdiscovery of electrocardiogram mechanism
1926 Fibiger, Johannes Denmark contributions to cancer research
1927 Wagner-Jauregg, Julius Austria work on malaria inoculation in dementia paralytica
1928 Nicolle, Charles-Jules-Henri France work on typhus
1929 Eijkman, ChristiaanThe
Netherlandsdiscovery of the antineuritic vitamin
Hopkins, Sir Frederick Gowland U.K. discovery of growth-stimulating vitamins
1930 Landsteiner, Karl U.S. discovery of human blood groups
1931 Warburg, Otto Germany discovery of the nature and action of the
respiratory enzyme
1932Adrian (of Cambridge), Edgar
Douglas Adrian, 1st BaronU.K. discoveries regarding function of neurons
Sherrington, Sir Charles Scott U.K. discoveries regarding function of neurons
1933 Morgan, Thomas Hunt U.S. heredity transmission functions of chromosomes
1934 Minot, George Richards U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia
Murphy, William P. U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia
Whipple, George H. U.S. discoveries concerning liver treatment for anemia
1935 Spemann, Hans Germany organizer effect in embryos
1936 Dale, Sir Henry U.K. work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses
Loewi, Otto Germany work on chemical transmission of nerve impulses
1937 Szent-Györgyi, Albert Hungary work on biological combustion
1938 Heymans, Corneille Belgiumdiscovery of the role of sinus and aortic
mechanisms in respiration regulation
1939 Domagk, Gerhard (declined) Germany antibacterial effect of Prontosil
1943 Dam, Henrik Denmark discovery of vitamin K
Doisy, Edward Adelbert U.S. discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K
1944 Erlanger, Joseph U.S.researches on differentiated functions of nerve
fibres
Gasser, Herbert Spencer U.S.researches on differentiated functions of nerve
fibres
1945 Chain, Sir Ernst Boris U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative value
Fleming, Sir Alexander U.K. discovery of penicillin and its curative value
Florey, Howard Walter Florey,
BaronAustralia discovery of penicillin and its curative value
1946 Muller, Hermann Joseph U.S. production of mutations by X-radiation
1947 Cori, Carl and Gerty U.S.discovery of how glycogen is catalytically
converted
Houssay, Bernardo Alberto Argentina pituitary hormone function in sugar metabolism
1948 Müller, Paul Hermann Switzerland properties of DDT
1949 Egas Moniz, António Portugal therapeutic value of leucotomy in psychoses
Hess, Walter Rudolf Switzerland discovery of functions of the interbrain
1950 Hench, Philip Showalter U.S.research on adrenal cortex hormones, their
structure and biological effects
Kendall, Edward Calvin U.S.research on adrenal cortex hormones, their
structure and biological effects
Reichstein, Tadeus Switzerlandresearch on adrenal cortex hormones, their
structure and biological effects
1951 Theiler, Max South Africa yellow fever discoveries
1952 Waksman, Selman Abraham U.S. discovery of streptomycin
1953 Krebs, Sir Hans Adolf U.K.discovery of the citric acid cycle in metabolism of
carbohydrates
Lipmann, Fritz Albert U.S.discovery of coenzyme A in metabolism of
carbohydrates
1954 Enders, John Franklin U.S.cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue
cultures
Robbins, Frederick Chapman U.S.cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue
cultures
Weller, Thomas H. U.S.cultivation of the poliomyelitis virus in tissue
cultures
1955 Theorell, Axel Hugo Teodor Sweden nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes
1956 Cournand, André F. U.S.discoveries concerning heart catheterization and
circulatory changes
Forssmann, Werner West Germanydiscoveries concerning heart catheterization and
circulatory changes
Richards, Dickinson Woodruff U.S.discoveries concerning heart catheterization and
circulatory changes
1957 Bovet, Daniel Italy production of synthetic curare
1958 Beadle, George Wells U.S. genetic regulation of chemical processes
Lederberg, Joshua U.S. genetic recombination
Tatum, Edward L. U.S. genetic regulation of chemical processes
1959 Kornberg, Arthur U.S. work on producing nucleic acids artificially
Ochoa, Severo U.S. work on producing nucleic acids artificially
1960 Burnet, Sir Macfarlane Australia acquired immunity to tissue transplants
Medawar, Sir Peter B. U.K. acquired immunity to tissue transplants
1961 Békésy, Georg von U.S. functions of the inner ear
1962 Crick, Francis Harry Compton U.K.discoveries concerning the molecular structure of
DNA
Watson, James Dewey U.S.discoveries concerning the molecular structure of
DNA
Wilkins, Maurice U.K.discoveries concerning the molecular structure of
DNA
1963 Eccles, Sir John Carew Australiastudy of the transmission of impulses along a
nerve fibre
Hodgkin, Sir Alan U.K.study of the transmission of impulses along a
nerve fibre
Huxley, Sir Andrew Fielding U.K.study of the transmission of impulses along a
nerve fibre
1964 Bloch, Konrad U.S.discoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty acid
metabolism
Lynen, Feodor West Germanydiscoveries concerning cholesterol and fatty acid
metabolism
1965 Jacob, François Francediscoveries concerning regulatory activities of
body cells
Lwoff, André Francediscoveries concerning regulatory activities of
body cells
Monod, Jacques Francediscoveries concerning regulatory activities of
body cells
1966 Huggins, Charles B. U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancer
Rous, Peyton U.S. research on causes and treatment of cancer
1967 Granit, Ragnar Arthur Swedendiscoveries about chemical and physiological
visual processes in the eye
Hartline, Haldan Keffer U.S.discoveries about chemical and physiological
visual processes in the eye
Wald, George U.S.discoveries about chemical and physiological
visual processes in the eye
1968 Holley, Robert William U.S. deciphering the genetic code
Khorana, Har Gobind U.S. deciphering the genetic code
Nirenberg, Marshall Warren U.S. deciphering the genetic code
1969 Delbrück, Max U.S.research and discoveries concerning viruses and
viral diseases
Hershey, A.D. U.S. research and discoveries concerning viruses and
viral diseases
Luria, Salvador U.S.research and discoveries concerning viruses and
viral diseases
1970 Axelrod, Julius U.S.discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve
impulse transmission
Euler, Ulf von Swedendiscoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve
impulse transmission
Katz, Sir Bernard U.K.discoveries concerning the chemistry of nerve
impulse transmission
1971 Sutherland, Earl W., Jr. U.S. action of hormones
1972 Edelman, Gerald Maurice U.S. research on the chemical structure of antibodies
Porter, Rodney Robert U.K. research on the chemical structure of antibodies
1973 Frisch, Karl von Austria discoveries in animal behaviour patterns
Lorenz, Konrad Austria discoveries in animal behaviour patterns
Tinbergen, Nikolaas U.K. discoveries in animal behaviour patterns
1974 Claude, Albert U.S.research on structural and functional organization
of cells
Duve, Christian René de Belgiumresearch on structural and functional organization
of cells
Palade, George E. U.S.research on structural and functional organization
of cells
1975 Baltimore, David U.S.interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic
material of the cell
Dulbecco, Renato U.S.interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic
material of the cell
Temin, Howard Martin U.S. interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic
material of the cell
1976 Blumberg, Baruch S. U.S.studies of the origin and spread of infectious
diseases
Gajdusek, D. Carleton U.S.studies of the origin and spread of infectious
diseases
1977 Guillemin, Roger Charles Louis U.S. research on pituitary hormones
Schally, Andrew Victor U.S. research on pituitary hormones
Yalow, Rosalyn S. U.S. development of radioimmunoassay
1978 Arber, Werner Switzerlanddiscovery and application of enzymes that
fragment DNA
Nathans, Daniel U.S.discovery and application of enzymes that
fragment DNA
Smith, Hamilton Othanel U.S.discovery and application of enzymes that
fragment DNA
1979 Cormack, Allan MacLeod U.S. development of the CAT scan
Hounsfield, Sir Godfrey Newbold U.K. development of the CAT scan
1980 Benacerraf, Baruj U.S.investigations of genetic control of the response of
the immune system to foreign substances
Dausset, Jean-Baptiste-Gabriel-
JoachimFrance
investigations of genetic control of the response of
the immune system to foreign substances
Snell, George Davis U.S.investigations of genetic control of the response of
the immune system to foreign substances
1981 Hubel, David Hunter U.S. processing of visual information by the brain
Sperry, Roger Wolcott U.S. functions of the cerebral hemispheres
Wiesel, Torsten Nils Sweden processing of visual information by the brain
1982 Bergström, Sune K. Sweden biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins
Samuelsson, Bengt Ingemar Sweden biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins
Vane, John Robert U.K. biochemistry and physiology of prostaglandins
1983 McClintock, Barbara U.S.discovery of mobile plant genes that affect
heredity
1984 Jerne, Niels K. U.K.-Denmarktheory and development of a technique for
producing monoclonal antibodies
Köhler, Georges J.F. West Germanytheory and development of a technique for
producing monoclonal antibodies
Milstein, César Argentinatheory and development of a technique for
producing monoclonal antibodies
1985 Brown, Michael S. U.S.discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol
metabolism
Goldstein, Joseph L. U.S.discovery of cell receptors relating to cholesterol
metabolism
1986 Cohen, Stanley U.S.discovery of chemical agents that help regulate the
growth of cells
Levi-Montalcini, Rita Italydiscovery of chemical agents that help regulate the
growth of cells
1987 Tonegawa Susumu Japan study of genetic aspects of antibodies
1988 Black, Sir James U.K.development of new classes of drugs for
combating disease
Elion, Gertrude Belle U.S.development of new classes of drugs for
combating disease
Hitchings, George Herbert U.S.development of new classes of drugs for
combating disease
1989 Bishop, J. Michael U.S. study of cancer-causing genes (oncogenes)
Varmus, Harold U.S. study of cancer-causing genes (oncogenes)
1990 Murray, Joseph E. U.S.development of kidney and bone marrow
transplants
Thomas, E. Donnall U.S.development of kidney and bone marrow
transplants
1991 Neher, Erwin Germanydiscovery of how cells communicate, as related to
diseases
Sakmann, Bert Germanydiscovery of how cells communicate, as related to
diseases
1992 Fischer, Edmond H. U.S.discovery of the class of enzymes called protein
kinases
Krebs, Edwin Gerhard U.S.discovery of the class of enzymes called protein
kinases
1993 Roberts, Richard J. U.K.discovery of "split," or interrupted, genetic
structure
Sharp, Phillip A. U.S.discovery of "split," or interrupted, genetic
structure
1994 Gilman, Alfred G. U.S. discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins
Rodbell, Martin U.S. discovery of cell signalers called G-proteins
1995 Lewis, Edward B. U.S.identification of genes that control the body’s early
structural development
Nüsslein-Volhard, Christiane Germanyidentification of genes that control the body’s early
structural development
Wieschaus, Eric F. U.S.identification of genes that control the body’s early
structural development
1996 Doherty, Peter C. Australiadiscovery of how the immune system recognizes
virus-infected cells
Zinkernagel, Rolf M. Switzerlanddiscovery of how the immune system recognizes
virus-infected cells
1997 Prusiner, Stanley B. U.S.discovery of the prion, a type of disease-causing
protein
1998 Furchgott, Robert F. U.S.discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling
molecule in the cardiovascular system
Ignarro, Louis J. U.S.discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling
molecule in the cardiovascular system
Murad, Ferid U.S.discovery that nitric oxide (NO) acts as a signaling
molecule in the cardiovascular system
1999 Blobel, Günter U.S.discovery that proteins have signals governing
cellular organization
2000 Carlsson, Arvid Swedendiscovery of how signals are transmitted between
nerve cells in the brain
Greengard, Paul U.S.discovery of how signals are transmitted between
nerve cells in the brain
Kandel, Eric U.S.discovery of how signals are transmitted between
nerve cells in the brain
2001 Hartwell, Leland H. U.S. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle
Hunt, R. Timothy U.K. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle
Nurse, Sir Paul M. U.K. discovery of key regulators of the cell cycle
2002 Brenner, Sydney U.K.
discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ
development and programmed cell death
(apoptosis)
Horvitz, H. Robert U.S.
discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ
development and programmed cell death
(apoptosis)
Sulston, John E. U.K.
discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ
development and programmed cell death
(apoptosis)
2003 Lauterbur, Paul U.S.development of magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI)
Mansfield, Sir Peter U.K.development of magnetic resonance imaging
(MRI)
2004 Axel, Richard U.S.discovery of odorant receptors and the
organization of the olfactory system
Buck, Linda B. U.S.discovery of odorant receptors and the
organization of the olfactory system
2005 Marshall, Barry J. Australia discovery of bacteria’s role in peptic ulcer disease
Warren, J. Robin Australia discovery of bacteria’s role in peptic ulcer disease
2006 Fire, Andrew Z. U.S.discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by
double-stranded RNA
Mello, Craig C. U.S.discovery of RNA interference—gene silencing by
double-stranded RNA
2007 Capecchi, Mario R. U.S.
discovery of principles for introducing specific
gene modifications in mice by the use of
embryonic stem cells
Evans, Sir Martin J. U.K.
discovery of principles for introducing specific
gene modifications in mice by the use of
embryonic stem cells
Smithies, Oliver U.S. discovery of principles for introducing specific
gene modifications in mice by the use of
embryonic stem cells
2008 Barré-Sinoussi, Françoise France discovery of human immunodeficiency virus
Montagnier, Luc France discovery of human immunodeficiency virus
zur Hausen, Harald Germanydiscovery of human papilloma viruses causing
cervical cancer
2009 Blackburn, Elizabeth H. U.S.discovery of how chromosomes are protected by
telomeres and the enzyme telomerase
Greider, Carol W. U.S.discovery of how chromosomes are protected by
telomeres and the enzyme telomerase
Szostak, Jack W. U.S.discovery of how chromosomes are protected by
telomeres and the enzyme telomerase
2010 Edwards, Robert U.K. development of in vitro fertilization
2011 Beutler, Bruce A. U.S.discoveries concerning the activation of innate
immunity
Hoffmann, Jules A.Luxembourg/
France
discoveries concerning the activation of innate
immunity
Steinman, Ralph M. Canadadiscovery of the dendritic cell and its role in
adaptive immunity
2012 Gurdon, Sir John Bertrand U.K.discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed
to become pluripotent
Yamanaka, Shinya Japandiscovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed
to become pluripotent
*Nationality given is the citizenship of recipient at the time award was made. Prizes may be withheld or not
awarded in years when no worthy recipient can be found or when the world situation (e.g., World Wars I and
II) prevents the gathering of information needed to reach a decision.
top related