nergy flow and population dynamics
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Energy Flow and Population Dynamics
● Standard: ○ (6.L.2.1) Summarize how energy derived from the sun isby
plants to produce sugars (photosynthesis) and is transferred within food chains and food webs (terrestrial and aquatic) from producers to consumers to decomposers.
○ (6.L.2.2) Explain how plants respond to external stimuli (including dormancy and forms of tropism) to enhance survival in an environment.
○ (6.L.2.3) Summarize how the abiotic factors (such as temperature, water, sunlight, and soil quality) of biomes (freshwater, marine, forest, grassland, desert, Tundra) affect the ability of organisms to grow, survive and/or create their own food through photosynthesis.
● Understandings: Students will understand the relationships
between the abiotic and biotic factors of a ecosystem. ○ Misconception:
■ Once the Energy Reaches the Top Predator in a Food Web, the Energy Must Stop Flowing.
● Essential Questions: What is the importance of both the abiotic
and biotic factors and their relationship with each other in order for life to exist on Earth?
● Vocabulary: Ecosystem, energy, food web, organism, energy
pyramid, food chain, producer, consumer, decomposer, predator, prey, host, parasite, symbiosis, scavenger, mutualism, cooperative, competitive, sun energy, photosynthetic, carnivore, herbivore, omnivore, commensalism, nutrients, community, decay, environment, nutrients, species.
● Students will be able to: Explain and interpret the different
aspects of an ecosystem, starting with photosynthesis, including the relationship between abiotic and biotic factors.
DAY 1 WARMUPACHIEVE 3000DAILY INTRODUCE PHOTOSYNESIS READ SELECTIONSHOW BRAINPOPPHOTOSYNES
Photosynthesis Scientific words can seem complex. If you read that plants make food using photosynthesis,
you might be confused by the term because it sounds so technical. Actually, it is easy to
guess the meaning of the word "photosynthesis." The first part, “photo,” refers to light. The
second part, “synthesis,” refers to making something. In this case, plants make a chemical
compound. Plants use photosynthesis to produce chemical compounds from light.
Almost every living thing on Earth gets its energy from the sun, either directly by photosynthesis or indirectly by eating plants or eating animals that eat plants.
What Is Photosynthesis? Photosynthesis is a series of complex chemical reactions. A plant takes in carbon dioxide
from the air and water from the soil and turns these into a sugar called glucose, releasing
oxygen and water as byproducts. A plant uses light energy to power these reactions.
The equation that follows represents a simplified version of what occurs during
photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 12H2O + energy (light) → C6H12O6 + 6O2+ 6H2O. As you can see,
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms are combined to make glucose. The extra oxygen and
water molecules are released into the environment.
Three Things Plants Need to Live Plants need three basic things to live: water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide. Plants breathe
carbon dioxide just like we breathe oxygen. When plants breathe carbon dioxide in, they
breathe out oxygen. Plants are the major source of oxygen on planet Earth and help keep us
alive.
We know now that plants use sunlight as energy, they get water from rain, and they get
carbon dioxide from breathing. The process of taking these three key ingredients and making
them into food is called photosynthesis.
How Do Plants Capture Sunlight? Plants capture sunlight using a compound called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is green, which is
why so many plants appear green. You might think at first that it's green because it wants to
absorb and use green light. However, from our study of light, we know that the color we see is
actually the color of light that is reflected. So chlorophyll actually reflects green light and
absorbs blue and red light.
What are plants? Plants are living organisms that cover much of the land of planet Earth. You see them
everywhere. They include grass, trees, flowers, bushes, ferns, mosses, and more. Plants are
members of the kingdom plantae.
Plant Cell Plant cells are composed of rigid cell walls made of cellulose, chloroplasts (which help with
photosynthesis), a nucleus, and large vacuoles filled with water.
DAY 2 DRAW PLANT CELLDISCUSS PARTS
Basic Structure of Plants
The three basic parts of most vascular plants
are the leaf, the stem, and the roots.
● Leaf The leaf is an organ of a plant that is specialized for photosynthesis. Leaves capture energy from sunlight as well as collect carbon dioxide from the air. Many leaves are flat and thin in order to catch as much sunlight as possible. However, leaves come in many different shapes including long skinny needles that are found on pine trees.
● ● Stem The stem is the main structure
that supports leaves and flowers. Stems have vascular tissues that move food and water around the plant to help it grow. Plants often store food in their stems.
● ● Roots The roots of a plant grow
underground. Roots help to keep the plant from falling over and gather water and minerals from the soil. Some plants store food in their roots. The two major types of roots are fibrous roots and taproots. Taproots tend to have one major root that grows very deep, while fibrous roots have many roots that grow in all directions.
DAY 3
Why Do Plants Need Sunlight? Plants are an essential part of most ecosystems on Earth. As producers, they are the base of
most food chains. Countless insects, animals, and people rely on green plants as a food
source. When we consume green plants, or animals that have eaten green plants, we take in
the energy stored in those plants so that we can use it ourselves.
So the question is, where do green plants get the energy they store in their tissues—the same
energy that is passed on to other organisms that eat the plants? Plants don’t have mouths to
eat food. They can’t chase prey like a wolf or a lion can. They are literally rooted to the
ground.
The solution is simple. Plants get their energy from the Sun. Like so many simple solutions,
however, this one involves a more complex explanation. In this case, the process begins
inside a tiny plant cell and grows from there.
Inside many plant cells, especially those in a plant’s leaves, is a substance known as
chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is green, and it is responsible for giving plants their color. Chlorophyll
is stored inside organelles called chloroplasts. When radiant energy from the Sun hits the
surface of a plant’s leaves, the chlorophyll absorbs some of the energy and converts it into a
type of chemical energy in the form of sugar. This process is called photosynthesis.
Through chemical reactions, photosynthesis uses the Sun’s radiant energy to convert water
and carbon dioxide into oxygen and glucose. Glucose is a type of simple sugar that living
things use as food. Plants take in water and carbon dioxide from their environments. For
example, a plant growing in a prairie will obtain carbon dioxide from the air around it. The
plant will then obtain water from rainfall, whether the rain water soaks into the soil and is
absorbed by roots or is caught on the plant’s leaves. A variety of factors can impact a plant’s
functions.
The chemical reactions that make up photosynthesis are divided into two phases. Light is
necessary for the first phase of photosynthesis, which is simply referred to as the light
dependent reaction or light reaction. This is when sunlight is absorbed and used to make
adenosine triphosphate (ATP), a chemical compound that stores energy. This reaction
releases oxygen into the air that people and animals need to live.
The next part of photosynthesis does not need light, and takes place in a part of the
chloroplast called the stroma. The lightindependent reaction or dark reaction is when the
chloroplast uses carbon dioxide and the ATP that was made during the light reaction to
produce glucose.
Plants need very basic things to perform photosynthesis—light, water, carbon dioxide, and
small amounts of other substances, such as phosphorus. What happens to a plant if one of
these is not available? You might have noticed that when it doesn’t rain for a long time, the
grass and other plants in people’s yards become yellow. That is because, without water,
photosynthesis cannot take place.
The same thing is true of light. Without light, plants cannot perform photosynthesis, and their
green color fades. If you have ever put a plant into a dark place, you might have observed this
effect.
It is interesting to note that in places with four seasons, leaves change color as the days
become shorter in autumn. With less sunlight available, the chlorophyll stops performing
photosynthesis. The leaves begin to lose their green color. Yellow and orange carotenoids
(the same chemicals that make carrots orange) that are already in the leaves begin to show
through. Some trees may also begin to produce a red substance called anthocyanin (which
gives the red color to strawberries and cranberries) as temperatures drop, adding to the
variety of fall colors.
Through photosynthesis, plants are able to turn carbon dioxide and water into glucose.
Where Does Photosynthesis Occur? Most photosynthesis is carried out in the plant’s leaves. The leaf is made up of cells.
Organelles inside the cells called chloroplasts contain a green pigment called chlorophyll.
Chlorophyll makes leaves green. The chlorophyll absorbs light energy that is used to
synthesize glucose. All of the reactions of photosynthesis take place inside the chloroplasts.
Photosynthesis occurs in the cells of plants within special organelles called chloroplasts.
Cellular Respiration The daily tasks of animals, such as walking, growing, reproducing, and eating, require energy.
Animals eat food to gain energy. Plants do not eat, but they use the process of
photosynthesis to convert the sun’s energy into a food source. Each cell in an organism
needs energy, but the energy must be in a usable form. Animals and plants both convert food
energy into usable forms during a process called cellular respiration.
All living things need energy to live.
Why Is Cellular Respiration Important? All organisms require the input of energy to complete their life cycles. Cellular respiration
supports all of the functions happening in your body by converting the energy in food to a form
of energy that your cells can use to perform their functions. Glucose and oxygen enter cells
through the cell membrane.
Reactants and Products of Cellular Respiration During respiration, glucose and oxygen react to form the products carbon dioxide, water, and
ATP. Cellular respiration releases energy stored in food. It also produces carbon dioxide and
water as waste products that exit the cell through the cell membrane.
What Is Cellular Respiration? Animals and plants both convert food energy into usable forms during cellular respiration.
Energy is stored in all chemical bonds, including those of foods. All sugars contain energy, but
cellular respiration uses glucose. The body converts foods into glucose, and glucose and
oxygen pass into the body's cells. Then processes in the cytoplasm extract the energy from
the atomic bonds in glucose. Enzymes break up the glucose molecules, releasing the energy.
This energy is later transferred into another kind of molecule called ATP, which supplies direct
energy to cells. The process of cellular respiration also produces carbon dioxide and water.
DAY 4AND DAY 5 STUDYGUIDE PHOTOSY.
Questions 1. Photosynthesis uses sunlight to produce sugar. What kind of energy transformation is
this?
A) light energy to chemical energy
B) mechanical energy to thermal energy
C) chemical energy to light energy
D) light energy to mechanical energy
2. Which substances are needed to make food in plants?
A) glucose and oxygen
B) oxygen and water
C) water and carbon dioxide
D) carbon dioxide and oxygen
3. Which of the following is provided directly by the sun to plants for photosynthesis?
A) oxygen
B) energy
C) carbon dioxide
D) glucose
4. Photosynthesis could not occur without which of the following?
A) glucose
B) sunlight
C) oxygen
D) ozone
5. During photosynthesis, producers convert energy from the sun into __________.
A) nuclear energy
B) electrical energy
C) mechanical energy
D) chemical energy
6. What is photosynthesis?
7. Where does photosynthesis occur?
8. Why is cellular respiration important?
9. Where does cellular respiration take place?
10. What are the reactants and products of cellular respiration?
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