network chapter2 - network component
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Lesson 2:Network Components
This is the subtitle
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Objectives At the end of this session, you will be able to:
Understand the types of signal transmissiontechniques.
Distinguish between the different types of
cabling employed in a computer network.
List the characteristics and types of coaxial
cables. Configure the network adapter card
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Objectives(contd)
List the characteristics and types of twistedpair
List the characteristics of fiber-optic cables. Specify the type of cabling required for a
particular computer network.
List the types of wireless computernetworks.
Explain the requirement for a networkadapter card.
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Medium
Is the network component over which themessage is transmitted
Determines how fast is the network Determines the speed at which the network
works
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Network Cabling
Depending upon the cable most networks
are classified into: Coaxial
Twisted pair
Fiber-optics
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Coaxial Cables
Are the most popular network cable
Are inexpensive, light and flexible
Have a conducting wiresurrounded by Insulation
A braided metal shieldingthat:
acts as a shield
protects the core from crosstalk An outer covering that:
Are resistance to interference and attenuation
C i l bl h i i
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Coaxial cable showing variouslayers
Outer shield
Insulation (PVC, Teflon)
Conducting coreCopper wire mesh oraluminum sleeve
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Attenuation causes signals to
deteriorate
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Coaxial Cables (contd.)
Are classified into two kinds
Thin coaxial cables
Also referred to as the thinnet Are flexible
Can be directly connected to the networkadapter
Can carry a signal for a distance of about185m
Have an impedance of about 50 ohms
Belong to RG-58 family of cables
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Close-up view of thinnet cable
showing where it connects to acomputer
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Coaxial Cables (contd.)
Thick coaxial cables Also referred to as the thicknet or standard
Ethernet
Are relatively rigid
Is also referred to as Thicknet
Support data over large distances
Can be used to connect several smaller
thinnet-based networks
Can be connected to a thinnet coaxial by theuse of transceiver
Attenuation causes signals to deteriorate
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Thicknet cable has a thicker core
than thinnet
Thicknet
Thinnet
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Coaxial Cables (contd.)
Are available in two grades
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)which is:
Used commonly Flexible
Inexpensive plastic used as insulation andcable jacketing
Plenum
Is certified to be fire resistant
Is more expensive than PVC
Is less flexible
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Plenum grade cabling is requiredby fire code in the plenum
Plenum grade cable
Plenumgrade cable
Polyvinylcholoride
Plenum grade cable
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British Naval Connections Are required by the coaxial cables to connect
the cable and the computer Have various components
BNC cable connector:
is either soldered or plugged BNC T connector:
joins the network interface card to the
network cable BNC barrel connector:
joins two separate thinnet cables
BNC terminator:
closes each end of the terminal
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BNC cable connector
BNC cable connector
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BNC T connector
BNC T connector
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BNC barrel connector
BNC barrel connector
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BNC terminator
BNC terminatorGround lead
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Twisted-Pair Cables
Use two stranded wires that are twistedtogether
Are grouped together to form a cable
Are categorized on the bases of qualitygrading
Category 1
Refers to telephone cable
Can carry voice but not data
Category 2
Has four twisted pairs
Can carry data upto the rate of 4Mbps
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Twisted-Pair Cables (contd.)
Category 3
Has four twisted pairs
Can transmit data up to the rate of 10 Mbps
Category 4
Has four twisted pairs
Is certified for data transmission upto 16 Mbps
Category 5
Has four twisted pairs
Is certified for data transmission upto 100Mbps
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Twisted-Pair Cables (contd.)
Are of two kinds
Unshielded twisted-pair (UTP) Shielded twisted-pair (STP)
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Unshielded twisted-pair and
shieldedtwisted-pair cables
Shielding
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Unshielded Twisted-Pair (UTP)
Is commonly used in LAN cabling
Is also used in telephone lines Has a maximum cable length segment of
100 m
Is susceptible to cross talk
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UTP cable
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Shielded Twisted-Pair
Uses a copper braid
Has a foil wrap between and around the wirepairs for insulation
Is less susceptible to crosstalk
Supports higher transmission rate
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STP cable
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Crosstalk occurs when signals
from one line mix into anotherline
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Connectors
Are used to connect computers
Are also called RJ connectors Are of different types
RJ-11
houses four cable connections RJ 45
houses eight cable connections
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RJ-45 connector and jack
Various twisted pair cabling
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Various twisted-pair cablingcomponents
Expandable patch
panels
Distribution rack
and shelves
Wall plates
Jack couplers
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Fiber-Optic Cable
Transmits light signals instead of electrical
signals
Has an inner core of glass or plastic that:
Conducts lights
Is surrounded by cladding which reflectslight back into the core
Is a more efficient medium than othersbecause of its
Bandwidth capacity that: is very high
can allow data rates from 100Mbps to 2Gbps
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Fiber-optic cable
Fiber-optic connector
Optical fiber (core) Glass cladding
Protective outer sheath(jacket)
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Fiber-Optic Cable (contd.)
Attenuation is much lesser than in acopper wire
can carry the signal over largedistances
Electro Magnetic Interface (EMI) is
very secure does not allow cross talk
Si l T i i
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Signal Transmission
Is the way data is transmitted across a media
Is classified into:
Analog signals
change continuously with time Are represented as a wave cycle
information represents all the values in a range
Digital signals
information exists in discrete states: ON or OFF, 1or0
change instantaneously
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Signal Transmission (contd.)
Two transmission techniques are used for the
transmission of analog and digital signals
Baseband transmission
Uses digital signaling over a single frequency Has devices that transmits bidirectionally
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Baseband transmission showing
bidirectional digital wave
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Broadband transmissionshowing unidirectional analog
wave
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Signal Transmission (contd.)
The two ways of providing data flow are:
Mid-split broadband Divides the bandwidth into two channels
one to transmit and other to receive the signal
Dual-cable broadband Has each of its devices attached to two cables
one to send and the other to receive the signal
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Wireless Network
Has no cables
Relies on earths atmosphere to act as thetransmission medium
Is classified into:
Local area networks
Extended local area networks
Mobile computing
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Wireless Local Area Network
Has the same topology as a cabled LAN Has wireless components which connect the
different parts of the network
Wireless computers communicate with thecabled network with the use of transceivers
Transmission techniques include:
Infrared
laser
Narrow-band(single frequency) radio
Spread spectrum radio
I f d d L T h i
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Infrared and Laser Techniques
Infrared Technique
Reflective network
requires all computers to direct alltransmissions to a common location
Broadband optical telepoint can handle high quality multimedia
requirements
provides broadband servicesLaser Technique
Employs laser technology
Requires a direct line of sight unlike infrarednetworks
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Narrow Band Radio Technique
Requires the transmitter and the receiver to
tune to a single frequencySpread Spectrum Radio
Uses the same frequency as narrow band
radio Uses several frequencies simultaneously
unlike narrow band radio
Point-to-Point Transmission
Technology transfers data from one computerto another
Is different from communication that takes
place on a network
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Mobile Computing (contd.)Transmission is possible through: Packet-radio communication
Cellular networks
Microwave systems
Packet-Radio Communication
Involves the breaking of the data unitscalled packets
Broadcasts the data packets afteruplinking them to a satellite
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MicrowaveSystem
Is very effective in connecting buildings thatinvolve short distance communication
Consists of :
Two radio transceivers to receive andtransmit the broadcast
Two directional antennas to establishcommunication of the signals broadcast bythe transceivers
Network Adapter card
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Network Adapter card Acts as an interface between the computer and the
network cable Manages the flow of network information to and
from the computer in which it resides
Converts the data in a form that can travel over anetwork cable
Communicates with the receiving card prior totransmitting data over the network to determine
the:Maximum size of the data packet
Time interval between sending data packets
Speed of data transmission
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Network Card Adapter (contd.)
Has the following configuration options:
Interrupt requests (IRQ)
Base I/O port address
Base memory address
Network Adapter Card Must have the appropriate
type of cable connector and match with thebus architecture to ensure compatibilitybetween the computer and the network
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Interrupt Request (IRQ)
Is a request for service sent by the devices to theCPU
Lines transmit requests from the devices to the
CPU Network adapter cards commonly use IRQ 5
Base I/O Port Address
Specifies a channel for data flow between eachhardware device
Is generally free for use with the following LANadapters:
280h 300h 320h 360h
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