nationalism triumphs in europe
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Nationalism Triumphs in Europe
Ch.22
Building a German Nation
Sec. 1
Otto von Bismarck• Who: Prime minister of Prussia • What: King William I made him Prime Minister, he
hoped to bring more power to the Hohenollerns (Prussian kings) by uniting Germ
• When: 1871• Where: Prussia, Germany• Why: used Realpolitik to create a powerful Prussian army –
starts wars w. nearby powers (Austria & France) to solidify Prussian power & bring Germanic ppls together he unites the Germanic states into large empire “2nd Reich” = Germany is largest, most powerful country in Europe
Chancellor
• Who: Otto Von Bismarck• What: the highest official of a monarch• When: 1862• Where: Prussia• Why: King William I made Bismarck Prime
minister = soon became this high official w. all the real leading power
Realpolitik• Who: Otto von Bismarck • What: real politics based on the needs of the state,
“Blood and Iron”• When: 1860s-1870s• Where: Prussia, Germany• Why: in this strategy power was more important than
principles; Bismarck used this policy of “Blood & Iron” (the blood of men in war & build up your industry) to unite G through war & make it into a powerful empire
Annex• Who: Bismarck, Prussians • What: take control of other land• When: 1866• Where: Prussia, north German states• Why: Bismarck dissolved the Austrian-led
German Confederation- went to war w. Austria – Prussia won = took north German states & made a new Prussian-led confederation = kicking Austria out
Kaiser
• Who William I• What: German title for Emperor• When: 1871• Where: Germany• Why: German people b.c of the victory over
France = convince William I to take this title when the German Confederation was united under one central power in the Second Reich (or Empire)
Reich• Who Germans, nationalists • What: German empire• When1871• Where Germany • Why: This united Germany into one central Empire;
Bismarck set up a two-house legislature; Bundesrat (upper house) appointed by rulers, Reichstag (lower house)- elected by universal male suffrage; Bundesrat could veto any decisions of the Reichstag= power remained w. Emperor
Germany Strengthens
Sec. 2
Kulturkampf• Who: Bismarck • What: “Battle for Civilization” between Catholics &
Lutherans• When: 1871-1878• Where: Germany• Why: Bismarck was a Lutheran, 1/3rd of Germany was
Catholic = he distrusted them = wanted them to put loyalty to the state instead of church = passed laws that gave the state the right to supervise Catholics = Catholics united agnst Bismarck = he tried to make peace w. them
William II• Who: German Kaiser, grandson of William I • What: succeeded William I, the 1st Kaiser;
confident ruler who believed his right to rule was from God
• When• Where• Why: (on the next slide..)
Why…
• shocked Europe by asking Bismarck to step down b.c. he wanted the pwr;
• resisted Democratic reforms but provided social welfare programs;
• Built up German military, the greatest in Europe (…WWI…)
• Expanded German navy• His nationalism & aggressive military stance =
increased tensions = WWI
Social Welfare
• Who: William II• What: programs to help certain groups of
people• When: 1888• Where: Germany• Why: William II’s gov’t provided services such as
cheap transportation & electricity; an excellent system of public schools taught students obedience to the Emperor
Unifying Italy
Sec. 3
Camillo Cavour• Who: Italian politician & unifier• What: watned to unify Italy under a monarchy, unified
Northern Italy• When: 1860s• Where: Italy• Why: He reformed Sardinia’s economy- improved agriculture,
built railroads, free trade; Long term goal: end Austrian control in Italy & annex Lombardy & Venetia (provinces near him); provoked war with Austria = independence = unified Northern Italy; joined with Garibaldi= one complete unified Italy
Giuseppe Garibaldi• Who: Italian nationalist • What: led “Red shirts” & wanted Italian unification
under a republic, unified Southern Italy• When: 1860s• Where: Italy• Why: led “Red Shirts” (army) in controlling Sicily
then joined Cavour’s forces & united Southern Italy= turned over S. Italy to Emmanuel (in the North) for one complete unified Italy
Anarchist• Who: Socialists, Anarchists• What: people who want to abolish all government• When: late 1800s• Where: Italy• Why: Left wing radicals were struggling agnst the
Conservative govt- eventually Anarchists emerged b.c. they believed the gov’t no longer was a functional system= they turned to sabotage & violence = eventually the govt extended suffrage to more men & improved social conditions
Emigration• Who: Italian peasants • What: to move away from your homeland, people
that leave to live in another country• When: 1900s• Where: Italy to US, Canada, Latin Am• Why: many Italians left & went to Americas
because of the divisions (poor vs rich) & political probs (Lib vs. Conserv.); by 1914, Italy was much better off than 1861 but still had probs
Russia: Reform and Reaction
Sec.5
Colossus
• Who: Russia• What: giant in size• When: 1800s- present• Where: Russia• Why: Russia was giant in size = Europeans
feared her autocratic govt & expansion; but even though Russia had immense natural resources she remained economically undeveloped = there was a need to modernize
Crimean War
• Who: Russians vs. Ottoman Turks• What: a war the broke out after Russia tried to
seize Ottoman Lands along the Danube River • Where: Crimean Peninsula• When: 1855• Why: Britain & France helped Ottomans invade the
Crimean penin; Russia was defeated = revealed Russsia’s backwardness = Russia had only a few miles of RR, military was inefficient = many felt dramatic changes were needed to modernize
Alexander II• Who: Tsar of Russia • What: A tsar who believed in reform and
repression • When: 1855• Where: Russia• Why: (on next slide)
Why:• liberals demanded dramatic changes so he:– In 1861 he emancipated all serfs;– He also set up a system of local gov. Elected assemblies
(zemstovs) ; – discussed road repairs, schools, and agriculture– Legal reforms like trial by jury– Eased censorship– Reduced military service terms– encouraged growth of industry
• Reforms still didn’t please the majority = he became more strict = assassinated 1881
Emancipation• Who: Alexander II, Russian serfs• What: freeing of the serfs• When: 1861• Where: Russia• Why: Alexander II reformed Russia in order to improve it-
this freedom brought probs. = – former serfs had to buy the land they had worked, but were 2
poor; – the land allotted to peasants were 2 small to efficiently support
a family/make a living* Peasants stayed poor = DISCONTENT!
Zemstov
• Who: Alexander II, Russians • What: elected assemblies• When: 1861• Where:Russia• Why: Alexander II reformed Russia by giving a
form of elected gov’t = they were responsible for road repairs, schools, & agriculture= this gave Russians some experience w. self-government at the local level
Alexander III
• Who: Tsar of Russia, son Alexander II• What: revives harsh methods of Nicholas I,
focused more on repression & gets rids of Alex II’s reforms
• Where: Russia • When: 1881-1890s• Why:
Why:
• Increased power of secret police • Restored strict censorship• Exiled critics to Siberia• Russification= suppressed non-Russian
cultures= increased persecution of the Jews• Finally entered the industrial age
Pogrom
• Who: Jewish, Russians • What: violent mob attacks on Jewish people &
their homes• When: 1800-1914• Where: Russia• Why: Under Alex III, persecution increased = Jews not
allowed at universities or in certain professions, forced to live in certain places; gangs beat & killed Jewish people, looted & burned their homes & stores= most Jews fled in large #s to the US
Refugees
• Who: Russian Jews • What: people who flee their homeland to seek
safety elsewhere• When: 1800s-1900s• Where: Russia- US• Why: official persecution of Jews encouraged
pogroms = gangs beating, killing, burning Jews & their homes = many left Russia for safety = large #s went to the US
Nicholas II• Who: Tsar of Russia, son of Alexander III• What: focused on economic development• Where: Russia• When: 1894-1917• Why: (on next slide)
• encouraged industrialization– encouraged building of RR; secured foreign capital to
invest in industry & transportation (Trans-Siberian RR)
• = political & social probs increased- peasants & nobles feared rapid changes & poor working conditions =
• = Revolution of 1905 = tried to please the people w. Duma & changes but still not happy
• = Rev. of 1917 = executed = end to the monarchy in Russia
Duma
• Who: Nicholas II, Russians• What: an elected national legislature• When: 1905• Where: Russia• Why: peasants are angry & revolt in the Rev of
1905 = terrorists target gov’t officials = Nicholas II summons the Duma to appease the ppl saying no law would go into effect w.o their approval
Peter Stolypin• Who: Russian prime minister under Nicholas II • What: Russian prime minister that sought to restore
order after Revolution of 1905• When:1906• Where: Russia• Why: he wanted to reform Russia; wanted to gain
peasant support w. moderate land reforms, strengthened zemstovs & improved education; - reforms too limited for most = was assassinated 1911
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