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Napoleon Bonaparte
“Ambition is never content even
on the summit of greatness.”
Born in Corsica as an Italian-
Became a French citizen at the age of 1
Corsica
Home in which Napoleon
was born
Became dictator (all power held
by a single person) of France
for 10 years in 1799 when he
launched a coup d’ etat (stroke
of state) against the Directory
Became Emperor for life after
winning a plebiscite (yes or no
vote)
Napoleon was immediately at war with the Second
Coalition (countries united against France)
Coalitions were formed because other European
Monarchs did not want their people to see the French
get away with killing their king and starting Republics.
Loved by all of the French
NAPOLEON AS LEADER OF FRANCE
General Reforms
Freedom of worship
Stabilized food prices
Class Equality
Rebuilt Paris
Got rid of 10 day week (& calendar)
Legal Reform:
The Napoleonic Code – single set of laws for all
of France
Equality of law
Basic liberties
Restored slavery
Limits on women’s rights
Limits on political rights and freedom of speech
and press
NO LAWS APPLIED TO NAPOLEON
Class Reforms
1. Clergy
Improved Catholic’s status
Gave back land
Dropped state controls
2. Nobility
Allowed nobility to return from exile
Gave back land and political status
3. Bourgeoisie
Stabilized markets and trade
Lowered taxes
Peasants
Jobs
Lowered food prices
Napoleon as a Military Leader
Wave of victories
Awesome General – People liked/loved him
Napoleon’s Rise to Power
• Early Success
– 1793, drove British forces out of Toulon.
– Defeated the Austrians in multiple
battles, forcing the Hapsburg emperor to
make peace.
– Set up a three-man governing board
known as the Consulate.
– Took the title of first consulate and in
1802 had himself named consul for life.
Napoleon’s Rise to Power • A New France, A New
Emperor
– By 1804, Napoleon had enough power to become Emperor.
– Napoleon knew he had support as he held a plebiscite, or ballot in which voters say yes or no. Each time, the French strongly supported him.
Building an Empire
• A New European Empire – Napoleon annexed, or added outright to France lands
including the Netherlands, Belgium, parts of Italy and Germany.
• The Battle of Trafalgar – French naval defeat at the hands of the British.
• The Continental System – Economic warfare waged against the British by closing
European ports to British goods. The British responded with its own blockade.
– This plan did not defeat the British, instead resent grew as prices throughout Europe rose.
THREE BLUNDERS
1. Spain – kicked out old king and put his brother,
Joseph, in charge of Spain. Spanish fought back with help
from the British. Guerrilla Warfare destroyed the French.
Napoleon has to pull out (300,000 French killed)
2. Continental System Napoleon tried to isolate trade with
Britain (to hurt their economy), but it backfired.
Battle of Trafalgar - Napoleon lost to the British navy. This
was Napoleon’s first major defeat
BATTLE OF TRAFALGAR British French
Lord Nelson – Admiral Villeneuve-
Crosses the T” The British More ships, slower ships
have better communication Shoot chainshot into
faster fire of cannons rigging
and shoot the hull of the ship
Battle of Trafalgar
3. Russia (1812) Napoleon goes in with 400,000 +
troops, comes back with 10,000
While Napoleon was “down,” the other countries ganged up to
defeat him at the Battle of Leipzig (Battle of Nations) - 1813
Napoleon gives up the throne
and was exiled to Elba.
100 Days - Napoleon’s return to power
People didn’t like Louis XVIII (brother of the
guillotined king)
Napoleon escaped Elba (Louis fled)
Napoleon regained full power
Napoleon: best defense is a good offense. He attacked
the British General Wellington at Waterloo (Belgium)
Napoleon was defeated
for the final time
This time he’s sent to St. Helena, between
Africa and South America
He died in 1821 of
a stomach ailment.
LEGACY
Rise of Nationalism
Division of people by country not social class
People willing to go to war based on love of
country
Wars to combine city-states, divide empires
LEGACY (CONTINUED)
Need for:
Coalitions and alliances
Diplomacy as an
option to war
The End of an Era • Downfall of Napoleon
– Russia • Czar Alexander I withdraws from the
Continental System due to economic and political frustrations.
• Napoleon responds by sending 400,000 soldiers to Russia. Instead of fighting, Russians retreat East, burning crops and villages (scorched earth) as they went.
• When Napoleon entered Moscow he realized he could not feed his troops so he returned home with only 10,000 troops.
The End of an Era
• Waterloo
– After returning from exile Napoleon fought the
British and Prussian armies at Waterloo, Belgium.
The French lost in a day long battle and Napoleon
was forced into exile again.
LEGACY (CONTINUED)
Spread of ideas:
Political philosophy
Revolution as an option
Equality, speech, voting, property
Rise of a professional military
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