nanofinishing seminar report
Post on 25-Oct-2014
129 Views
Preview:
TRANSCRIPT
A
Term paper
On
ldquoNanofinishing in textile garmentsrdquo
Submitted to-
Mr Amit madhu
Submitted by-
Pardeep sangwan
2808613
DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY
Panipat Institute of Engineering amp Technology
AFFILILATED TO
KURUKSHETRA UNIVERSITY KURUKSHETRA
1
Contents
2
1 Abstract
The concept of nanotechnology was started over forty years ago and it also has real commercial
potential it the textile industry The use of nanotechnology in textile industry has increased
rapidly due to its unique valuable properties The present status of nanotechnology use in
industry is reviewed with an emphasis on improving the properties of textile materials The
unique and new properties of nanomaterials have attracted not only the scientists and researchers
but also the businesses due to huge economical potential
With the advent of nanoscience and technology a new area has developed in the area of textile
finishing called Nanofinishing The impact of nanotechnology in the textile garment finishing
area has brought up innovative finishes as well as new application techniques These advanced
garments finishes setup an unprecedented level of textile performances of strain-resistant
hydrophilic antistatic and wrinkle resistant and shrink proof abilities and protection methods
SNO TITLESPAGE NO
1 Abstract 32 Introduction 33 Definition of nanotechnology 44 Application of Nanotechnology on garment finishing 55 Anti-Microbial finish 76 UV protection finish 107 Swim suit with minimum flow resistance 128 Anti-static performance 139 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish 14
10 Wrinkle resistance 1411 Anti-pollen finish 1512 Flame retardant finish 1513 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments 1614 Some commercially available nano-particles 1715 Next generation finishing 17-2016 conclusion 21
Coating the surface of textiles and clothing with nanoparticles is an approach to the production
of highly active surfaces to have UV blocking antimicrobial flame retardant water repellant and
self-cleaning properties As there are various potential applications of nanotechnology in the
textile industry only some of the well-known properties imparted by nano-treatment are
highlighted
2 Introduction
Nanotechnology is concerned with materials whose structures exhibit significantly novel and
improved physical chemical and biological properties and functionality due to their nano-
scaled size Nanotechnology is increasingly attracting worldwide attention because it is widely
perceived as offering huge potential in world wide range of end users Enhancement of textile
materials by nanotechnology is expected to become a trillion dollar industry in the next decade
with tremendous technological economic and ecologic benefits Therefore the interest in using
nanotechnology in textile industry is also increasing
3
3 Definition of nanotechnology
The nanotechnology comes from the Greek word nanos which means dwarf Nanotechnology a
science that manipulates materials with atomic or molecular precision in a nanometer region is
regarded as the next basic technology to follow IT and bio-technology ie through three-
dimensional control of materials processes and devices at atomic scale level Nano-particles
commonly used in commercial products are in the range of 1 to 100nm
Coating is a common technique used to apply nano-particles onto textile materials The
properties imparted to textiles using nanotechnology include water repellence soil resistance
wrinkles resistance anti-bacterial anti-static and UV- protection flame retardation
improvement of dye ability and so on Conventional finishing methods used to impart different
properties to fabrics and garments often do not lead to permanent effects and will lose their
functions after laundering or wearing Nanotechnology can provide high durability for fabrics
because nano-particles have a large surface area-to-volume ratio and high surface energy thus
presenting better affinity for fabrics and lending to an increase in durability of the function In
addition the coating of nano-particles on fabrics will not affect the breathability or hand feel
4
4 Current application of Nanotechnology on garment finishing
Self-cleaning textiles Self cleaning garments were developed keeping nature as a role model ie Self cleaning
property of plant leaves and insects were investigated Majority of wettable leaves and insects
investigated were more or less smooth without any prominent surface sculptures In contrast
water repellant leaves and insects exhibit various surface sculptures mainly epicuticular wax
crystal in combination with papillose epidermal cell
Self-cleaning process in nature
Hydrophilic Surface Hydrophobic Surface
Nano structure for small particles Micro structure for large particles
5
The German researcher Wilhelm Barthlott of the Bonn Institute of Botany discovered in 1990
that the lotus plant admired for the resplendence of its flowers and leaves owed this property of
self-cleaning to the high density of minute surface protrusions These protrusions catch deposits
of soil preventing them from sticking When it rains the leaf has a hydrophobic reaction Water
rolls around as droplets removing dust as it move Reproduced for nano technological process on
the surface of woven fabrics this self-cleaning property can be developed as a technological
innovation
Self cleaning surfaces in nature
Lotus leaf Rose beetle insect Housefly
The water repellant property of fabric is obtained by creating combination of micro and nano-
whiskers with low surface energy which are generated by wax crystals and 11000 of the size of
a typical cotton fiber added to the fabric to create a peach fuzz effect This creates a cushion of
air on the fabric surface without lowering the strength of fabric When water hits the fabric it
beads on the points of the whiskers the beads compress the air in the cavities between the
whiskers creating extra buoyancy In technical terms the fabric has been rendered super-non
wettable or super-hydrophobic The whiskers also create fewer points of contact for dirt When
water is applied to soiled fabric the dirt adheres to the water far better than it adheres to the
textile surface and is carried off with the water as it beads up and rolls off the surface of the
fabric Thus the concept of Soil-cleaning is based on the leaves of the lotus plant
6
Self-cleaning fabric
bull Water oil and dirt simply roll off
bull But structures are sensitive to mechanical stress (scratching abrasion washing)
bull Effect is lost if structures are damaged
bull Nature can re-grow these structures ndash but textiles cannot
5 Anti-Microbial finish
Neither natural nor synthetic textile fibers are resistant to bacterial or pathogenic fungi
Therefore antibacterial disinfection and finishing technique have been developed for many types
of textiles Metallic ions and metallic compounds display a certain degree of sterilizing effect It
is considered that a part of oxygen in the air or water is turned into active oxygen by means of
photo catalysis with the metallic ion thereby dissolving the organic substance to create a
sterilizing effect With the use of nano sized particles the number of particles per unit area is
increased and thus anti-microbial effect can be maximized
Among the various antimicrobial agents used for finishing of textile substrates silver or silver
ions have long been known to have strong inhibitory and bactericidal effect as well as broad
spectrum of antimicrobial activities
7
Even though metallic silver has adequate antimicrobial properties it is expected that conversion
of silver to nano particles will have high specific area that may lead to high antimicrobial activity
compared to bulk metal The method of producing durable silver containing antimicrobial finish
is to encapsulate silver compound or nano particle with a fiber reactive polymer like poly
(styrene co-maleic-anhydride) Nano-silver particles have an extremely large relative surface
area thus increasing their contact with bacteria or fungi and vastly improving their bactericidal
and fungicidal effectiveness Nano-silver is very reactive with proteins When contacting
bacteria and fungus it will adversely affect cellular metabolism and inhibit cell growth It also
suppresses respiration the basal metabolism of the electron transfer system and the transport of
substrate into microbial cell membrane Furthermore it inhibits the growth of these bacteria and
fungi which cause infection odour itchiness and sores Hence nano-sliver particles are widely
applied to socks in order to prohibit the growth of bacteria In addition nano-silver can be applied
to a range of health care products such as dressings for burns scald skin donor and recipient
sites
Prof Yang has patented a process for preparing a silver nano particle containing functional
microcapsule having the intrinsic anti-microbial and therapeutic functions of silver as well as
additional functions of the products contained in the inner core of the capsule
8
These microcapsules can be prepared by a two step process In the first step an emulsified
solution of a perfume is encapsulated with melanin pre-condensate In second step microcapsule
so produced is treated with silver nano particle dispersed in water soluble styrene maleic
anhydride polymer solution before it fully dries Thus the microcapsules with dual function are
produced In these microcapsules the silver nano-particles are on the surface of the capsule
Instead of perfume we may use thermo sensitive pigment thermal storage materials or
pharmaceutical preparation in the inner core The treated yarns showed effective anti-microbial
activity against various bacteria fungi and Chlamydia that included Escherichia coli
nitrobacteria bacillus subtilis etc this finished goods is used in medical industry as a safe amp
effective means of controlling microbial growth in the wound bed
Ceramic coating of wound dressings (Sol-Gel-Process)
Ceramic coating for wound dressings through Sol-gel-Process is one of the latest advancement in
nano finishing Sol-gel-Process is a process for making very small particles 20 to 40nm that are
virtually impossible to make by conventional grinding Its main use at present seems to be for
optical coatings where the finer particles give the better optical clarity Manufacture of a fine
ceramic fiber seems to be the other common application
9
A liquid precursor of the particle is dissolved in a solvent usually alcohol water is added and
then acid or base The mixture is coated or cast The precursor then decomposes to form the fine
ceramic particles If the particle concentration is high the gel is dried and then heated at high
temperature to sinter the ceramic giving the desired ceramic film or fiber During this drying and
sintering process shrinkage occurs through loss of solvent and air and this shrinkage must be
carefully controlled to avoid cracking
6 UV ndashProtection finish
The most important functions performed by the garment are to protect the wearer from the
weather However it is also to protect the wearer from harmful rays of the sun The rays in the
wavelength region of 150 to 400 nm are known as ultraviolet radiations The UV-blocking
property of a fabric is enhanced when a dye pigment de-lustrant or ultraviolet absorber finish is
present that absorbs ultraviolet radiation and blocks its transmission through a fabric to the skin
To impart UV protection several nano compounds or nano particles can be applied on textile
material
Inorganic UV blockers are more preferable to organic UV blockers as they are non-toxic and
chemically stable under exposure to high temperature and UV Inorganic UV blockers are
usually certain semiconductors oxides such as TiO2 ZnO SiO2 and Al2O3 The commonest
nano compounds used are titanium dioxide and zinc oxide of nano size They provide a
protective benefit by reflecting scattering or absorbing harmful UV It was determined that nano
sized Titanium dioxide(TiO2) and Zinc oxide(ZnO) were more efficient at absorbing and
scattering UV radiations than the conventional size and were thus better able to block UV This
is due to the fact that nano-particles have larger surface area per unit mass and volume than the
conventional methods leading to the increase of effectiveness of blocking UV radiation Zinc
oxide nanoparticles scores over Titanium dioxide nanoparticles and nano-silver in cost-
effectiveness and UV-blocking property
For small particles light scattering predominates at approximately one-tenth of the wavelength
of the scattered light Raleighrsquos scattering theory stated that the scattering was strongly
dependent upon the wave length where the scattering was inversely proportional to the
10
wavelength to the fourth power This theory predicts that in order to scatter UV radiations
between 200nm and 400nm the optimum particle size will be 20nm to 40nm
Various research works on the application of UV-blocking treatment to fabric using nano
technology were conducted UV-blocking treatment for cotton fabrics was developed using the
sol-gel method A thin layer of Titanium dioxide is formed on the surface of the yarn or directly
on the fabric which provides excellent UV-protection ZnO nanoparticles are applied on cotton
using pad-dry-cure method Zinc oxide nanoparticles are prepared by wet chemical method using
zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and soluble starch as stabilizing agent These
nano-particles which have an average size of 40 nm were coated on the bleached cotton fabrics
(plain weave 30 s count) using acrylic binder and functional properties of coated fabrics were
studied On an average of 75 UV blocking was recorded for the cotton fabrics treated with 2
ZnO nanoparticles And in addition nano-ZnO impregnated onto cotton textiles showed
excellent antibacterial activity against two representative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and
Klebsiella pneumoniae In case of wearable cotton textiles use of 06 nano-ZnO for coating
can be sufficient to impart antimicrobial property But in case of medical textiles where a high
degree of antimicrobial activity is required use of 10 nano-ZnO can be recommended Air
permeability of the nano-ZnO coated fabrics was significantly higher hence the increased
breathability In case of nano-ZnO coated fabric due to its nano-size and uniform distribution
friction was significantly lower than the bulk-ZnO coated fabric
Fabric treated with UV absorbers ensures that the clothes deflect the harmful ultraviolet rays of
the sun reducing a personrsquos UVR exposure and protecting the skin from potential damage The
extent of skin protection required by different types of human skin depends on UV radiation
intensity amp distribution in reference to geographical location time of day and season This
protection is expressed as UPF (UV Protection Factor) higher the UPF value better is the
protection against UV radiation
11
UPF before and after nano-TiO2 Coating
CO ndash Cotton
PES ndash Polyester
PA ndash Polyamide (6 66)
7 Swimsuits with minimum flow resistance
Special types of swimsuits are being used now days by the athletes in the water games These
swim suits minimizes the flow resistance while swimming through the water The kind of
swimsuits with less flow resistance was developed entirely based on nature as role model
Different friction coefficients on the fabrics are obtained by creating micro vortices on the fabric
surface using micro and nano-particles This effect is similar to the sharkrsquos skin which exhibits a
very low flow resistance in water The below figure shows the micro vortices on the sharkrsquos skin
and similar effect created on the swimsuit
12
Micro vortices on Sharkrsquos skin similar effect on swimsuit
8 Anti static performance
Conventionally surfactants were used to spread the small amount of moisture on the surface of
fiber so as to pose the static charge to leak away Static usually builds up in synthetic fibers such
as in nylon and polyester because they absorb little water Cellulose fibers such as cotton have
higher moisture content to carry away static charges so that no static charge will accumulate As
synthetic fibers provide poor anti-static properties research work concerning the improvement of
anti-static properties of textiles by using nanotechnology were conducted
One of the best electrically conductive nano particles is silver Silver nano particle helps to
dissipate the static charge effectively It was determined that nano-sized Titanium dioxide Zinc
oxide whiskers nano antimony-doped Tin oxide (ATO) and silane nanosol could impart
antistatic properties to the synthetic fibers TiO2 ZnO ATO provide anti-static effects because
they are electrically conductive materials Such materials help effectively to dissipate the static
charge which is accumulated on the fabric On the other hand the Silane gel particles absorb
moisture in the air by amino and hydroxyl groups and bound water and thus improves anti-static
properties of the fabric or garment
13
9 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish
bull Provides permanent static protection
bull Repels lint dust dirt and pet hair
bull Enhances appearance and comfort
bull Retains fabrics natural softness
bull Allows fabric to breathe naturally
10 Wrinkle resistance
Wrinkling occurs when the fiber is severally creased When fiber or fabric is bent hydrogen
bonds between the molecular chains in the amorphous regions break and allow the chains to slip
past one another The bonds reform in new places and fiber or fabric is held in the creased
configurations
To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric resin is commonly used in conventional methods The
disadvantages of conventional resin applications include decrease in the strength of fiber and in
abrasion resistance water absorbency and dye ability as well as breathability To overcome the
limitations of using resin some researches employed nano-Titanium dioxide and nano Silica to
improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively
Nano-Titanium dioxide was employed with Carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to
catalyze the cross linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid On other hand
nano-Silica was applied with Maleic anhydride as a catalyst the results showed that the
application of nano-Silica with Maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle
resistance of silk Odour fight finish
14
The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made
from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo
Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it
excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture
The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi
A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through
nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that
destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the
reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or
irritation
11 Anti-Pollen finish
Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that
particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the
surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using
the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive
Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves
arm covers bedding covers etc
12 Flame Retardant Finish
Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal
Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers
colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist
with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano
antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the
garments
15
13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments
1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye
2 Saving time and laundering cost
3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the
processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant
5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced
breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material
6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat
7 Nano-processed products are toxic free
8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials
9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products
14 Some commercially available nano-particles
SNo Nano-Particles Properties
1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing
2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating
3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis
4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance
provide self-sterilizing function
5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles
with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing
6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing
Particles
7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion
8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical
resistance and impart electrical conductivity
colouration of some textiles
9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance
15 Next Generation Finishing
A) Nano-Care
A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink
proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton
and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of
methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more
than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those
of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even
after 20 home washes
17
Features
bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency
bull Resists Wrinkles
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
B) Nano-Pel
This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in
natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester
nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be
expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings
with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20
washes (Figure shows Before amp After)
Features
Superior Water and Oil Repellency
bull Minimize Stains
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Durable Performance
18
C) Nano-Dry
It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more
than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of
polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the
hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol
polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve
particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the
field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth
is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear
Features
bull Moisture Wicking
bull Retains Breathability of Fabric
bull Quick Drying
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Durable Performance
D) Nano-Touch
This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic
fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall
solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial
19
hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their
disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having
unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-
Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a
challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In
selfassembled
nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less
than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top
of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being
explored to confer special functions to textile materials
Features
bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric
bull Durable Performance
bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Reduced Static Build-up
Future Prospect
The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on
the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in
textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of
nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current
global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going
to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States
Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have
bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of
nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus
(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials
(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology
The new functions with textiles to be developed include
20
1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and
sophisticated protection and detection
1048729 health-care and wound healing functions
16Conclusion
We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and
lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the
next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the
textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability
and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable
trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its
collaboration with other disciplines
With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the
technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie
Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile
chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some
of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been
briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will
emerge to dominate the textile field in future
21
REFRENCES
1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-
finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012
2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue
Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012
3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC
press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC
4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp
5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm
6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm
7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm
22
Contents
2
1 Abstract
The concept of nanotechnology was started over forty years ago and it also has real commercial
potential it the textile industry The use of nanotechnology in textile industry has increased
rapidly due to its unique valuable properties The present status of nanotechnology use in
industry is reviewed with an emphasis on improving the properties of textile materials The
unique and new properties of nanomaterials have attracted not only the scientists and researchers
but also the businesses due to huge economical potential
With the advent of nanoscience and technology a new area has developed in the area of textile
finishing called Nanofinishing The impact of nanotechnology in the textile garment finishing
area has brought up innovative finishes as well as new application techniques These advanced
garments finishes setup an unprecedented level of textile performances of strain-resistant
hydrophilic antistatic and wrinkle resistant and shrink proof abilities and protection methods
SNO TITLESPAGE NO
1 Abstract 32 Introduction 33 Definition of nanotechnology 44 Application of Nanotechnology on garment finishing 55 Anti-Microbial finish 76 UV protection finish 107 Swim suit with minimum flow resistance 128 Anti-static performance 139 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish 14
10 Wrinkle resistance 1411 Anti-pollen finish 1512 Flame retardant finish 1513 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments 1614 Some commercially available nano-particles 1715 Next generation finishing 17-2016 conclusion 21
Coating the surface of textiles and clothing with nanoparticles is an approach to the production
of highly active surfaces to have UV blocking antimicrobial flame retardant water repellant and
self-cleaning properties As there are various potential applications of nanotechnology in the
textile industry only some of the well-known properties imparted by nano-treatment are
highlighted
2 Introduction
Nanotechnology is concerned with materials whose structures exhibit significantly novel and
improved physical chemical and biological properties and functionality due to their nano-
scaled size Nanotechnology is increasingly attracting worldwide attention because it is widely
perceived as offering huge potential in world wide range of end users Enhancement of textile
materials by nanotechnology is expected to become a trillion dollar industry in the next decade
with tremendous technological economic and ecologic benefits Therefore the interest in using
nanotechnology in textile industry is also increasing
3
3 Definition of nanotechnology
The nanotechnology comes from the Greek word nanos which means dwarf Nanotechnology a
science that manipulates materials with atomic or molecular precision in a nanometer region is
regarded as the next basic technology to follow IT and bio-technology ie through three-
dimensional control of materials processes and devices at atomic scale level Nano-particles
commonly used in commercial products are in the range of 1 to 100nm
Coating is a common technique used to apply nano-particles onto textile materials The
properties imparted to textiles using nanotechnology include water repellence soil resistance
wrinkles resistance anti-bacterial anti-static and UV- protection flame retardation
improvement of dye ability and so on Conventional finishing methods used to impart different
properties to fabrics and garments often do not lead to permanent effects and will lose their
functions after laundering or wearing Nanotechnology can provide high durability for fabrics
because nano-particles have a large surface area-to-volume ratio and high surface energy thus
presenting better affinity for fabrics and lending to an increase in durability of the function In
addition the coating of nano-particles on fabrics will not affect the breathability or hand feel
4
4 Current application of Nanotechnology on garment finishing
Self-cleaning textiles Self cleaning garments were developed keeping nature as a role model ie Self cleaning
property of plant leaves and insects were investigated Majority of wettable leaves and insects
investigated were more or less smooth without any prominent surface sculptures In contrast
water repellant leaves and insects exhibit various surface sculptures mainly epicuticular wax
crystal in combination with papillose epidermal cell
Self-cleaning process in nature
Hydrophilic Surface Hydrophobic Surface
Nano structure for small particles Micro structure for large particles
5
The German researcher Wilhelm Barthlott of the Bonn Institute of Botany discovered in 1990
that the lotus plant admired for the resplendence of its flowers and leaves owed this property of
self-cleaning to the high density of minute surface protrusions These protrusions catch deposits
of soil preventing them from sticking When it rains the leaf has a hydrophobic reaction Water
rolls around as droplets removing dust as it move Reproduced for nano technological process on
the surface of woven fabrics this self-cleaning property can be developed as a technological
innovation
Self cleaning surfaces in nature
Lotus leaf Rose beetle insect Housefly
The water repellant property of fabric is obtained by creating combination of micro and nano-
whiskers with low surface energy which are generated by wax crystals and 11000 of the size of
a typical cotton fiber added to the fabric to create a peach fuzz effect This creates a cushion of
air on the fabric surface without lowering the strength of fabric When water hits the fabric it
beads on the points of the whiskers the beads compress the air in the cavities between the
whiskers creating extra buoyancy In technical terms the fabric has been rendered super-non
wettable or super-hydrophobic The whiskers also create fewer points of contact for dirt When
water is applied to soiled fabric the dirt adheres to the water far better than it adheres to the
textile surface and is carried off with the water as it beads up and rolls off the surface of the
fabric Thus the concept of Soil-cleaning is based on the leaves of the lotus plant
6
Self-cleaning fabric
bull Water oil and dirt simply roll off
bull But structures are sensitive to mechanical stress (scratching abrasion washing)
bull Effect is lost if structures are damaged
bull Nature can re-grow these structures ndash but textiles cannot
5 Anti-Microbial finish
Neither natural nor synthetic textile fibers are resistant to bacterial or pathogenic fungi
Therefore antibacterial disinfection and finishing technique have been developed for many types
of textiles Metallic ions and metallic compounds display a certain degree of sterilizing effect It
is considered that a part of oxygen in the air or water is turned into active oxygen by means of
photo catalysis with the metallic ion thereby dissolving the organic substance to create a
sterilizing effect With the use of nano sized particles the number of particles per unit area is
increased and thus anti-microbial effect can be maximized
Among the various antimicrobial agents used for finishing of textile substrates silver or silver
ions have long been known to have strong inhibitory and bactericidal effect as well as broad
spectrum of antimicrobial activities
7
Even though metallic silver has adequate antimicrobial properties it is expected that conversion
of silver to nano particles will have high specific area that may lead to high antimicrobial activity
compared to bulk metal The method of producing durable silver containing antimicrobial finish
is to encapsulate silver compound or nano particle with a fiber reactive polymer like poly
(styrene co-maleic-anhydride) Nano-silver particles have an extremely large relative surface
area thus increasing their contact with bacteria or fungi and vastly improving their bactericidal
and fungicidal effectiveness Nano-silver is very reactive with proteins When contacting
bacteria and fungus it will adversely affect cellular metabolism and inhibit cell growth It also
suppresses respiration the basal metabolism of the electron transfer system and the transport of
substrate into microbial cell membrane Furthermore it inhibits the growth of these bacteria and
fungi which cause infection odour itchiness and sores Hence nano-sliver particles are widely
applied to socks in order to prohibit the growth of bacteria In addition nano-silver can be applied
to a range of health care products such as dressings for burns scald skin donor and recipient
sites
Prof Yang has patented a process for preparing a silver nano particle containing functional
microcapsule having the intrinsic anti-microbial and therapeutic functions of silver as well as
additional functions of the products contained in the inner core of the capsule
8
These microcapsules can be prepared by a two step process In the first step an emulsified
solution of a perfume is encapsulated with melanin pre-condensate In second step microcapsule
so produced is treated with silver nano particle dispersed in water soluble styrene maleic
anhydride polymer solution before it fully dries Thus the microcapsules with dual function are
produced In these microcapsules the silver nano-particles are on the surface of the capsule
Instead of perfume we may use thermo sensitive pigment thermal storage materials or
pharmaceutical preparation in the inner core The treated yarns showed effective anti-microbial
activity against various bacteria fungi and Chlamydia that included Escherichia coli
nitrobacteria bacillus subtilis etc this finished goods is used in medical industry as a safe amp
effective means of controlling microbial growth in the wound bed
Ceramic coating of wound dressings (Sol-Gel-Process)
Ceramic coating for wound dressings through Sol-gel-Process is one of the latest advancement in
nano finishing Sol-gel-Process is a process for making very small particles 20 to 40nm that are
virtually impossible to make by conventional grinding Its main use at present seems to be for
optical coatings where the finer particles give the better optical clarity Manufacture of a fine
ceramic fiber seems to be the other common application
9
A liquid precursor of the particle is dissolved in a solvent usually alcohol water is added and
then acid or base The mixture is coated or cast The precursor then decomposes to form the fine
ceramic particles If the particle concentration is high the gel is dried and then heated at high
temperature to sinter the ceramic giving the desired ceramic film or fiber During this drying and
sintering process shrinkage occurs through loss of solvent and air and this shrinkage must be
carefully controlled to avoid cracking
6 UV ndashProtection finish
The most important functions performed by the garment are to protect the wearer from the
weather However it is also to protect the wearer from harmful rays of the sun The rays in the
wavelength region of 150 to 400 nm are known as ultraviolet radiations The UV-blocking
property of a fabric is enhanced when a dye pigment de-lustrant or ultraviolet absorber finish is
present that absorbs ultraviolet radiation and blocks its transmission through a fabric to the skin
To impart UV protection several nano compounds or nano particles can be applied on textile
material
Inorganic UV blockers are more preferable to organic UV blockers as they are non-toxic and
chemically stable under exposure to high temperature and UV Inorganic UV blockers are
usually certain semiconductors oxides such as TiO2 ZnO SiO2 and Al2O3 The commonest
nano compounds used are titanium dioxide and zinc oxide of nano size They provide a
protective benefit by reflecting scattering or absorbing harmful UV It was determined that nano
sized Titanium dioxide(TiO2) and Zinc oxide(ZnO) were more efficient at absorbing and
scattering UV radiations than the conventional size and were thus better able to block UV This
is due to the fact that nano-particles have larger surface area per unit mass and volume than the
conventional methods leading to the increase of effectiveness of blocking UV radiation Zinc
oxide nanoparticles scores over Titanium dioxide nanoparticles and nano-silver in cost-
effectiveness and UV-blocking property
For small particles light scattering predominates at approximately one-tenth of the wavelength
of the scattered light Raleighrsquos scattering theory stated that the scattering was strongly
dependent upon the wave length where the scattering was inversely proportional to the
10
wavelength to the fourth power This theory predicts that in order to scatter UV radiations
between 200nm and 400nm the optimum particle size will be 20nm to 40nm
Various research works on the application of UV-blocking treatment to fabric using nano
technology were conducted UV-blocking treatment for cotton fabrics was developed using the
sol-gel method A thin layer of Titanium dioxide is formed on the surface of the yarn or directly
on the fabric which provides excellent UV-protection ZnO nanoparticles are applied on cotton
using pad-dry-cure method Zinc oxide nanoparticles are prepared by wet chemical method using
zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and soluble starch as stabilizing agent These
nano-particles which have an average size of 40 nm were coated on the bleached cotton fabrics
(plain weave 30 s count) using acrylic binder and functional properties of coated fabrics were
studied On an average of 75 UV blocking was recorded for the cotton fabrics treated with 2
ZnO nanoparticles And in addition nano-ZnO impregnated onto cotton textiles showed
excellent antibacterial activity against two representative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and
Klebsiella pneumoniae In case of wearable cotton textiles use of 06 nano-ZnO for coating
can be sufficient to impart antimicrobial property But in case of medical textiles where a high
degree of antimicrobial activity is required use of 10 nano-ZnO can be recommended Air
permeability of the nano-ZnO coated fabrics was significantly higher hence the increased
breathability In case of nano-ZnO coated fabric due to its nano-size and uniform distribution
friction was significantly lower than the bulk-ZnO coated fabric
Fabric treated with UV absorbers ensures that the clothes deflect the harmful ultraviolet rays of
the sun reducing a personrsquos UVR exposure and protecting the skin from potential damage The
extent of skin protection required by different types of human skin depends on UV radiation
intensity amp distribution in reference to geographical location time of day and season This
protection is expressed as UPF (UV Protection Factor) higher the UPF value better is the
protection against UV radiation
11
UPF before and after nano-TiO2 Coating
CO ndash Cotton
PES ndash Polyester
PA ndash Polyamide (6 66)
7 Swimsuits with minimum flow resistance
Special types of swimsuits are being used now days by the athletes in the water games These
swim suits minimizes the flow resistance while swimming through the water The kind of
swimsuits with less flow resistance was developed entirely based on nature as role model
Different friction coefficients on the fabrics are obtained by creating micro vortices on the fabric
surface using micro and nano-particles This effect is similar to the sharkrsquos skin which exhibits a
very low flow resistance in water The below figure shows the micro vortices on the sharkrsquos skin
and similar effect created on the swimsuit
12
Micro vortices on Sharkrsquos skin similar effect on swimsuit
8 Anti static performance
Conventionally surfactants were used to spread the small amount of moisture on the surface of
fiber so as to pose the static charge to leak away Static usually builds up in synthetic fibers such
as in nylon and polyester because they absorb little water Cellulose fibers such as cotton have
higher moisture content to carry away static charges so that no static charge will accumulate As
synthetic fibers provide poor anti-static properties research work concerning the improvement of
anti-static properties of textiles by using nanotechnology were conducted
One of the best electrically conductive nano particles is silver Silver nano particle helps to
dissipate the static charge effectively It was determined that nano-sized Titanium dioxide Zinc
oxide whiskers nano antimony-doped Tin oxide (ATO) and silane nanosol could impart
antistatic properties to the synthetic fibers TiO2 ZnO ATO provide anti-static effects because
they are electrically conductive materials Such materials help effectively to dissipate the static
charge which is accumulated on the fabric On the other hand the Silane gel particles absorb
moisture in the air by amino and hydroxyl groups and bound water and thus improves anti-static
properties of the fabric or garment
13
9 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish
bull Provides permanent static protection
bull Repels lint dust dirt and pet hair
bull Enhances appearance and comfort
bull Retains fabrics natural softness
bull Allows fabric to breathe naturally
10 Wrinkle resistance
Wrinkling occurs when the fiber is severally creased When fiber or fabric is bent hydrogen
bonds between the molecular chains in the amorphous regions break and allow the chains to slip
past one another The bonds reform in new places and fiber or fabric is held in the creased
configurations
To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric resin is commonly used in conventional methods The
disadvantages of conventional resin applications include decrease in the strength of fiber and in
abrasion resistance water absorbency and dye ability as well as breathability To overcome the
limitations of using resin some researches employed nano-Titanium dioxide and nano Silica to
improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively
Nano-Titanium dioxide was employed with Carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to
catalyze the cross linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid On other hand
nano-Silica was applied with Maleic anhydride as a catalyst the results showed that the
application of nano-Silica with Maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle
resistance of silk Odour fight finish
14
The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made
from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo
Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it
excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture
The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi
A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through
nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that
destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the
reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or
irritation
11 Anti-Pollen finish
Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that
particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the
surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using
the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive
Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves
arm covers bedding covers etc
12 Flame Retardant Finish
Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal
Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers
colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist
with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano
antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the
garments
15
13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments
1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye
2 Saving time and laundering cost
3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the
processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant
5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced
breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material
6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat
7 Nano-processed products are toxic free
8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials
9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products
14 Some commercially available nano-particles
SNo Nano-Particles Properties
1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing
2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating
3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis
4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance
provide self-sterilizing function
5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles
with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing
6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing
Particles
7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion
8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical
resistance and impart electrical conductivity
colouration of some textiles
9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance
15 Next Generation Finishing
A) Nano-Care
A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink
proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton
and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of
methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more
than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those
of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even
after 20 home washes
17
Features
bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency
bull Resists Wrinkles
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
B) Nano-Pel
This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in
natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester
nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be
expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings
with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20
washes (Figure shows Before amp After)
Features
Superior Water and Oil Repellency
bull Minimize Stains
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Durable Performance
18
C) Nano-Dry
It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more
than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of
polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the
hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol
polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve
particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the
field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth
is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear
Features
bull Moisture Wicking
bull Retains Breathability of Fabric
bull Quick Drying
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Durable Performance
D) Nano-Touch
This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic
fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall
solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial
19
hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their
disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having
unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-
Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a
challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In
selfassembled
nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less
than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top
of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being
explored to confer special functions to textile materials
Features
bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric
bull Durable Performance
bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Reduced Static Build-up
Future Prospect
The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on
the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in
textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of
nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current
global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going
to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States
Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have
bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of
nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus
(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials
(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology
The new functions with textiles to be developed include
20
1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and
sophisticated protection and detection
1048729 health-care and wound healing functions
16Conclusion
We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and
lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the
next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the
textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability
and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable
trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its
collaboration with other disciplines
With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the
technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie
Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile
chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some
of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been
briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will
emerge to dominate the textile field in future
21
REFRENCES
1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-
finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012
2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue
Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012
3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC
press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC
4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp
5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm
6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm
7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm
22
Coating the surface of textiles and clothing with nanoparticles is an approach to the production
of highly active surfaces to have UV blocking antimicrobial flame retardant water repellant and
self-cleaning properties As there are various potential applications of nanotechnology in the
textile industry only some of the well-known properties imparted by nano-treatment are
highlighted
2 Introduction
Nanotechnology is concerned with materials whose structures exhibit significantly novel and
improved physical chemical and biological properties and functionality due to their nano-
scaled size Nanotechnology is increasingly attracting worldwide attention because it is widely
perceived as offering huge potential in world wide range of end users Enhancement of textile
materials by nanotechnology is expected to become a trillion dollar industry in the next decade
with tremendous technological economic and ecologic benefits Therefore the interest in using
nanotechnology in textile industry is also increasing
3
3 Definition of nanotechnology
The nanotechnology comes from the Greek word nanos which means dwarf Nanotechnology a
science that manipulates materials with atomic or molecular precision in a nanometer region is
regarded as the next basic technology to follow IT and bio-technology ie through three-
dimensional control of materials processes and devices at atomic scale level Nano-particles
commonly used in commercial products are in the range of 1 to 100nm
Coating is a common technique used to apply nano-particles onto textile materials The
properties imparted to textiles using nanotechnology include water repellence soil resistance
wrinkles resistance anti-bacterial anti-static and UV- protection flame retardation
improvement of dye ability and so on Conventional finishing methods used to impart different
properties to fabrics and garments often do not lead to permanent effects and will lose their
functions after laundering or wearing Nanotechnology can provide high durability for fabrics
because nano-particles have a large surface area-to-volume ratio and high surface energy thus
presenting better affinity for fabrics and lending to an increase in durability of the function In
addition the coating of nano-particles on fabrics will not affect the breathability or hand feel
4
4 Current application of Nanotechnology on garment finishing
Self-cleaning textiles Self cleaning garments were developed keeping nature as a role model ie Self cleaning
property of plant leaves and insects were investigated Majority of wettable leaves and insects
investigated were more or less smooth without any prominent surface sculptures In contrast
water repellant leaves and insects exhibit various surface sculptures mainly epicuticular wax
crystal in combination with papillose epidermal cell
Self-cleaning process in nature
Hydrophilic Surface Hydrophobic Surface
Nano structure for small particles Micro structure for large particles
5
The German researcher Wilhelm Barthlott of the Bonn Institute of Botany discovered in 1990
that the lotus plant admired for the resplendence of its flowers and leaves owed this property of
self-cleaning to the high density of minute surface protrusions These protrusions catch deposits
of soil preventing them from sticking When it rains the leaf has a hydrophobic reaction Water
rolls around as droplets removing dust as it move Reproduced for nano technological process on
the surface of woven fabrics this self-cleaning property can be developed as a technological
innovation
Self cleaning surfaces in nature
Lotus leaf Rose beetle insect Housefly
The water repellant property of fabric is obtained by creating combination of micro and nano-
whiskers with low surface energy which are generated by wax crystals and 11000 of the size of
a typical cotton fiber added to the fabric to create a peach fuzz effect This creates a cushion of
air on the fabric surface without lowering the strength of fabric When water hits the fabric it
beads on the points of the whiskers the beads compress the air in the cavities between the
whiskers creating extra buoyancy In technical terms the fabric has been rendered super-non
wettable or super-hydrophobic The whiskers also create fewer points of contact for dirt When
water is applied to soiled fabric the dirt adheres to the water far better than it adheres to the
textile surface and is carried off with the water as it beads up and rolls off the surface of the
fabric Thus the concept of Soil-cleaning is based on the leaves of the lotus plant
6
Self-cleaning fabric
bull Water oil and dirt simply roll off
bull But structures are sensitive to mechanical stress (scratching abrasion washing)
bull Effect is lost if structures are damaged
bull Nature can re-grow these structures ndash but textiles cannot
5 Anti-Microbial finish
Neither natural nor synthetic textile fibers are resistant to bacterial or pathogenic fungi
Therefore antibacterial disinfection and finishing technique have been developed for many types
of textiles Metallic ions and metallic compounds display a certain degree of sterilizing effect It
is considered that a part of oxygen in the air or water is turned into active oxygen by means of
photo catalysis with the metallic ion thereby dissolving the organic substance to create a
sterilizing effect With the use of nano sized particles the number of particles per unit area is
increased and thus anti-microbial effect can be maximized
Among the various antimicrobial agents used for finishing of textile substrates silver or silver
ions have long been known to have strong inhibitory and bactericidal effect as well as broad
spectrum of antimicrobial activities
7
Even though metallic silver has adequate antimicrobial properties it is expected that conversion
of silver to nano particles will have high specific area that may lead to high antimicrobial activity
compared to bulk metal The method of producing durable silver containing antimicrobial finish
is to encapsulate silver compound or nano particle with a fiber reactive polymer like poly
(styrene co-maleic-anhydride) Nano-silver particles have an extremely large relative surface
area thus increasing their contact with bacteria or fungi and vastly improving their bactericidal
and fungicidal effectiveness Nano-silver is very reactive with proteins When contacting
bacteria and fungus it will adversely affect cellular metabolism and inhibit cell growth It also
suppresses respiration the basal metabolism of the electron transfer system and the transport of
substrate into microbial cell membrane Furthermore it inhibits the growth of these bacteria and
fungi which cause infection odour itchiness and sores Hence nano-sliver particles are widely
applied to socks in order to prohibit the growth of bacteria In addition nano-silver can be applied
to a range of health care products such as dressings for burns scald skin donor and recipient
sites
Prof Yang has patented a process for preparing a silver nano particle containing functional
microcapsule having the intrinsic anti-microbial and therapeutic functions of silver as well as
additional functions of the products contained in the inner core of the capsule
8
These microcapsules can be prepared by a two step process In the first step an emulsified
solution of a perfume is encapsulated with melanin pre-condensate In second step microcapsule
so produced is treated with silver nano particle dispersed in water soluble styrene maleic
anhydride polymer solution before it fully dries Thus the microcapsules with dual function are
produced In these microcapsules the silver nano-particles are on the surface of the capsule
Instead of perfume we may use thermo sensitive pigment thermal storage materials or
pharmaceutical preparation in the inner core The treated yarns showed effective anti-microbial
activity against various bacteria fungi and Chlamydia that included Escherichia coli
nitrobacteria bacillus subtilis etc this finished goods is used in medical industry as a safe amp
effective means of controlling microbial growth in the wound bed
Ceramic coating of wound dressings (Sol-Gel-Process)
Ceramic coating for wound dressings through Sol-gel-Process is one of the latest advancement in
nano finishing Sol-gel-Process is a process for making very small particles 20 to 40nm that are
virtually impossible to make by conventional grinding Its main use at present seems to be for
optical coatings where the finer particles give the better optical clarity Manufacture of a fine
ceramic fiber seems to be the other common application
9
A liquid precursor of the particle is dissolved in a solvent usually alcohol water is added and
then acid or base The mixture is coated or cast The precursor then decomposes to form the fine
ceramic particles If the particle concentration is high the gel is dried and then heated at high
temperature to sinter the ceramic giving the desired ceramic film or fiber During this drying and
sintering process shrinkage occurs through loss of solvent and air and this shrinkage must be
carefully controlled to avoid cracking
6 UV ndashProtection finish
The most important functions performed by the garment are to protect the wearer from the
weather However it is also to protect the wearer from harmful rays of the sun The rays in the
wavelength region of 150 to 400 nm are known as ultraviolet radiations The UV-blocking
property of a fabric is enhanced when a dye pigment de-lustrant or ultraviolet absorber finish is
present that absorbs ultraviolet radiation and blocks its transmission through a fabric to the skin
To impart UV protection several nano compounds or nano particles can be applied on textile
material
Inorganic UV blockers are more preferable to organic UV blockers as they are non-toxic and
chemically stable under exposure to high temperature and UV Inorganic UV blockers are
usually certain semiconductors oxides such as TiO2 ZnO SiO2 and Al2O3 The commonest
nano compounds used are titanium dioxide and zinc oxide of nano size They provide a
protective benefit by reflecting scattering or absorbing harmful UV It was determined that nano
sized Titanium dioxide(TiO2) and Zinc oxide(ZnO) were more efficient at absorbing and
scattering UV radiations than the conventional size and were thus better able to block UV This
is due to the fact that nano-particles have larger surface area per unit mass and volume than the
conventional methods leading to the increase of effectiveness of blocking UV radiation Zinc
oxide nanoparticles scores over Titanium dioxide nanoparticles and nano-silver in cost-
effectiveness and UV-blocking property
For small particles light scattering predominates at approximately one-tenth of the wavelength
of the scattered light Raleighrsquos scattering theory stated that the scattering was strongly
dependent upon the wave length where the scattering was inversely proportional to the
10
wavelength to the fourth power This theory predicts that in order to scatter UV radiations
between 200nm and 400nm the optimum particle size will be 20nm to 40nm
Various research works on the application of UV-blocking treatment to fabric using nano
technology were conducted UV-blocking treatment for cotton fabrics was developed using the
sol-gel method A thin layer of Titanium dioxide is formed on the surface of the yarn or directly
on the fabric which provides excellent UV-protection ZnO nanoparticles are applied on cotton
using pad-dry-cure method Zinc oxide nanoparticles are prepared by wet chemical method using
zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and soluble starch as stabilizing agent These
nano-particles which have an average size of 40 nm were coated on the bleached cotton fabrics
(plain weave 30 s count) using acrylic binder and functional properties of coated fabrics were
studied On an average of 75 UV blocking was recorded for the cotton fabrics treated with 2
ZnO nanoparticles And in addition nano-ZnO impregnated onto cotton textiles showed
excellent antibacterial activity against two representative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and
Klebsiella pneumoniae In case of wearable cotton textiles use of 06 nano-ZnO for coating
can be sufficient to impart antimicrobial property But in case of medical textiles where a high
degree of antimicrobial activity is required use of 10 nano-ZnO can be recommended Air
permeability of the nano-ZnO coated fabrics was significantly higher hence the increased
breathability In case of nano-ZnO coated fabric due to its nano-size and uniform distribution
friction was significantly lower than the bulk-ZnO coated fabric
Fabric treated with UV absorbers ensures that the clothes deflect the harmful ultraviolet rays of
the sun reducing a personrsquos UVR exposure and protecting the skin from potential damage The
extent of skin protection required by different types of human skin depends on UV radiation
intensity amp distribution in reference to geographical location time of day and season This
protection is expressed as UPF (UV Protection Factor) higher the UPF value better is the
protection against UV radiation
11
UPF before and after nano-TiO2 Coating
CO ndash Cotton
PES ndash Polyester
PA ndash Polyamide (6 66)
7 Swimsuits with minimum flow resistance
Special types of swimsuits are being used now days by the athletes in the water games These
swim suits minimizes the flow resistance while swimming through the water The kind of
swimsuits with less flow resistance was developed entirely based on nature as role model
Different friction coefficients on the fabrics are obtained by creating micro vortices on the fabric
surface using micro and nano-particles This effect is similar to the sharkrsquos skin which exhibits a
very low flow resistance in water The below figure shows the micro vortices on the sharkrsquos skin
and similar effect created on the swimsuit
12
Micro vortices on Sharkrsquos skin similar effect on swimsuit
8 Anti static performance
Conventionally surfactants were used to spread the small amount of moisture on the surface of
fiber so as to pose the static charge to leak away Static usually builds up in synthetic fibers such
as in nylon and polyester because they absorb little water Cellulose fibers such as cotton have
higher moisture content to carry away static charges so that no static charge will accumulate As
synthetic fibers provide poor anti-static properties research work concerning the improvement of
anti-static properties of textiles by using nanotechnology were conducted
One of the best electrically conductive nano particles is silver Silver nano particle helps to
dissipate the static charge effectively It was determined that nano-sized Titanium dioxide Zinc
oxide whiskers nano antimony-doped Tin oxide (ATO) and silane nanosol could impart
antistatic properties to the synthetic fibers TiO2 ZnO ATO provide anti-static effects because
they are electrically conductive materials Such materials help effectively to dissipate the static
charge which is accumulated on the fabric On the other hand the Silane gel particles absorb
moisture in the air by amino and hydroxyl groups and bound water and thus improves anti-static
properties of the fabric or garment
13
9 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish
bull Provides permanent static protection
bull Repels lint dust dirt and pet hair
bull Enhances appearance and comfort
bull Retains fabrics natural softness
bull Allows fabric to breathe naturally
10 Wrinkle resistance
Wrinkling occurs when the fiber is severally creased When fiber or fabric is bent hydrogen
bonds between the molecular chains in the amorphous regions break and allow the chains to slip
past one another The bonds reform in new places and fiber or fabric is held in the creased
configurations
To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric resin is commonly used in conventional methods The
disadvantages of conventional resin applications include decrease in the strength of fiber and in
abrasion resistance water absorbency and dye ability as well as breathability To overcome the
limitations of using resin some researches employed nano-Titanium dioxide and nano Silica to
improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively
Nano-Titanium dioxide was employed with Carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to
catalyze the cross linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid On other hand
nano-Silica was applied with Maleic anhydride as a catalyst the results showed that the
application of nano-Silica with Maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle
resistance of silk Odour fight finish
14
The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made
from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo
Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it
excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture
The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi
A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through
nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that
destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the
reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or
irritation
11 Anti-Pollen finish
Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that
particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the
surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using
the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive
Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves
arm covers bedding covers etc
12 Flame Retardant Finish
Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal
Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers
colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist
with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano
antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the
garments
15
13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments
1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye
2 Saving time and laundering cost
3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the
processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant
5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced
breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material
6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat
7 Nano-processed products are toxic free
8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials
9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products
14 Some commercially available nano-particles
SNo Nano-Particles Properties
1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing
2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating
3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis
4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance
provide self-sterilizing function
5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles
with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing
6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing
Particles
7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion
8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical
resistance and impart electrical conductivity
colouration of some textiles
9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance
15 Next Generation Finishing
A) Nano-Care
A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink
proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton
and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of
methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more
than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those
of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even
after 20 home washes
17
Features
bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency
bull Resists Wrinkles
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
B) Nano-Pel
This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in
natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester
nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be
expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings
with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20
washes (Figure shows Before amp After)
Features
Superior Water and Oil Repellency
bull Minimize Stains
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Durable Performance
18
C) Nano-Dry
It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more
than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of
polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the
hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol
polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve
particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the
field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth
is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear
Features
bull Moisture Wicking
bull Retains Breathability of Fabric
bull Quick Drying
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Durable Performance
D) Nano-Touch
This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic
fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall
solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial
19
hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their
disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having
unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-
Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a
challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In
selfassembled
nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less
than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top
of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being
explored to confer special functions to textile materials
Features
bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric
bull Durable Performance
bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Reduced Static Build-up
Future Prospect
The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on
the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in
textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of
nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current
global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going
to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States
Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have
bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of
nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus
(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials
(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology
The new functions with textiles to be developed include
20
1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and
sophisticated protection and detection
1048729 health-care and wound healing functions
16Conclusion
We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and
lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the
next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the
textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability
and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable
trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its
collaboration with other disciplines
With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the
technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie
Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile
chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some
of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been
briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will
emerge to dominate the textile field in future
21
REFRENCES
1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-
finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012
2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue
Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012
3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC
press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC
4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp
5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm
6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm
7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm
22
presenting better affinity for fabrics and lending to an increase in durability of the function In
addition the coating of nano-particles on fabrics will not affect the breathability or hand feel
4
4 Current application of Nanotechnology on garment finishing
Self-cleaning textiles Self cleaning garments were developed keeping nature as a role model ie Self cleaning
property of plant leaves and insects were investigated Majority of wettable leaves and insects
investigated were more or less smooth without any prominent surface sculptures In contrast
water repellant leaves and insects exhibit various surface sculptures mainly epicuticular wax
crystal in combination with papillose epidermal cell
Self-cleaning process in nature
Hydrophilic Surface Hydrophobic Surface
Nano structure for small particles Micro structure for large particles
5
The German researcher Wilhelm Barthlott of the Bonn Institute of Botany discovered in 1990
that the lotus plant admired for the resplendence of its flowers and leaves owed this property of
self-cleaning to the high density of minute surface protrusions These protrusions catch deposits
of soil preventing them from sticking When it rains the leaf has a hydrophobic reaction Water
rolls around as droplets removing dust as it move Reproduced for nano technological process on
the surface of woven fabrics this self-cleaning property can be developed as a technological
innovation
Self cleaning surfaces in nature
Lotus leaf Rose beetle insect Housefly
The water repellant property of fabric is obtained by creating combination of micro and nano-
whiskers with low surface energy which are generated by wax crystals and 11000 of the size of
a typical cotton fiber added to the fabric to create a peach fuzz effect This creates a cushion of
air on the fabric surface without lowering the strength of fabric When water hits the fabric it
beads on the points of the whiskers the beads compress the air in the cavities between the
whiskers creating extra buoyancy In technical terms the fabric has been rendered super-non
wettable or super-hydrophobic The whiskers also create fewer points of contact for dirt When
water is applied to soiled fabric the dirt adheres to the water far better than it adheres to the
textile surface and is carried off with the water as it beads up and rolls off the surface of the
fabric Thus the concept of Soil-cleaning is based on the leaves of the lotus plant
6
Self-cleaning fabric
bull Water oil and dirt simply roll off
bull But structures are sensitive to mechanical stress (scratching abrasion washing)
bull Effect is lost if structures are damaged
bull Nature can re-grow these structures ndash but textiles cannot
5 Anti-Microbial finish
Neither natural nor synthetic textile fibers are resistant to bacterial or pathogenic fungi
Therefore antibacterial disinfection and finishing technique have been developed for many types
of textiles Metallic ions and metallic compounds display a certain degree of sterilizing effect It
is considered that a part of oxygen in the air or water is turned into active oxygen by means of
photo catalysis with the metallic ion thereby dissolving the organic substance to create a
sterilizing effect With the use of nano sized particles the number of particles per unit area is
increased and thus anti-microbial effect can be maximized
Among the various antimicrobial agents used for finishing of textile substrates silver or silver
ions have long been known to have strong inhibitory and bactericidal effect as well as broad
spectrum of antimicrobial activities
7
Even though metallic silver has adequate antimicrobial properties it is expected that conversion
of silver to nano particles will have high specific area that may lead to high antimicrobial activity
compared to bulk metal The method of producing durable silver containing antimicrobial finish
is to encapsulate silver compound or nano particle with a fiber reactive polymer like poly
(styrene co-maleic-anhydride) Nano-silver particles have an extremely large relative surface
area thus increasing their contact with bacteria or fungi and vastly improving their bactericidal
and fungicidal effectiveness Nano-silver is very reactive with proteins When contacting
bacteria and fungus it will adversely affect cellular metabolism and inhibit cell growth It also
suppresses respiration the basal metabolism of the electron transfer system and the transport of
substrate into microbial cell membrane Furthermore it inhibits the growth of these bacteria and
fungi which cause infection odour itchiness and sores Hence nano-sliver particles are widely
applied to socks in order to prohibit the growth of bacteria In addition nano-silver can be applied
to a range of health care products such as dressings for burns scald skin donor and recipient
sites
Prof Yang has patented a process for preparing a silver nano particle containing functional
microcapsule having the intrinsic anti-microbial and therapeutic functions of silver as well as
additional functions of the products contained in the inner core of the capsule
8
These microcapsules can be prepared by a two step process In the first step an emulsified
solution of a perfume is encapsulated with melanin pre-condensate In second step microcapsule
so produced is treated with silver nano particle dispersed in water soluble styrene maleic
anhydride polymer solution before it fully dries Thus the microcapsules with dual function are
produced In these microcapsules the silver nano-particles are on the surface of the capsule
Instead of perfume we may use thermo sensitive pigment thermal storage materials or
pharmaceutical preparation in the inner core The treated yarns showed effective anti-microbial
activity against various bacteria fungi and Chlamydia that included Escherichia coli
nitrobacteria bacillus subtilis etc this finished goods is used in medical industry as a safe amp
effective means of controlling microbial growth in the wound bed
Ceramic coating of wound dressings (Sol-Gel-Process)
Ceramic coating for wound dressings through Sol-gel-Process is one of the latest advancement in
nano finishing Sol-gel-Process is a process for making very small particles 20 to 40nm that are
virtually impossible to make by conventional grinding Its main use at present seems to be for
optical coatings where the finer particles give the better optical clarity Manufacture of a fine
ceramic fiber seems to be the other common application
9
A liquid precursor of the particle is dissolved in a solvent usually alcohol water is added and
then acid or base The mixture is coated or cast The precursor then decomposes to form the fine
ceramic particles If the particle concentration is high the gel is dried and then heated at high
temperature to sinter the ceramic giving the desired ceramic film or fiber During this drying and
sintering process shrinkage occurs through loss of solvent and air and this shrinkage must be
carefully controlled to avoid cracking
6 UV ndashProtection finish
The most important functions performed by the garment are to protect the wearer from the
weather However it is also to protect the wearer from harmful rays of the sun The rays in the
wavelength region of 150 to 400 nm are known as ultraviolet radiations The UV-blocking
property of a fabric is enhanced when a dye pigment de-lustrant or ultraviolet absorber finish is
present that absorbs ultraviolet radiation and blocks its transmission through a fabric to the skin
To impart UV protection several nano compounds or nano particles can be applied on textile
material
Inorganic UV blockers are more preferable to organic UV blockers as they are non-toxic and
chemically stable under exposure to high temperature and UV Inorganic UV blockers are
usually certain semiconductors oxides such as TiO2 ZnO SiO2 and Al2O3 The commonest
nano compounds used are titanium dioxide and zinc oxide of nano size They provide a
protective benefit by reflecting scattering or absorbing harmful UV It was determined that nano
sized Titanium dioxide(TiO2) and Zinc oxide(ZnO) were more efficient at absorbing and
scattering UV radiations than the conventional size and were thus better able to block UV This
is due to the fact that nano-particles have larger surface area per unit mass and volume than the
conventional methods leading to the increase of effectiveness of blocking UV radiation Zinc
oxide nanoparticles scores over Titanium dioxide nanoparticles and nano-silver in cost-
effectiveness and UV-blocking property
For small particles light scattering predominates at approximately one-tenth of the wavelength
of the scattered light Raleighrsquos scattering theory stated that the scattering was strongly
dependent upon the wave length where the scattering was inversely proportional to the
10
wavelength to the fourth power This theory predicts that in order to scatter UV radiations
between 200nm and 400nm the optimum particle size will be 20nm to 40nm
Various research works on the application of UV-blocking treatment to fabric using nano
technology were conducted UV-blocking treatment for cotton fabrics was developed using the
sol-gel method A thin layer of Titanium dioxide is formed on the surface of the yarn or directly
on the fabric which provides excellent UV-protection ZnO nanoparticles are applied on cotton
using pad-dry-cure method Zinc oxide nanoparticles are prepared by wet chemical method using
zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and soluble starch as stabilizing agent These
nano-particles which have an average size of 40 nm were coated on the bleached cotton fabrics
(plain weave 30 s count) using acrylic binder and functional properties of coated fabrics were
studied On an average of 75 UV blocking was recorded for the cotton fabrics treated with 2
ZnO nanoparticles And in addition nano-ZnO impregnated onto cotton textiles showed
excellent antibacterial activity against two representative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and
Klebsiella pneumoniae In case of wearable cotton textiles use of 06 nano-ZnO for coating
can be sufficient to impart antimicrobial property But in case of medical textiles where a high
degree of antimicrobial activity is required use of 10 nano-ZnO can be recommended Air
permeability of the nano-ZnO coated fabrics was significantly higher hence the increased
breathability In case of nano-ZnO coated fabric due to its nano-size and uniform distribution
friction was significantly lower than the bulk-ZnO coated fabric
Fabric treated with UV absorbers ensures that the clothes deflect the harmful ultraviolet rays of
the sun reducing a personrsquos UVR exposure and protecting the skin from potential damage The
extent of skin protection required by different types of human skin depends on UV radiation
intensity amp distribution in reference to geographical location time of day and season This
protection is expressed as UPF (UV Protection Factor) higher the UPF value better is the
protection against UV radiation
11
UPF before and after nano-TiO2 Coating
CO ndash Cotton
PES ndash Polyester
PA ndash Polyamide (6 66)
7 Swimsuits with minimum flow resistance
Special types of swimsuits are being used now days by the athletes in the water games These
swim suits minimizes the flow resistance while swimming through the water The kind of
swimsuits with less flow resistance was developed entirely based on nature as role model
Different friction coefficients on the fabrics are obtained by creating micro vortices on the fabric
surface using micro and nano-particles This effect is similar to the sharkrsquos skin which exhibits a
very low flow resistance in water The below figure shows the micro vortices on the sharkrsquos skin
and similar effect created on the swimsuit
12
Micro vortices on Sharkrsquos skin similar effect on swimsuit
8 Anti static performance
Conventionally surfactants were used to spread the small amount of moisture on the surface of
fiber so as to pose the static charge to leak away Static usually builds up in synthetic fibers such
as in nylon and polyester because they absorb little water Cellulose fibers such as cotton have
higher moisture content to carry away static charges so that no static charge will accumulate As
synthetic fibers provide poor anti-static properties research work concerning the improvement of
anti-static properties of textiles by using nanotechnology were conducted
One of the best electrically conductive nano particles is silver Silver nano particle helps to
dissipate the static charge effectively It was determined that nano-sized Titanium dioxide Zinc
oxide whiskers nano antimony-doped Tin oxide (ATO) and silane nanosol could impart
antistatic properties to the synthetic fibers TiO2 ZnO ATO provide anti-static effects because
they are electrically conductive materials Such materials help effectively to dissipate the static
charge which is accumulated on the fabric On the other hand the Silane gel particles absorb
moisture in the air by amino and hydroxyl groups and bound water and thus improves anti-static
properties of the fabric or garment
13
9 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish
bull Provides permanent static protection
bull Repels lint dust dirt and pet hair
bull Enhances appearance and comfort
bull Retains fabrics natural softness
bull Allows fabric to breathe naturally
10 Wrinkle resistance
Wrinkling occurs when the fiber is severally creased When fiber or fabric is bent hydrogen
bonds between the molecular chains in the amorphous regions break and allow the chains to slip
past one another The bonds reform in new places and fiber or fabric is held in the creased
configurations
To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric resin is commonly used in conventional methods The
disadvantages of conventional resin applications include decrease in the strength of fiber and in
abrasion resistance water absorbency and dye ability as well as breathability To overcome the
limitations of using resin some researches employed nano-Titanium dioxide and nano Silica to
improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively
Nano-Titanium dioxide was employed with Carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to
catalyze the cross linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid On other hand
nano-Silica was applied with Maleic anhydride as a catalyst the results showed that the
application of nano-Silica with Maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle
resistance of silk Odour fight finish
14
The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made
from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo
Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it
excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture
The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi
A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through
nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that
destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the
reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or
irritation
11 Anti-Pollen finish
Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that
particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the
surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using
the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive
Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves
arm covers bedding covers etc
12 Flame Retardant Finish
Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal
Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers
colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist
with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano
antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the
garments
15
13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments
1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye
2 Saving time and laundering cost
3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the
processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant
5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced
breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material
6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat
7 Nano-processed products are toxic free
8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials
9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products
14 Some commercially available nano-particles
SNo Nano-Particles Properties
1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing
2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating
3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis
4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance
provide self-sterilizing function
5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles
with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing
6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing
Particles
7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion
8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical
resistance and impart electrical conductivity
colouration of some textiles
9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance
15 Next Generation Finishing
A) Nano-Care
A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink
proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton
and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of
methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more
than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those
of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even
after 20 home washes
17
Features
bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency
bull Resists Wrinkles
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
B) Nano-Pel
This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in
natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester
nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be
expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings
with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20
washes (Figure shows Before amp After)
Features
Superior Water and Oil Repellency
bull Minimize Stains
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Durable Performance
18
C) Nano-Dry
It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more
than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of
polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the
hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol
polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve
particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the
field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth
is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear
Features
bull Moisture Wicking
bull Retains Breathability of Fabric
bull Quick Drying
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Durable Performance
D) Nano-Touch
This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic
fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall
solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial
19
hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their
disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having
unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-
Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a
challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In
selfassembled
nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less
than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top
of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being
explored to confer special functions to textile materials
Features
bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric
bull Durable Performance
bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Reduced Static Build-up
Future Prospect
The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on
the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in
textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of
nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current
global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going
to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States
Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have
bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of
nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus
(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials
(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology
The new functions with textiles to be developed include
20
1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and
sophisticated protection and detection
1048729 health-care and wound healing functions
16Conclusion
We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and
lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the
next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the
textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability
and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable
trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its
collaboration with other disciplines
With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the
technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie
Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile
chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some
of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been
briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will
emerge to dominate the textile field in future
21
REFRENCES
1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-
finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012
2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue
Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012
3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC
press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC
4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp
5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm
6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm
7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm
22
Nano structure for small particles Micro structure for large particles
5
The German researcher Wilhelm Barthlott of the Bonn Institute of Botany discovered in 1990
that the lotus plant admired for the resplendence of its flowers and leaves owed this property of
self-cleaning to the high density of minute surface protrusions These protrusions catch deposits
of soil preventing them from sticking When it rains the leaf has a hydrophobic reaction Water
rolls around as droplets removing dust as it move Reproduced for nano technological process on
the surface of woven fabrics this self-cleaning property can be developed as a technological
innovation
Self cleaning surfaces in nature
Lotus leaf Rose beetle insect Housefly
The water repellant property of fabric is obtained by creating combination of micro and nano-
whiskers with low surface energy which are generated by wax crystals and 11000 of the size of
a typical cotton fiber added to the fabric to create a peach fuzz effect This creates a cushion of
air on the fabric surface without lowering the strength of fabric When water hits the fabric it
beads on the points of the whiskers the beads compress the air in the cavities between the
whiskers creating extra buoyancy In technical terms the fabric has been rendered super-non
wettable or super-hydrophobic The whiskers also create fewer points of contact for dirt When
water is applied to soiled fabric the dirt adheres to the water far better than it adheres to the
textile surface and is carried off with the water as it beads up and rolls off the surface of the
fabric Thus the concept of Soil-cleaning is based on the leaves of the lotus plant
6
Self-cleaning fabric
bull Water oil and dirt simply roll off
bull But structures are sensitive to mechanical stress (scratching abrasion washing)
bull Effect is lost if structures are damaged
bull Nature can re-grow these structures ndash but textiles cannot
5 Anti-Microbial finish
Neither natural nor synthetic textile fibers are resistant to bacterial or pathogenic fungi
Therefore antibacterial disinfection and finishing technique have been developed for many types
of textiles Metallic ions and metallic compounds display a certain degree of sterilizing effect It
is considered that a part of oxygen in the air or water is turned into active oxygen by means of
photo catalysis with the metallic ion thereby dissolving the organic substance to create a
sterilizing effect With the use of nano sized particles the number of particles per unit area is
increased and thus anti-microbial effect can be maximized
Among the various antimicrobial agents used for finishing of textile substrates silver or silver
ions have long been known to have strong inhibitory and bactericidal effect as well as broad
spectrum of antimicrobial activities
7
Even though metallic silver has adequate antimicrobial properties it is expected that conversion
of silver to nano particles will have high specific area that may lead to high antimicrobial activity
compared to bulk metal The method of producing durable silver containing antimicrobial finish
is to encapsulate silver compound or nano particle with a fiber reactive polymer like poly
(styrene co-maleic-anhydride) Nano-silver particles have an extremely large relative surface
area thus increasing their contact with bacteria or fungi and vastly improving their bactericidal
and fungicidal effectiveness Nano-silver is very reactive with proteins When contacting
bacteria and fungus it will adversely affect cellular metabolism and inhibit cell growth It also
suppresses respiration the basal metabolism of the electron transfer system and the transport of
substrate into microbial cell membrane Furthermore it inhibits the growth of these bacteria and
fungi which cause infection odour itchiness and sores Hence nano-sliver particles are widely
applied to socks in order to prohibit the growth of bacteria In addition nano-silver can be applied
to a range of health care products such as dressings for burns scald skin donor and recipient
sites
Prof Yang has patented a process for preparing a silver nano particle containing functional
microcapsule having the intrinsic anti-microbial and therapeutic functions of silver as well as
additional functions of the products contained in the inner core of the capsule
8
These microcapsules can be prepared by a two step process In the first step an emulsified
solution of a perfume is encapsulated with melanin pre-condensate In second step microcapsule
so produced is treated with silver nano particle dispersed in water soluble styrene maleic
anhydride polymer solution before it fully dries Thus the microcapsules with dual function are
produced In these microcapsules the silver nano-particles are on the surface of the capsule
Instead of perfume we may use thermo sensitive pigment thermal storage materials or
pharmaceutical preparation in the inner core The treated yarns showed effective anti-microbial
activity against various bacteria fungi and Chlamydia that included Escherichia coli
nitrobacteria bacillus subtilis etc this finished goods is used in medical industry as a safe amp
effective means of controlling microbial growth in the wound bed
Ceramic coating of wound dressings (Sol-Gel-Process)
Ceramic coating for wound dressings through Sol-gel-Process is one of the latest advancement in
nano finishing Sol-gel-Process is a process for making very small particles 20 to 40nm that are
virtually impossible to make by conventional grinding Its main use at present seems to be for
optical coatings where the finer particles give the better optical clarity Manufacture of a fine
ceramic fiber seems to be the other common application
9
A liquid precursor of the particle is dissolved in a solvent usually alcohol water is added and
then acid or base The mixture is coated or cast The precursor then decomposes to form the fine
ceramic particles If the particle concentration is high the gel is dried and then heated at high
temperature to sinter the ceramic giving the desired ceramic film or fiber During this drying and
sintering process shrinkage occurs through loss of solvent and air and this shrinkage must be
carefully controlled to avoid cracking
6 UV ndashProtection finish
The most important functions performed by the garment are to protect the wearer from the
weather However it is also to protect the wearer from harmful rays of the sun The rays in the
wavelength region of 150 to 400 nm are known as ultraviolet radiations The UV-blocking
property of a fabric is enhanced when a dye pigment de-lustrant or ultraviolet absorber finish is
present that absorbs ultraviolet radiation and blocks its transmission through a fabric to the skin
To impart UV protection several nano compounds or nano particles can be applied on textile
material
Inorganic UV blockers are more preferable to organic UV blockers as they are non-toxic and
chemically stable under exposure to high temperature and UV Inorganic UV blockers are
usually certain semiconductors oxides such as TiO2 ZnO SiO2 and Al2O3 The commonest
nano compounds used are titanium dioxide and zinc oxide of nano size They provide a
protective benefit by reflecting scattering or absorbing harmful UV It was determined that nano
sized Titanium dioxide(TiO2) and Zinc oxide(ZnO) were more efficient at absorbing and
scattering UV radiations than the conventional size and were thus better able to block UV This
is due to the fact that nano-particles have larger surface area per unit mass and volume than the
conventional methods leading to the increase of effectiveness of blocking UV radiation Zinc
oxide nanoparticles scores over Titanium dioxide nanoparticles and nano-silver in cost-
effectiveness and UV-blocking property
For small particles light scattering predominates at approximately one-tenth of the wavelength
of the scattered light Raleighrsquos scattering theory stated that the scattering was strongly
dependent upon the wave length where the scattering was inversely proportional to the
10
wavelength to the fourth power This theory predicts that in order to scatter UV radiations
between 200nm and 400nm the optimum particle size will be 20nm to 40nm
Various research works on the application of UV-blocking treatment to fabric using nano
technology were conducted UV-blocking treatment for cotton fabrics was developed using the
sol-gel method A thin layer of Titanium dioxide is formed on the surface of the yarn or directly
on the fabric which provides excellent UV-protection ZnO nanoparticles are applied on cotton
using pad-dry-cure method Zinc oxide nanoparticles are prepared by wet chemical method using
zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and soluble starch as stabilizing agent These
nano-particles which have an average size of 40 nm were coated on the bleached cotton fabrics
(plain weave 30 s count) using acrylic binder and functional properties of coated fabrics were
studied On an average of 75 UV blocking was recorded for the cotton fabrics treated with 2
ZnO nanoparticles And in addition nano-ZnO impregnated onto cotton textiles showed
excellent antibacterial activity against two representative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and
Klebsiella pneumoniae In case of wearable cotton textiles use of 06 nano-ZnO for coating
can be sufficient to impart antimicrobial property But in case of medical textiles where a high
degree of antimicrobial activity is required use of 10 nano-ZnO can be recommended Air
permeability of the nano-ZnO coated fabrics was significantly higher hence the increased
breathability In case of nano-ZnO coated fabric due to its nano-size and uniform distribution
friction was significantly lower than the bulk-ZnO coated fabric
Fabric treated with UV absorbers ensures that the clothes deflect the harmful ultraviolet rays of
the sun reducing a personrsquos UVR exposure and protecting the skin from potential damage The
extent of skin protection required by different types of human skin depends on UV radiation
intensity amp distribution in reference to geographical location time of day and season This
protection is expressed as UPF (UV Protection Factor) higher the UPF value better is the
protection against UV radiation
11
UPF before and after nano-TiO2 Coating
CO ndash Cotton
PES ndash Polyester
PA ndash Polyamide (6 66)
7 Swimsuits with minimum flow resistance
Special types of swimsuits are being used now days by the athletes in the water games These
swim suits minimizes the flow resistance while swimming through the water The kind of
swimsuits with less flow resistance was developed entirely based on nature as role model
Different friction coefficients on the fabrics are obtained by creating micro vortices on the fabric
surface using micro and nano-particles This effect is similar to the sharkrsquos skin which exhibits a
very low flow resistance in water The below figure shows the micro vortices on the sharkrsquos skin
and similar effect created on the swimsuit
12
Micro vortices on Sharkrsquos skin similar effect on swimsuit
8 Anti static performance
Conventionally surfactants were used to spread the small amount of moisture on the surface of
fiber so as to pose the static charge to leak away Static usually builds up in synthetic fibers such
as in nylon and polyester because they absorb little water Cellulose fibers such as cotton have
higher moisture content to carry away static charges so that no static charge will accumulate As
synthetic fibers provide poor anti-static properties research work concerning the improvement of
anti-static properties of textiles by using nanotechnology were conducted
One of the best electrically conductive nano particles is silver Silver nano particle helps to
dissipate the static charge effectively It was determined that nano-sized Titanium dioxide Zinc
oxide whiskers nano antimony-doped Tin oxide (ATO) and silane nanosol could impart
antistatic properties to the synthetic fibers TiO2 ZnO ATO provide anti-static effects because
they are electrically conductive materials Such materials help effectively to dissipate the static
charge which is accumulated on the fabric On the other hand the Silane gel particles absorb
moisture in the air by amino and hydroxyl groups and bound water and thus improves anti-static
properties of the fabric or garment
13
9 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish
bull Provides permanent static protection
bull Repels lint dust dirt and pet hair
bull Enhances appearance and comfort
bull Retains fabrics natural softness
bull Allows fabric to breathe naturally
10 Wrinkle resistance
Wrinkling occurs when the fiber is severally creased When fiber or fabric is bent hydrogen
bonds between the molecular chains in the amorphous regions break and allow the chains to slip
past one another The bonds reform in new places and fiber or fabric is held in the creased
configurations
To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric resin is commonly used in conventional methods The
disadvantages of conventional resin applications include decrease in the strength of fiber and in
abrasion resistance water absorbency and dye ability as well as breathability To overcome the
limitations of using resin some researches employed nano-Titanium dioxide and nano Silica to
improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively
Nano-Titanium dioxide was employed with Carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to
catalyze the cross linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid On other hand
nano-Silica was applied with Maleic anhydride as a catalyst the results showed that the
application of nano-Silica with Maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle
resistance of silk Odour fight finish
14
The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made
from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo
Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it
excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture
The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi
A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through
nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that
destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the
reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or
irritation
11 Anti-Pollen finish
Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that
particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the
surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using
the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive
Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves
arm covers bedding covers etc
12 Flame Retardant Finish
Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal
Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers
colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist
with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano
antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the
garments
15
13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments
1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye
2 Saving time and laundering cost
3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the
processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant
5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced
breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material
6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat
7 Nano-processed products are toxic free
8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials
9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products
14 Some commercially available nano-particles
SNo Nano-Particles Properties
1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing
2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating
3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis
4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance
provide self-sterilizing function
5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles
with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing
6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing
Particles
7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion
8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical
resistance and impart electrical conductivity
colouration of some textiles
9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance
15 Next Generation Finishing
A) Nano-Care
A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink
proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton
and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of
methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more
than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those
of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even
after 20 home washes
17
Features
bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency
bull Resists Wrinkles
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
B) Nano-Pel
This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in
natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester
nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be
expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings
with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20
washes (Figure shows Before amp After)
Features
Superior Water and Oil Repellency
bull Minimize Stains
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Durable Performance
18
C) Nano-Dry
It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more
than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of
polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the
hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol
polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve
particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the
field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth
is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear
Features
bull Moisture Wicking
bull Retains Breathability of Fabric
bull Quick Drying
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Durable Performance
D) Nano-Touch
This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic
fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall
solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial
19
hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their
disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having
unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-
Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a
challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In
selfassembled
nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less
than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top
of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being
explored to confer special functions to textile materials
Features
bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric
bull Durable Performance
bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Reduced Static Build-up
Future Prospect
The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on
the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in
textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of
nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current
global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going
to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States
Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have
bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of
nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus
(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials
(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology
The new functions with textiles to be developed include
20
1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and
sophisticated protection and detection
1048729 health-care and wound healing functions
16Conclusion
We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and
lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the
next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the
textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability
and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable
trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its
collaboration with other disciplines
With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the
technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie
Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile
chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some
of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been
briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will
emerge to dominate the textile field in future
21
REFRENCES
1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-
finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012
2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue
Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012
3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC
press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC
4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp
5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm
6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm
7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm
22
Lotus leaf Rose beetle insect Housefly
The water repellant property of fabric is obtained by creating combination of micro and nano-
whiskers with low surface energy which are generated by wax crystals and 11000 of the size of
a typical cotton fiber added to the fabric to create a peach fuzz effect This creates a cushion of
air on the fabric surface without lowering the strength of fabric When water hits the fabric it
beads on the points of the whiskers the beads compress the air in the cavities between the
whiskers creating extra buoyancy In technical terms the fabric has been rendered super-non
wettable or super-hydrophobic The whiskers also create fewer points of contact for dirt When
water is applied to soiled fabric the dirt adheres to the water far better than it adheres to the
textile surface and is carried off with the water as it beads up and rolls off the surface of the
fabric Thus the concept of Soil-cleaning is based on the leaves of the lotus plant
6
Self-cleaning fabric
bull Water oil and dirt simply roll off
bull But structures are sensitive to mechanical stress (scratching abrasion washing)
bull Effect is lost if structures are damaged
bull Nature can re-grow these structures ndash but textiles cannot
5 Anti-Microbial finish
Neither natural nor synthetic textile fibers are resistant to bacterial or pathogenic fungi
Therefore antibacterial disinfection and finishing technique have been developed for many types
of textiles Metallic ions and metallic compounds display a certain degree of sterilizing effect It
is considered that a part of oxygen in the air or water is turned into active oxygen by means of
photo catalysis with the metallic ion thereby dissolving the organic substance to create a
sterilizing effect With the use of nano sized particles the number of particles per unit area is
increased and thus anti-microbial effect can be maximized
Among the various antimicrobial agents used for finishing of textile substrates silver or silver
ions have long been known to have strong inhibitory and bactericidal effect as well as broad
spectrum of antimicrobial activities
7
Even though metallic silver has adequate antimicrobial properties it is expected that conversion
of silver to nano particles will have high specific area that may lead to high antimicrobial activity
compared to bulk metal The method of producing durable silver containing antimicrobial finish
is to encapsulate silver compound or nano particle with a fiber reactive polymer like poly
(styrene co-maleic-anhydride) Nano-silver particles have an extremely large relative surface
area thus increasing their contact with bacteria or fungi and vastly improving their bactericidal
and fungicidal effectiveness Nano-silver is very reactive with proteins When contacting
bacteria and fungus it will adversely affect cellular metabolism and inhibit cell growth It also
suppresses respiration the basal metabolism of the electron transfer system and the transport of
substrate into microbial cell membrane Furthermore it inhibits the growth of these bacteria and
fungi which cause infection odour itchiness and sores Hence nano-sliver particles are widely
applied to socks in order to prohibit the growth of bacteria In addition nano-silver can be applied
to a range of health care products such as dressings for burns scald skin donor and recipient
sites
Prof Yang has patented a process for preparing a silver nano particle containing functional
microcapsule having the intrinsic anti-microbial and therapeutic functions of silver as well as
additional functions of the products contained in the inner core of the capsule
8
These microcapsules can be prepared by a two step process In the first step an emulsified
solution of a perfume is encapsulated with melanin pre-condensate In second step microcapsule
so produced is treated with silver nano particle dispersed in water soluble styrene maleic
anhydride polymer solution before it fully dries Thus the microcapsules with dual function are
produced In these microcapsules the silver nano-particles are on the surface of the capsule
Instead of perfume we may use thermo sensitive pigment thermal storage materials or
pharmaceutical preparation in the inner core The treated yarns showed effective anti-microbial
activity against various bacteria fungi and Chlamydia that included Escherichia coli
nitrobacteria bacillus subtilis etc this finished goods is used in medical industry as a safe amp
effective means of controlling microbial growth in the wound bed
Ceramic coating of wound dressings (Sol-Gel-Process)
Ceramic coating for wound dressings through Sol-gel-Process is one of the latest advancement in
nano finishing Sol-gel-Process is a process for making very small particles 20 to 40nm that are
virtually impossible to make by conventional grinding Its main use at present seems to be for
optical coatings where the finer particles give the better optical clarity Manufacture of a fine
ceramic fiber seems to be the other common application
9
A liquid precursor of the particle is dissolved in a solvent usually alcohol water is added and
then acid or base The mixture is coated or cast The precursor then decomposes to form the fine
ceramic particles If the particle concentration is high the gel is dried and then heated at high
temperature to sinter the ceramic giving the desired ceramic film or fiber During this drying and
sintering process shrinkage occurs through loss of solvent and air and this shrinkage must be
carefully controlled to avoid cracking
6 UV ndashProtection finish
The most important functions performed by the garment are to protect the wearer from the
weather However it is also to protect the wearer from harmful rays of the sun The rays in the
wavelength region of 150 to 400 nm are known as ultraviolet radiations The UV-blocking
property of a fabric is enhanced when a dye pigment de-lustrant or ultraviolet absorber finish is
present that absorbs ultraviolet radiation and blocks its transmission through a fabric to the skin
To impart UV protection several nano compounds or nano particles can be applied on textile
material
Inorganic UV blockers are more preferable to organic UV blockers as they are non-toxic and
chemically stable under exposure to high temperature and UV Inorganic UV blockers are
usually certain semiconductors oxides such as TiO2 ZnO SiO2 and Al2O3 The commonest
nano compounds used are titanium dioxide and zinc oxide of nano size They provide a
protective benefit by reflecting scattering or absorbing harmful UV It was determined that nano
sized Titanium dioxide(TiO2) and Zinc oxide(ZnO) were more efficient at absorbing and
scattering UV radiations than the conventional size and were thus better able to block UV This
is due to the fact that nano-particles have larger surface area per unit mass and volume than the
conventional methods leading to the increase of effectiveness of blocking UV radiation Zinc
oxide nanoparticles scores over Titanium dioxide nanoparticles and nano-silver in cost-
effectiveness and UV-blocking property
For small particles light scattering predominates at approximately one-tenth of the wavelength
of the scattered light Raleighrsquos scattering theory stated that the scattering was strongly
dependent upon the wave length where the scattering was inversely proportional to the
10
wavelength to the fourth power This theory predicts that in order to scatter UV radiations
between 200nm and 400nm the optimum particle size will be 20nm to 40nm
Various research works on the application of UV-blocking treatment to fabric using nano
technology were conducted UV-blocking treatment for cotton fabrics was developed using the
sol-gel method A thin layer of Titanium dioxide is formed on the surface of the yarn or directly
on the fabric which provides excellent UV-protection ZnO nanoparticles are applied on cotton
using pad-dry-cure method Zinc oxide nanoparticles are prepared by wet chemical method using
zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and soluble starch as stabilizing agent These
nano-particles which have an average size of 40 nm were coated on the bleached cotton fabrics
(plain weave 30 s count) using acrylic binder and functional properties of coated fabrics were
studied On an average of 75 UV blocking was recorded for the cotton fabrics treated with 2
ZnO nanoparticles And in addition nano-ZnO impregnated onto cotton textiles showed
excellent antibacterial activity against two representative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and
Klebsiella pneumoniae In case of wearable cotton textiles use of 06 nano-ZnO for coating
can be sufficient to impart antimicrobial property But in case of medical textiles where a high
degree of antimicrobial activity is required use of 10 nano-ZnO can be recommended Air
permeability of the nano-ZnO coated fabrics was significantly higher hence the increased
breathability In case of nano-ZnO coated fabric due to its nano-size and uniform distribution
friction was significantly lower than the bulk-ZnO coated fabric
Fabric treated with UV absorbers ensures that the clothes deflect the harmful ultraviolet rays of
the sun reducing a personrsquos UVR exposure and protecting the skin from potential damage The
extent of skin protection required by different types of human skin depends on UV radiation
intensity amp distribution in reference to geographical location time of day and season This
protection is expressed as UPF (UV Protection Factor) higher the UPF value better is the
protection against UV radiation
11
UPF before and after nano-TiO2 Coating
CO ndash Cotton
PES ndash Polyester
PA ndash Polyamide (6 66)
7 Swimsuits with minimum flow resistance
Special types of swimsuits are being used now days by the athletes in the water games These
swim suits minimizes the flow resistance while swimming through the water The kind of
swimsuits with less flow resistance was developed entirely based on nature as role model
Different friction coefficients on the fabrics are obtained by creating micro vortices on the fabric
surface using micro and nano-particles This effect is similar to the sharkrsquos skin which exhibits a
very low flow resistance in water The below figure shows the micro vortices on the sharkrsquos skin
and similar effect created on the swimsuit
12
Micro vortices on Sharkrsquos skin similar effect on swimsuit
8 Anti static performance
Conventionally surfactants were used to spread the small amount of moisture on the surface of
fiber so as to pose the static charge to leak away Static usually builds up in synthetic fibers such
as in nylon and polyester because they absorb little water Cellulose fibers such as cotton have
higher moisture content to carry away static charges so that no static charge will accumulate As
synthetic fibers provide poor anti-static properties research work concerning the improvement of
anti-static properties of textiles by using nanotechnology were conducted
One of the best electrically conductive nano particles is silver Silver nano particle helps to
dissipate the static charge effectively It was determined that nano-sized Titanium dioxide Zinc
oxide whiskers nano antimony-doped Tin oxide (ATO) and silane nanosol could impart
antistatic properties to the synthetic fibers TiO2 ZnO ATO provide anti-static effects because
they are electrically conductive materials Such materials help effectively to dissipate the static
charge which is accumulated on the fabric On the other hand the Silane gel particles absorb
moisture in the air by amino and hydroxyl groups and bound water and thus improves anti-static
properties of the fabric or garment
13
9 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish
bull Provides permanent static protection
bull Repels lint dust dirt and pet hair
bull Enhances appearance and comfort
bull Retains fabrics natural softness
bull Allows fabric to breathe naturally
10 Wrinkle resistance
Wrinkling occurs when the fiber is severally creased When fiber or fabric is bent hydrogen
bonds between the molecular chains in the amorphous regions break and allow the chains to slip
past one another The bonds reform in new places and fiber or fabric is held in the creased
configurations
To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric resin is commonly used in conventional methods The
disadvantages of conventional resin applications include decrease in the strength of fiber and in
abrasion resistance water absorbency and dye ability as well as breathability To overcome the
limitations of using resin some researches employed nano-Titanium dioxide and nano Silica to
improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively
Nano-Titanium dioxide was employed with Carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to
catalyze the cross linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid On other hand
nano-Silica was applied with Maleic anhydride as a catalyst the results showed that the
application of nano-Silica with Maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle
resistance of silk Odour fight finish
14
The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made
from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo
Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it
excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture
The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi
A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through
nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that
destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the
reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or
irritation
11 Anti-Pollen finish
Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that
particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the
surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using
the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive
Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves
arm covers bedding covers etc
12 Flame Retardant Finish
Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal
Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers
colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist
with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano
antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the
garments
15
13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments
1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye
2 Saving time and laundering cost
3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the
processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant
5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced
breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material
6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat
7 Nano-processed products are toxic free
8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials
9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products
14 Some commercially available nano-particles
SNo Nano-Particles Properties
1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing
2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating
3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis
4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance
provide self-sterilizing function
5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles
with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing
6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing
Particles
7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion
8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical
resistance and impart electrical conductivity
colouration of some textiles
9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance
15 Next Generation Finishing
A) Nano-Care
A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink
proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton
and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of
methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more
than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those
of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even
after 20 home washes
17
Features
bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency
bull Resists Wrinkles
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
B) Nano-Pel
This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in
natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester
nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be
expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings
with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20
washes (Figure shows Before amp After)
Features
Superior Water and Oil Repellency
bull Minimize Stains
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Durable Performance
18
C) Nano-Dry
It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more
than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of
polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the
hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol
polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve
particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the
field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth
is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear
Features
bull Moisture Wicking
bull Retains Breathability of Fabric
bull Quick Drying
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Durable Performance
D) Nano-Touch
This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic
fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall
solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial
19
hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their
disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having
unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-
Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a
challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In
selfassembled
nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less
than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top
of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being
explored to confer special functions to textile materials
Features
bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric
bull Durable Performance
bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Reduced Static Build-up
Future Prospect
The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on
the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in
textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of
nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current
global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going
to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States
Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have
bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of
nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus
(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials
(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology
The new functions with textiles to be developed include
20
1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and
sophisticated protection and detection
1048729 health-care and wound healing functions
16Conclusion
We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and
lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the
next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the
textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability
and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable
trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its
collaboration with other disciplines
With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the
technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie
Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile
chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some
of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been
briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will
emerge to dominate the textile field in future
21
REFRENCES
1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-
finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012
2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue
Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012
3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC
press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC
4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp
5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm
6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm
7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm
22
5 Anti-Microbial finish
Neither natural nor synthetic textile fibers are resistant to bacterial or pathogenic fungi
Therefore antibacterial disinfection and finishing technique have been developed for many types
of textiles Metallic ions and metallic compounds display a certain degree of sterilizing effect It
is considered that a part of oxygen in the air or water is turned into active oxygen by means of
photo catalysis with the metallic ion thereby dissolving the organic substance to create a
sterilizing effect With the use of nano sized particles the number of particles per unit area is
increased and thus anti-microbial effect can be maximized
Among the various antimicrobial agents used for finishing of textile substrates silver or silver
ions have long been known to have strong inhibitory and bactericidal effect as well as broad
spectrum of antimicrobial activities
7
Even though metallic silver has adequate antimicrobial properties it is expected that conversion
of silver to nano particles will have high specific area that may lead to high antimicrobial activity
compared to bulk metal The method of producing durable silver containing antimicrobial finish
is to encapsulate silver compound or nano particle with a fiber reactive polymer like poly
(styrene co-maleic-anhydride) Nano-silver particles have an extremely large relative surface
area thus increasing their contact with bacteria or fungi and vastly improving their bactericidal
and fungicidal effectiveness Nano-silver is very reactive with proteins When contacting
bacteria and fungus it will adversely affect cellular metabolism and inhibit cell growth It also
suppresses respiration the basal metabolism of the electron transfer system and the transport of
substrate into microbial cell membrane Furthermore it inhibits the growth of these bacteria and
fungi which cause infection odour itchiness and sores Hence nano-sliver particles are widely
applied to socks in order to prohibit the growth of bacteria In addition nano-silver can be applied
to a range of health care products such as dressings for burns scald skin donor and recipient
sites
Prof Yang has patented a process for preparing a silver nano particle containing functional
microcapsule having the intrinsic anti-microbial and therapeutic functions of silver as well as
additional functions of the products contained in the inner core of the capsule
8
These microcapsules can be prepared by a two step process In the first step an emulsified
solution of a perfume is encapsulated with melanin pre-condensate In second step microcapsule
so produced is treated with silver nano particle dispersed in water soluble styrene maleic
anhydride polymer solution before it fully dries Thus the microcapsules with dual function are
produced In these microcapsules the silver nano-particles are on the surface of the capsule
Instead of perfume we may use thermo sensitive pigment thermal storage materials or
pharmaceutical preparation in the inner core The treated yarns showed effective anti-microbial
activity against various bacteria fungi and Chlamydia that included Escherichia coli
nitrobacteria bacillus subtilis etc this finished goods is used in medical industry as a safe amp
effective means of controlling microbial growth in the wound bed
Ceramic coating of wound dressings (Sol-Gel-Process)
Ceramic coating for wound dressings through Sol-gel-Process is one of the latest advancement in
nano finishing Sol-gel-Process is a process for making very small particles 20 to 40nm that are
virtually impossible to make by conventional grinding Its main use at present seems to be for
optical coatings where the finer particles give the better optical clarity Manufacture of a fine
ceramic fiber seems to be the other common application
9
A liquid precursor of the particle is dissolved in a solvent usually alcohol water is added and
then acid or base The mixture is coated or cast The precursor then decomposes to form the fine
ceramic particles If the particle concentration is high the gel is dried and then heated at high
temperature to sinter the ceramic giving the desired ceramic film or fiber During this drying and
sintering process shrinkage occurs through loss of solvent and air and this shrinkage must be
carefully controlled to avoid cracking
6 UV ndashProtection finish
The most important functions performed by the garment are to protect the wearer from the
weather However it is also to protect the wearer from harmful rays of the sun The rays in the
wavelength region of 150 to 400 nm are known as ultraviolet radiations The UV-blocking
property of a fabric is enhanced when a dye pigment de-lustrant or ultraviolet absorber finish is
present that absorbs ultraviolet radiation and blocks its transmission through a fabric to the skin
To impart UV protection several nano compounds or nano particles can be applied on textile
material
Inorganic UV blockers are more preferable to organic UV blockers as they are non-toxic and
chemically stable under exposure to high temperature and UV Inorganic UV blockers are
usually certain semiconductors oxides such as TiO2 ZnO SiO2 and Al2O3 The commonest
nano compounds used are titanium dioxide and zinc oxide of nano size They provide a
protective benefit by reflecting scattering or absorbing harmful UV It was determined that nano
sized Titanium dioxide(TiO2) and Zinc oxide(ZnO) were more efficient at absorbing and
scattering UV radiations than the conventional size and were thus better able to block UV This
is due to the fact that nano-particles have larger surface area per unit mass and volume than the
conventional methods leading to the increase of effectiveness of blocking UV radiation Zinc
oxide nanoparticles scores over Titanium dioxide nanoparticles and nano-silver in cost-
effectiveness and UV-blocking property
For small particles light scattering predominates at approximately one-tenth of the wavelength
of the scattered light Raleighrsquos scattering theory stated that the scattering was strongly
dependent upon the wave length where the scattering was inversely proportional to the
10
wavelength to the fourth power This theory predicts that in order to scatter UV radiations
between 200nm and 400nm the optimum particle size will be 20nm to 40nm
Various research works on the application of UV-blocking treatment to fabric using nano
technology were conducted UV-blocking treatment for cotton fabrics was developed using the
sol-gel method A thin layer of Titanium dioxide is formed on the surface of the yarn or directly
on the fabric which provides excellent UV-protection ZnO nanoparticles are applied on cotton
using pad-dry-cure method Zinc oxide nanoparticles are prepared by wet chemical method using
zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and soluble starch as stabilizing agent These
nano-particles which have an average size of 40 nm were coated on the bleached cotton fabrics
(plain weave 30 s count) using acrylic binder and functional properties of coated fabrics were
studied On an average of 75 UV blocking was recorded for the cotton fabrics treated with 2
ZnO nanoparticles And in addition nano-ZnO impregnated onto cotton textiles showed
excellent antibacterial activity against two representative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and
Klebsiella pneumoniae In case of wearable cotton textiles use of 06 nano-ZnO for coating
can be sufficient to impart antimicrobial property But in case of medical textiles where a high
degree of antimicrobial activity is required use of 10 nano-ZnO can be recommended Air
permeability of the nano-ZnO coated fabrics was significantly higher hence the increased
breathability In case of nano-ZnO coated fabric due to its nano-size and uniform distribution
friction was significantly lower than the bulk-ZnO coated fabric
Fabric treated with UV absorbers ensures that the clothes deflect the harmful ultraviolet rays of
the sun reducing a personrsquos UVR exposure and protecting the skin from potential damage The
extent of skin protection required by different types of human skin depends on UV radiation
intensity amp distribution in reference to geographical location time of day and season This
protection is expressed as UPF (UV Protection Factor) higher the UPF value better is the
protection against UV radiation
11
UPF before and after nano-TiO2 Coating
CO ndash Cotton
PES ndash Polyester
PA ndash Polyamide (6 66)
7 Swimsuits with minimum flow resistance
Special types of swimsuits are being used now days by the athletes in the water games These
swim suits minimizes the flow resistance while swimming through the water The kind of
swimsuits with less flow resistance was developed entirely based on nature as role model
Different friction coefficients on the fabrics are obtained by creating micro vortices on the fabric
surface using micro and nano-particles This effect is similar to the sharkrsquos skin which exhibits a
very low flow resistance in water The below figure shows the micro vortices on the sharkrsquos skin
and similar effect created on the swimsuit
12
Micro vortices on Sharkrsquos skin similar effect on swimsuit
8 Anti static performance
Conventionally surfactants were used to spread the small amount of moisture on the surface of
fiber so as to pose the static charge to leak away Static usually builds up in synthetic fibers such
as in nylon and polyester because they absorb little water Cellulose fibers such as cotton have
higher moisture content to carry away static charges so that no static charge will accumulate As
synthetic fibers provide poor anti-static properties research work concerning the improvement of
anti-static properties of textiles by using nanotechnology were conducted
One of the best electrically conductive nano particles is silver Silver nano particle helps to
dissipate the static charge effectively It was determined that nano-sized Titanium dioxide Zinc
oxide whiskers nano antimony-doped Tin oxide (ATO) and silane nanosol could impart
antistatic properties to the synthetic fibers TiO2 ZnO ATO provide anti-static effects because
they are electrically conductive materials Such materials help effectively to dissipate the static
charge which is accumulated on the fabric On the other hand the Silane gel particles absorb
moisture in the air by amino and hydroxyl groups and bound water and thus improves anti-static
properties of the fabric or garment
13
9 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish
bull Provides permanent static protection
bull Repels lint dust dirt and pet hair
bull Enhances appearance and comfort
bull Retains fabrics natural softness
bull Allows fabric to breathe naturally
10 Wrinkle resistance
Wrinkling occurs when the fiber is severally creased When fiber or fabric is bent hydrogen
bonds between the molecular chains in the amorphous regions break and allow the chains to slip
past one another The bonds reform in new places and fiber or fabric is held in the creased
configurations
To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric resin is commonly used in conventional methods The
disadvantages of conventional resin applications include decrease in the strength of fiber and in
abrasion resistance water absorbency and dye ability as well as breathability To overcome the
limitations of using resin some researches employed nano-Titanium dioxide and nano Silica to
improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively
Nano-Titanium dioxide was employed with Carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to
catalyze the cross linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid On other hand
nano-Silica was applied with Maleic anhydride as a catalyst the results showed that the
application of nano-Silica with Maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle
resistance of silk Odour fight finish
14
The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made
from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo
Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it
excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture
The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi
A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through
nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that
destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the
reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or
irritation
11 Anti-Pollen finish
Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that
particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the
surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using
the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive
Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves
arm covers bedding covers etc
12 Flame Retardant Finish
Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal
Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers
colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist
with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano
antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the
garments
15
13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments
1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye
2 Saving time and laundering cost
3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the
processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant
5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced
breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material
6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat
7 Nano-processed products are toxic free
8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials
9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products
14 Some commercially available nano-particles
SNo Nano-Particles Properties
1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing
2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating
3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis
4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance
provide self-sterilizing function
5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles
with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing
6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing
Particles
7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion
8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical
resistance and impart electrical conductivity
colouration of some textiles
9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance
15 Next Generation Finishing
A) Nano-Care
A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink
proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton
and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of
methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more
than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those
of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even
after 20 home washes
17
Features
bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency
bull Resists Wrinkles
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
B) Nano-Pel
This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in
natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester
nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be
expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings
with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20
washes (Figure shows Before amp After)
Features
Superior Water and Oil Repellency
bull Minimize Stains
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Durable Performance
18
C) Nano-Dry
It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more
than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of
polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the
hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol
polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve
particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the
field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth
is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear
Features
bull Moisture Wicking
bull Retains Breathability of Fabric
bull Quick Drying
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Durable Performance
D) Nano-Touch
This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic
fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall
solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial
19
hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their
disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having
unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-
Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a
challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In
selfassembled
nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less
than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top
of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being
explored to confer special functions to textile materials
Features
bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric
bull Durable Performance
bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Reduced Static Build-up
Future Prospect
The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on
the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in
textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of
nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current
global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going
to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States
Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have
bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of
nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus
(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials
(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology
The new functions with textiles to be developed include
20
1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and
sophisticated protection and detection
1048729 health-care and wound healing functions
16Conclusion
We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and
lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the
next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the
textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability
and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable
trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its
collaboration with other disciplines
With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the
technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie
Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile
chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some
of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been
briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will
emerge to dominate the textile field in future
21
REFRENCES
1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-
finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012
2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue
Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012
3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC
press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC
4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp
5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm
6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm
7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm
22
substrate into microbial cell membrane Furthermore it inhibits the growth of these bacteria and
fungi which cause infection odour itchiness and sores Hence nano-sliver particles are widely
applied to socks in order to prohibit the growth of bacteria In addition nano-silver can be applied
to a range of health care products such as dressings for burns scald skin donor and recipient
sites
Prof Yang has patented a process for preparing a silver nano particle containing functional
microcapsule having the intrinsic anti-microbial and therapeutic functions of silver as well as
additional functions of the products contained in the inner core of the capsule
8
These microcapsules can be prepared by a two step process In the first step an emulsified
solution of a perfume is encapsulated with melanin pre-condensate In second step microcapsule
so produced is treated with silver nano particle dispersed in water soluble styrene maleic
anhydride polymer solution before it fully dries Thus the microcapsules with dual function are
produced In these microcapsules the silver nano-particles are on the surface of the capsule
Instead of perfume we may use thermo sensitive pigment thermal storage materials or
pharmaceutical preparation in the inner core The treated yarns showed effective anti-microbial
activity against various bacteria fungi and Chlamydia that included Escherichia coli
nitrobacteria bacillus subtilis etc this finished goods is used in medical industry as a safe amp
effective means of controlling microbial growth in the wound bed
Ceramic coating of wound dressings (Sol-Gel-Process)
Ceramic coating for wound dressings through Sol-gel-Process is one of the latest advancement in
nano finishing Sol-gel-Process is a process for making very small particles 20 to 40nm that are
virtually impossible to make by conventional grinding Its main use at present seems to be for
optical coatings where the finer particles give the better optical clarity Manufacture of a fine
ceramic fiber seems to be the other common application
9
A liquid precursor of the particle is dissolved in a solvent usually alcohol water is added and
then acid or base The mixture is coated or cast The precursor then decomposes to form the fine
ceramic particles If the particle concentration is high the gel is dried and then heated at high
temperature to sinter the ceramic giving the desired ceramic film or fiber During this drying and
sintering process shrinkage occurs through loss of solvent and air and this shrinkage must be
carefully controlled to avoid cracking
6 UV ndashProtection finish
The most important functions performed by the garment are to protect the wearer from the
weather However it is also to protect the wearer from harmful rays of the sun The rays in the
wavelength region of 150 to 400 nm are known as ultraviolet radiations The UV-blocking
property of a fabric is enhanced when a dye pigment de-lustrant or ultraviolet absorber finish is
present that absorbs ultraviolet radiation and blocks its transmission through a fabric to the skin
To impart UV protection several nano compounds or nano particles can be applied on textile
material
Inorganic UV blockers are more preferable to organic UV blockers as they are non-toxic and
chemically stable under exposure to high temperature and UV Inorganic UV blockers are
usually certain semiconductors oxides such as TiO2 ZnO SiO2 and Al2O3 The commonest
nano compounds used are titanium dioxide and zinc oxide of nano size They provide a
protective benefit by reflecting scattering or absorbing harmful UV It was determined that nano
sized Titanium dioxide(TiO2) and Zinc oxide(ZnO) were more efficient at absorbing and
scattering UV radiations than the conventional size and were thus better able to block UV This
is due to the fact that nano-particles have larger surface area per unit mass and volume than the
conventional methods leading to the increase of effectiveness of blocking UV radiation Zinc
oxide nanoparticles scores over Titanium dioxide nanoparticles and nano-silver in cost-
effectiveness and UV-blocking property
For small particles light scattering predominates at approximately one-tenth of the wavelength
of the scattered light Raleighrsquos scattering theory stated that the scattering was strongly
dependent upon the wave length where the scattering was inversely proportional to the
10
wavelength to the fourth power This theory predicts that in order to scatter UV radiations
between 200nm and 400nm the optimum particle size will be 20nm to 40nm
Various research works on the application of UV-blocking treatment to fabric using nano
technology were conducted UV-blocking treatment for cotton fabrics was developed using the
sol-gel method A thin layer of Titanium dioxide is formed on the surface of the yarn or directly
on the fabric which provides excellent UV-protection ZnO nanoparticles are applied on cotton
using pad-dry-cure method Zinc oxide nanoparticles are prepared by wet chemical method using
zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and soluble starch as stabilizing agent These
nano-particles which have an average size of 40 nm were coated on the bleached cotton fabrics
(plain weave 30 s count) using acrylic binder and functional properties of coated fabrics were
studied On an average of 75 UV blocking was recorded for the cotton fabrics treated with 2
ZnO nanoparticles And in addition nano-ZnO impregnated onto cotton textiles showed
excellent antibacterial activity against two representative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and
Klebsiella pneumoniae In case of wearable cotton textiles use of 06 nano-ZnO for coating
can be sufficient to impart antimicrobial property But in case of medical textiles where a high
degree of antimicrobial activity is required use of 10 nano-ZnO can be recommended Air
permeability of the nano-ZnO coated fabrics was significantly higher hence the increased
breathability In case of nano-ZnO coated fabric due to its nano-size and uniform distribution
friction was significantly lower than the bulk-ZnO coated fabric
Fabric treated with UV absorbers ensures that the clothes deflect the harmful ultraviolet rays of
the sun reducing a personrsquos UVR exposure and protecting the skin from potential damage The
extent of skin protection required by different types of human skin depends on UV radiation
intensity amp distribution in reference to geographical location time of day and season This
protection is expressed as UPF (UV Protection Factor) higher the UPF value better is the
protection against UV radiation
11
UPF before and after nano-TiO2 Coating
CO ndash Cotton
PES ndash Polyester
PA ndash Polyamide (6 66)
7 Swimsuits with minimum flow resistance
Special types of swimsuits are being used now days by the athletes in the water games These
swim suits minimizes the flow resistance while swimming through the water The kind of
swimsuits with less flow resistance was developed entirely based on nature as role model
Different friction coefficients on the fabrics are obtained by creating micro vortices on the fabric
surface using micro and nano-particles This effect is similar to the sharkrsquos skin which exhibits a
very low flow resistance in water The below figure shows the micro vortices on the sharkrsquos skin
and similar effect created on the swimsuit
12
Micro vortices on Sharkrsquos skin similar effect on swimsuit
8 Anti static performance
Conventionally surfactants were used to spread the small amount of moisture on the surface of
fiber so as to pose the static charge to leak away Static usually builds up in synthetic fibers such
as in nylon and polyester because they absorb little water Cellulose fibers such as cotton have
higher moisture content to carry away static charges so that no static charge will accumulate As
synthetic fibers provide poor anti-static properties research work concerning the improvement of
anti-static properties of textiles by using nanotechnology were conducted
One of the best electrically conductive nano particles is silver Silver nano particle helps to
dissipate the static charge effectively It was determined that nano-sized Titanium dioxide Zinc
oxide whiskers nano antimony-doped Tin oxide (ATO) and silane nanosol could impart
antistatic properties to the synthetic fibers TiO2 ZnO ATO provide anti-static effects because
they are electrically conductive materials Such materials help effectively to dissipate the static
charge which is accumulated on the fabric On the other hand the Silane gel particles absorb
moisture in the air by amino and hydroxyl groups and bound water and thus improves anti-static
properties of the fabric or garment
13
9 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish
bull Provides permanent static protection
bull Repels lint dust dirt and pet hair
bull Enhances appearance and comfort
bull Retains fabrics natural softness
bull Allows fabric to breathe naturally
10 Wrinkle resistance
Wrinkling occurs when the fiber is severally creased When fiber or fabric is bent hydrogen
bonds between the molecular chains in the amorphous regions break and allow the chains to slip
past one another The bonds reform in new places and fiber or fabric is held in the creased
configurations
To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric resin is commonly used in conventional methods The
disadvantages of conventional resin applications include decrease in the strength of fiber and in
abrasion resistance water absorbency and dye ability as well as breathability To overcome the
limitations of using resin some researches employed nano-Titanium dioxide and nano Silica to
improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively
Nano-Titanium dioxide was employed with Carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to
catalyze the cross linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid On other hand
nano-Silica was applied with Maleic anhydride as a catalyst the results showed that the
application of nano-Silica with Maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle
resistance of silk Odour fight finish
14
The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made
from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo
Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it
excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture
The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi
A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through
nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that
destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the
reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or
irritation
11 Anti-Pollen finish
Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that
particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the
surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using
the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive
Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves
arm covers bedding covers etc
12 Flame Retardant Finish
Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal
Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers
colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist
with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano
antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the
garments
15
13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments
1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye
2 Saving time and laundering cost
3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the
processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant
5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced
breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material
6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat
7 Nano-processed products are toxic free
8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials
9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products
14 Some commercially available nano-particles
SNo Nano-Particles Properties
1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing
2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating
3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis
4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance
provide self-sterilizing function
5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles
with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing
6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing
Particles
7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion
8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical
resistance and impart electrical conductivity
colouration of some textiles
9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance
15 Next Generation Finishing
A) Nano-Care
A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink
proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton
and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of
methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more
than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those
of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even
after 20 home washes
17
Features
bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency
bull Resists Wrinkles
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
B) Nano-Pel
This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in
natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester
nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be
expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings
with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20
washes (Figure shows Before amp After)
Features
Superior Water and Oil Repellency
bull Minimize Stains
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Durable Performance
18
C) Nano-Dry
It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more
than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of
polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the
hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol
polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve
particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the
field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth
is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear
Features
bull Moisture Wicking
bull Retains Breathability of Fabric
bull Quick Drying
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Durable Performance
D) Nano-Touch
This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic
fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall
solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial
19
hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their
disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having
unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-
Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a
challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In
selfassembled
nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less
than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top
of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being
explored to confer special functions to textile materials
Features
bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric
bull Durable Performance
bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Reduced Static Build-up
Future Prospect
The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on
the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in
textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of
nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current
global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going
to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States
Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have
bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of
nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus
(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials
(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology
The new functions with textiles to be developed include
20
1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and
sophisticated protection and detection
1048729 health-care and wound healing functions
16Conclusion
We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and
lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the
next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the
textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability
and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable
trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its
collaboration with other disciplines
With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the
technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie
Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile
chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some
of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been
briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will
emerge to dominate the textile field in future
21
REFRENCES
1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-
finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012
2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue
Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012
3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC
press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC
4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp
5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm
6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm
7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm
22
nitrobacteria bacillus subtilis etc this finished goods is used in medical industry as a safe amp
effective means of controlling microbial growth in the wound bed
Ceramic coating of wound dressings (Sol-Gel-Process)
Ceramic coating for wound dressings through Sol-gel-Process is one of the latest advancement in
nano finishing Sol-gel-Process is a process for making very small particles 20 to 40nm that are
virtually impossible to make by conventional grinding Its main use at present seems to be for
optical coatings where the finer particles give the better optical clarity Manufacture of a fine
ceramic fiber seems to be the other common application
9
A liquid precursor of the particle is dissolved in a solvent usually alcohol water is added and
then acid or base The mixture is coated or cast The precursor then decomposes to form the fine
ceramic particles If the particle concentration is high the gel is dried and then heated at high
temperature to sinter the ceramic giving the desired ceramic film or fiber During this drying and
sintering process shrinkage occurs through loss of solvent and air and this shrinkage must be
carefully controlled to avoid cracking
6 UV ndashProtection finish
The most important functions performed by the garment are to protect the wearer from the
weather However it is also to protect the wearer from harmful rays of the sun The rays in the
wavelength region of 150 to 400 nm are known as ultraviolet radiations The UV-blocking
property of a fabric is enhanced when a dye pigment de-lustrant or ultraviolet absorber finish is
present that absorbs ultraviolet radiation and blocks its transmission through a fabric to the skin
To impart UV protection several nano compounds or nano particles can be applied on textile
material
Inorganic UV blockers are more preferable to organic UV blockers as they are non-toxic and
chemically stable under exposure to high temperature and UV Inorganic UV blockers are
usually certain semiconductors oxides such as TiO2 ZnO SiO2 and Al2O3 The commonest
nano compounds used are titanium dioxide and zinc oxide of nano size They provide a
protective benefit by reflecting scattering or absorbing harmful UV It was determined that nano
sized Titanium dioxide(TiO2) and Zinc oxide(ZnO) were more efficient at absorbing and
scattering UV radiations than the conventional size and were thus better able to block UV This
is due to the fact that nano-particles have larger surface area per unit mass and volume than the
conventional methods leading to the increase of effectiveness of blocking UV radiation Zinc
oxide nanoparticles scores over Titanium dioxide nanoparticles and nano-silver in cost-
effectiveness and UV-blocking property
For small particles light scattering predominates at approximately one-tenth of the wavelength
of the scattered light Raleighrsquos scattering theory stated that the scattering was strongly
dependent upon the wave length where the scattering was inversely proportional to the
10
wavelength to the fourth power This theory predicts that in order to scatter UV radiations
between 200nm and 400nm the optimum particle size will be 20nm to 40nm
Various research works on the application of UV-blocking treatment to fabric using nano
technology were conducted UV-blocking treatment for cotton fabrics was developed using the
sol-gel method A thin layer of Titanium dioxide is formed on the surface of the yarn or directly
on the fabric which provides excellent UV-protection ZnO nanoparticles are applied on cotton
using pad-dry-cure method Zinc oxide nanoparticles are prepared by wet chemical method using
zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and soluble starch as stabilizing agent These
nano-particles which have an average size of 40 nm were coated on the bleached cotton fabrics
(plain weave 30 s count) using acrylic binder and functional properties of coated fabrics were
studied On an average of 75 UV blocking was recorded for the cotton fabrics treated with 2
ZnO nanoparticles And in addition nano-ZnO impregnated onto cotton textiles showed
excellent antibacterial activity against two representative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and
Klebsiella pneumoniae In case of wearable cotton textiles use of 06 nano-ZnO for coating
can be sufficient to impart antimicrobial property But in case of medical textiles where a high
degree of antimicrobial activity is required use of 10 nano-ZnO can be recommended Air
permeability of the nano-ZnO coated fabrics was significantly higher hence the increased
breathability In case of nano-ZnO coated fabric due to its nano-size and uniform distribution
friction was significantly lower than the bulk-ZnO coated fabric
Fabric treated with UV absorbers ensures that the clothes deflect the harmful ultraviolet rays of
the sun reducing a personrsquos UVR exposure and protecting the skin from potential damage The
extent of skin protection required by different types of human skin depends on UV radiation
intensity amp distribution in reference to geographical location time of day and season This
protection is expressed as UPF (UV Protection Factor) higher the UPF value better is the
protection against UV radiation
11
UPF before and after nano-TiO2 Coating
CO ndash Cotton
PES ndash Polyester
PA ndash Polyamide (6 66)
7 Swimsuits with minimum flow resistance
Special types of swimsuits are being used now days by the athletes in the water games These
swim suits minimizes the flow resistance while swimming through the water The kind of
swimsuits with less flow resistance was developed entirely based on nature as role model
Different friction coefficients on the fabrics are obtained by creating micro vortices on the fabric
surface using micro and nano-particles This effect is similar to the sharkrsquos skin which exhibits a
very low flow resistance in water The below figure shows the micro vortices on the sharkrsquos skin
and similar effect created on the swimsuit
12
Micro vortices on Sharkrsquos skin similar effect on swimsuit
8 Anti static performance
Conventionally surfactants were used to spread the small amount of moisture on the surface of
fiber so as to pose the static charge to leak away Static usually builds up in synthetic fibers such
as in nylon and polyester because they absorb little water Cellulose fibers such as cotton have
higher moisture content to carry away static charges so that no static charge will accumulate As
synthetic fibers provide poor anti-static properties research work concerning the improvement of
anti-static properties of textiles by using nanotechnology were conducted
One of the best electrically conductive nano particles is silver Silver nano particle helps to
dissipate the static charge effectively It was determined that nano-sized Titanium dioxide Zinc
oxide whiskers nano antimony-doped Tin oxide (ATO) and silane nanosol could impart
antistatic properties to the synthetic fibers TiO2 ZnO ATO provide anti-static effects because
they are electrically conductive materials Such materials help effectively to dissipate the static
charge which is accumulated on the fabric On the other hand the Silane gel particles absorb
moisture in the air by amino and hydroxyl groups and bound water and thus improves anti-static
properties of the fabric or garment
13
9 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish
bull Provides permanent static protection
bull Repels lint dust dirt and pet hair
bull Enhances appearance and comfort
bull Retains fabrics natural softness
bull Allows fabric to breathe naturally
10 Wrinkle resistance
Wrinkling occurs when the fiber is severally creased When fiber or fabric is bent hydrogen
bonds between the molecular chains in the amorphous regions break and allow the chains to slip
past one another The bonds reform in new places and fiber or fabric is held in the creased
configurations
To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric resin is commonly used in conventional methods The
disadvantages of conventional resin applications include decrease in the strength of fiber and in
abrasion resistance water absorbency and dye ability as well as breathability To overcome the
limitations of using resin some researches employed nano-Titanium dioxide and nano Silica to
improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively
Nano-Titanium dioxide was employed with Carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to
catalyze the cross linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid On other hand
nano-Silica was applied with Maleic anhydride as a catalyst the results showed that the
application of nano-Silica with Maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle
resistance of silk Odour fight finish
14
The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made
from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo
Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it
excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture
The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi
A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through
nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that
destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the
reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or
irritation
11 Anti-Pollen finish
Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that
particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the
surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using
the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive
Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves
arm covers bedding covers etc
12 Flame Retardant Finish
Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal
Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers
colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist
with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano
antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the
garments
15
13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments
1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye
2 Saving time and laundering cost
3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the
processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant
5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced
breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material
6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat
7 Nano-processed products are toxic free
8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials
9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products
14 Some commercially available nano-particles
SNo Nano-Particles Properties
1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing
2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating
3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis
4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance
provide self-sterilizing function
5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles
with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing
6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing
Particles
7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion
8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical
resistance and impart electrical conductivity
colouration of some textiles
9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance
15 Next Generation Finishing
A) Nano-Care
A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink
proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton
and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of
methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more
than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those
of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even
after 20 home washes
17
Features
bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency
bull Resists Wrinkles
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
B) Nano-Pel
This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in
natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester
nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be
expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings
with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20
washes (Figure shows Before amp After)
Features
Superior Water and Oil Repellency
bull Minimize Stains
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Durable Performance
18
C) Nano-Dry
It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more
than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of
polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the
hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol
polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve
particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the
field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth
is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear
Features
bull Moisture Wicking
bull Retains Breathability of Fabric
bull Quick Drying
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Durable Performance
D) Nano-Touch
This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic
fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall
solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial
19
hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their
disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having
unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-
Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a
challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In
selfassembled
nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less
than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top
of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being
explored to confer special functions to textile materials
Features
bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric
bull Durable Performance
bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Reduced Static Build-up
Future Prospect
The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on
the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in
textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of
nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current
global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going
to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States
Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have
bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of
nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus
(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials
(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology
The new functions with textiles to be developed include
20
1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and
sophisticated protection and detection
1048729 health-care and wound healing functions
16Conclusion
We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and
lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the
next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the
textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability
and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable
trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its
collaboration with other disciplines
With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the
technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie
Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile
chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some
of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been
briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will
emerge to dominate the textile field in future
21
REFRENCES
1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-
finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012
2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue
Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012
3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC
press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC
4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp
5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm
6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm
7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm
22
The most important functions performed by the garment are to protect the wearer from the
weather However it is also to protect the wearer from harmful rays of the sun The rays in the
wavelength region of 150 to 400 nm are known as ultraviolet radiations The UV-blocking
property of a fabric is enhanced when a dye pigment de-lustrant or ultraviolet absorber finish is
present that absorbs ultraviolet radiation and blocks its transmission through a fabric to the skin
To impart UV protection several nano compounds or nano particles can be applied on textile
material
Inorganic UV blockers are more preferable to organic UV blockers as they are non-toxic and
chemically stable under exposure to high temperature and UV Inorganic UV blockers are
usually certain semiconductors oxides such as TiO2 ZnO SiO2 and Al2O3 The commonest
nano compounds used are titanium dioxide and zinc oxide of nano size They provide a
protective benefit by reflecting scattering or absorbing harmful UV It was determined that nano
sized Titanium dioxide(TiO2) and Zinc oxide(ZnO) were more efficient at absorbing and
scattering UV radiations than the conventional size and were thus better able to block UV This
is due to the fact that nano-particles have larger surface area per unit mass and volume than the
conventional methods leading to the increase of effectiveness of blocking UV radiation Zinc
oxide nanoparticles scores over Titanium dioxide nanoparticles and nano-silver in cost-
effectiveness and UV-blocking property
For small particles light scattering predominates at approximately one-tenth of the wavelength
of the scattered light Raleighrsquos scattering theory stated that the scattering was strongly
dependent upon the wave length where the scattering was inversely proportional to the
10
wavelength to the fourth power This theory predicts that in order to scatter UV radiations
between 200nm and 400nm the optimum particle size will be 20nm to 40nm
Various research works on the application of UV-blocking treatment to fabric using nano
technology were conducted UV-blocking treatment for cotton fabrics was developed using the
sol-gel method A thin layer of Titanium dioxide is formed on the surface of the yarn or directly
on the fabric which provides excellent UV-protection ZnO nanoparticles are applied on cotton
using pad-dry-cure method Zinc oxide nanoparticles are prepared by wet chemical method using
zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and soluble starch as stabilizing agent These
nano-particles which have an average size of 40 nm were coated on the bleached cotton fabrics
(plain weave 30 s count) using acrylic binder and functional properties of coated fabrics were
studied On an average of 75 UV blocking was recorded for the cotton fabrics treated with 2
ZnO nanoparticles And in addition nano-ZnO impregnated onto cotton textiles showed
excellent antibacterial activity against two representative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and
Klebsiella pneumoniae In case of wearable cotton textiles use of 06 nano-ZnO for coating
can be sufficient to impart antimicrobial property But in case of medical textiles where a high
degree of antimicrobial activity is required use of 10 nano-ZnO can be recommended Air
permeability of the nano-ZnO coated fabrics was significantly higher hence the increased
breathability In case of nano-ZnO coated fabric due to its nano-size and uniform distribution
friction was significantly lower than the bulk-ZnO coated fabric
Fabric treated with UV absorbers ensures that the clothes deflect the harmful ultraviolet rays of
the sun reducing a personrsquos UVR exposure and protecting the skin from potential damage The
extent of skin protection required by different types of human skin depends on UV radiation
intensity amp distribution in reference to geographical location time of day and season This
protection is expressed as UPF (UV Protection Factor) higher the UPF value better is the
protection against UV radiation
11
UPF before and after nano-TiO2 Coating
CO ndash Cotton
PES ndash Polyester
PA ndash Polyamide (6 66)
7 Swimsuits with minimum flow resistance
Special types of swimsuits are being used now days by the athletes in the water games These
swim suits minimizes the flow resistance while swimming through the water The kind of
swimsuits with less flow resistance was developed entirely based on nature as role model
Different friction coefficients on the fabrics are obtained by creating micro vortices on the fabric
surface using micro and nano-particles This effect is similar to the sharkrsquos skin which exhibits a
very low flow resistance in water The below figure shows the micro vortices on the sharkrsquos skin
and similar effect created on the swimsuit
12
Micro vortices on Sharkrsquos skin similar effect on swimsuit
8 Anti static performance
Conventionally surfactants were used to spread the small amount of moisture on the surface of
fiber so as to pose the static charge to leak away Static usually builds up in synthetic fibers such
as in nylon and polyester because they absorb little water Cellulose fibers such as cotton have
higher moisture content to carry away static charges so that no static charge will accumulate As
synthetic fibers provide poor anti-static properties research work concerning the improvement of
anti-static properties of textiles by using nanotechnology were conducted
One of the best electrically conductive nano particles is silver Silver nano particle helps to
dissipate the static charge effectively It was determined that nano-sized Titanium dioxide Zinc
oxide whiskers nano antimony-doped Tin oxide (ATO) and silane nanosol could impart
antistatic properties to the synthetic fibers TiO2 ZnO ATO provide anti-static effects because
they are electrically conductive materials Such materials help effectively to dissipate the static
charge which is accumulated on the fabric On the other hand the Silane gel particles absorb
moisture in the air by amino and hydroxyl groups and bound water and thus improves anti-static
properties of the fabric or garment
13
9 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish
bull Provides permanent static protection
bull Repels lint dust dirt and pet hair
bull Enhances appearance and comfort
bull Retains fabrics natural softness
bull Allows fabric to breathe naturally
10 Wrinkle resistance
Wrinkling occurs when the fiber is severally creased When fiber or fabric is bent hydrogen
bonds between the molecular chains in the amorphous regions break and allow the chains to slip
past one another The bonds reform in new places and fiber or fabric is held in the creased
configurations
To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric resin is commonly used in conventional methods The
disadvantages of conventional resin applications include decrease in the strength of fiber and in
abrasion resistance water absorbency and dye ability as well as breathability To overcome the
limitations of using resin some researches employed nano-Titanium dioxide and nano Silica to
improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively
Nano-Titanium dioxide was employed with Carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to
catalyze the cross linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid On other hand
nano-Silica was applied with Maleic anhydride as a catalyst the results showed that the
application of nano-Silica with Maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle
resistance of silk Odour fight finish
14
The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made
from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo
Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it
excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture
The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi
A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through
nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that
destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the
reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or
irritation
11 Anti-Pollen finish
Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that
particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the
surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using
the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive
Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves
arm covers bedding covers etc
12 Flame Retardant Finish
Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal
Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers
colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist
with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano
antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the
garments
15
13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments
1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye
2 Saving time and laundering cost
3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the
processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant
5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced
breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material
6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat
7 Nano-processed products are toxic free
8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials
9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products
14 Some commercially available nano-particles
SNo Nano-Particles Properties
1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing
2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating
3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis
4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance
provide self-sterilizing function
5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles
with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing
6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing
Particles
7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion
8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical
resistance and impart electrical conductivity
colouration of some textiles
9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance
15 Next Generation Finishing
A) Nano-Care
A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink
proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton
and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of
methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more
than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those
of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even
after 20 home washes
17
Features
bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency
bull Resists Wrinkles
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
B) Nano-Pel
This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in
natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester
nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be
expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings
with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20
washes (Figure shows Before amp After)
Features
Superior Water and Oil Repellency
bull Minimize Stains
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Durable Performance
18
C) Nano-Dry
It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more
than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of
polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the
hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol
polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve
particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the
field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth
is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear
Features
bull Moisture Wicking
bull Retains Breathability of Fabric
bull Quick Drying
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Durable Performance
D) Nano-Touch
This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic
fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall
solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial
19
hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their
disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having
unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-
Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a
challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In
selfassembled
nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less
than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top
of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being
explored to confer special functions to textile materials
Features
bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric
bull Durable Performance
bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Reduced Static Build-up
Future Prospect
The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on
the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in
textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of
nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current
global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going
to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States
Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have
bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of
nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus
(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials
(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology
The new functions with textiles to be developed include
20
1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and
sophisticated protection and detection
1048729 health-care and wound healing functions
16Conclusion
We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and
lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the
next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the
textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability
and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable
trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its
collaboration with other disciplines
With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the
technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie
Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile
chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some
of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been
briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will
emerge to dominate the textile field in future
21
REFRENCES
1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-
finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012
2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue
Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012
3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC
press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC
4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp
5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm
6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm
7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm
22
zinc nitrate and sodium hydroxide as precursors and soluble starch as stabilizing agent These
nano-particles which have an average size of 40 nm were coated on the bleached cotton fabrics
(plain weave 30 s count) using acrylic binder and functional properties of coated fabrics were
studied On an average of 75 UV blocking was recorded for the cotton fabrics treated with 2
ZnO nanoparticles And in addition nano-ZnO impregnated onto cotton textiles showed
excellent antibacterial activity against two representative bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and
Klebsiella pneumoniae In case of wearable cotton textiles use of 06 nano-ZnO for coating
can be sufficient to impart antimicrobial property But in case of medical textiles where a high
degree of antimicrobial activity is required use of 10 nano-ZnO can be recommended Air
permeability of the nano-ZnO coated fabrics was significantly higher hence the increased
breathability In case of nano-ZnO coated fabric due to its nano-size and uniform distribution
friction was significantly lower than the bulk-ZnO coated fabric
Fabric treated with UV absorbers ensures that the clothes deflect the harmful ultraviolet rays of
the sun reducing a personrsquos UVR exposure and protecting the skin from potential damage The
extent of skin protection required by different types of human skin depends on UV radiation
intensity amp distribution in reference to geographical location time of day and season This
protection is expressed as UPF (UV Protection Factor) higher the UPF value better is the
protection against UV radiation
11
UPF before and after nano-TiO2 Coating
CO ndash Cotton
PES ndash Polyester
PA ndash Polyamide (6 66)
7 Swimsuits with minimum flow resistance
Special types of swimsuits are being used now days by the athletes in the water games These
swim suits minimizes the flow resistance while swimming through the water The kind of
swimsuits with less flow resistance was developed entirely based on nature as role model
Different friction coefficients on the fabrics are obtained by creating micro vortices on the fabric
surface using micro and nano-particles This effect is similar to the sharkrsquos skin which exhibits a
very low flow resistance in water The below figure shows the micro vortices on the sharkrsquos skin
and similar effect created on the swimsuit
12
Micro vortices on Sharkrsquos skin similar effect on swimsuit
8 Anti static performance
Conventionally surfactants were used to spread the small amount of moisture on the surface of
fiber so as to pose the static charge to leak away Static usually builds up in synthetic fibers such
as in nylon and polyester because they absorb little water Cellulose fibers such as cotton have
higher moisture content to carry away static charges so that no static charge will accumulate As
synthetic fibers provide poor anti-static properties research work concerning the improvement of
anti-static properties of textiles by using nanotechnology were conducted
One of the best electrically conductive nano particles is silver Silver nano particle helps to
dissipate the static charge effectively It was determined that nano-sized Titanium dioxide Zinc
oxide whiskers nano antimony-doped Tin oxide (ATO) and silane nanosol could impart
antistatic properties to the synthetic fibers TiO2 ZnO ATO provide anti-static effects because
they are electrically conductive materials Such materials help effectively to dissipate the static
charge which is accumulated on the fabric On the other hand the Silane gel particles absorb
moisture in the air by amino and hydroxyl groups and bound water and thus improves anti-static
properties of the fabric or garment
13
9 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish
bull Provides permanent static protection
bull Repels lint dust dirt and pet hair
bull Enhances appearance and comfort
bull Retains fabrics natural softness
bull Allows fabric to breathe naturally
10 Wrinkle resistance
Wrinkling occurs when the fiber is severally creased When fiber or fabric is bent hydrogen
bonds between the molecular chains in the amorphous regions break and allow the chains to slip
past one another The bonds reform in new places and fiber or fabric is held in the creased
configurations
To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric resin is commonly used in conventional methods The
disadvantages of conventional resin applications include decrease in the strength of fiber and in
abrasion resistance water absorbency and dye ability as well as breathability To overcome the
limitations of using resin some researches employed nano-Titanium dioxide and nano Silica to
improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively
Nano-Titanium dioxide was employed with Carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to
catalyze the cross linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid On other hand
nano-Silica was applied with Maleic anhydride as a catalyst the results showed that the
application of nano-Silica with Maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle
resistance of silk Odour fight finish
14
The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made
from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo
Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it
excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture
The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi
A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through
nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that
destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the
reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or
irritation
11 Anti-Pollen finish
Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that
particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the
surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using
the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive
Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves
arm covers bedding covers etc
12 Flame Retardant Finish
Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal
Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers
colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist
with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano
antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the
garments
15
13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments
1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye
2 Saving time and laundering cost
3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the
processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant
5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced
breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material
6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat
7 Nano-processed products are toxic free
8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials
9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products
14 Some commercially available nano-particles
SNo Nano-Particles Properties
1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing
2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating
3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis
4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance
provide self-sterilizing function
5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles
with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing
6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing
Particles
7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion
8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical
resistance and impart electrical conductivity
colouration of some textiles
9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance
15 Next Generation Finishing
A) Nano-Care
A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink
proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton
and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of
methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more
than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those
of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even
after 20 home washes
17
Features
bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency
bull Resists Wrinkles
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
B) Nano-Pel
This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in
natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester
nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be
expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings
with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20
washes (Figure shows Before amp After)
Features
Superior Water and Oil Repellency
bull Minimize Stains
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Durable Performance
18
C) Nano-Dry
It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more
than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of
polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the
hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol
polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve
particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the
field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth
is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear
Features
bull Moisture Wicking
bull Retains Breathability of Fabric
bull Quick Drying
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Durable Performance
D) Nano-Touch
This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic
fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall
solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial
19
hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their
disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having
unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-
Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a
challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In
selfassembled
nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less
than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top
of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being
explored to confer special functions to textile materials
Features
bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric
bull Durable Performance
bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Reduced Static Build-up
Future Prospect
The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on
the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in
textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of
nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current
global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going
to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States
Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have
bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of
nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus
(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials
(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology
The new functions with textiles to be developed include
20
1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and
sophisticated protection and detection
1048729 health-care and wound healing functions
16Conclusion
We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and
lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the
next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the
textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability
and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable
trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its
collaboration with other disciplines
With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the
technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie
Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile
chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some
of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been
briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will
emerge to dominate the textile field in future
21
REFRENCES
1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-
finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012
2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue
Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012
3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC
press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC
4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp
5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm
6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm
7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm
22
CO ndash Cotton
PES ndash Polyester
PA ndash Polyamide (6 66)
7 Swimsuits with minimum flow resistance
Special types of swimsuits are being used now days by the athletes in the water games These
swim suits minimizes the flow resistance while swimming through the water The kind of
swimsuits with less flow resistance was developed entirely based on nature as role model
Different friction coefficients on the fabrics are obtained by creating micro vortices on the fabric
surface using micro and nano-particles This effect is similar to the sharkrsquos skin which exhibits a
very low flow resistance in water The below figure shows the micro vortices on the sharkrsquos skin
and similar effect created on the swimsuit
12
Micro vortices on Sharkrsquos skin similar effect on swimsuit
8 Anti static performance
Conventionally surfactants were used to spread the small amount of moisture on the surface of
fiber so as to pose the static charge to leak away Static usually builds up in synthetic fibers such
as in nylon and polyester because they absorb little water Cellulose fibers such as cotton have
higher moisture content to carry away static charges so that no static charge will accumulate As
synthetic fibers provide poor anti-static properties research work concerning the improvement of
anti-static properties of textiles by using nanotechnology were conducted
One of the best electrically conductive nano particles is silver Silver nano particle helps to
dissipate the static charge effectively It was determined that nano-sized Titanium dioxide Zinc
oxide whiskers nano antimony-doped Tin oxide (ATO) and silane nanosol could impart
antistatic properties to the synthetic fibers TiO2 ZnO ATO provide anti-static effects because
they are electrically conductive materials Such materials help effectively to dissipate the static
charge which is accumulated on the fabric On the other hand the Silane gel particles absorb
moisture in the air by amino and hydroxyl groups and bound water and thus improves anti-static
properties of the fabric or garment
13
9 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish
bull Provides permanent static protection
bull Repels lint dust dirt and pet hair
bull Enhances appearance and comfort
bull Retains fabrics natural softness
bull Allows fabric to breathe naturally
10 Wrinkle resistance
Wrinkling occurs when the fiber is severally creased When fiber or fabric is bent hydrogen
bonds between the molecular chains in the amorphous regions break and allow the chains to slip
past one another The bonds reform in new places and fiber or fabric is held in the creased
configurations
To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric resin is commonly used in conventional methods The
disadvantages of conventional resin applications include decrease in the strength of fiber and in
abrasion resistance water absorbency and dye ability as well as breathability To overcome the
limitations of using resin some researches employed nano-Titanium dioxide and nano Silica to
improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively
Nano-Titanium dioxide was employed with Carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to
catalyze the cross linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid On other hand
nano-Silica was applied with Maleic anhydride as a catalyst the results showed that the
application of nano-Silica with Maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle
resistance of silk Odour fight finish
14
The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made
from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo
Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it
excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture
The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi
A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through
nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that
destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the
reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or
irritation
11 Anti-Pollen finish
Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that
particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the
surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using
the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive
Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves
arm covers bedding covers etc
12 Flame Retardant Finish
Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal
Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers
colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist
with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano
antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the
garments
15
13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments
1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye
2 Saving time and laundering cost
3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the
processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant
5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced
breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material
6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat
7 Nano-processed products are toxic free
8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials
9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products
14 Some commercially available nano-particles
SNo Nano-Particles Properties
1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing
2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating
3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis
4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance
provide self-sterilizing function
5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles
with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing
6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing
Particles
7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion
8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical
resistance and impart electrical conductivity
colouration of some textiles
9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance
15 Next Generation Finishing
A) Nano-Care
A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink
proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton
and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of
methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more
than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those
of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even
after 20 home washes
17
Features
bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency
bull Resists Wrinkles
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
B) Nano-Pel
This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in
natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester
nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be
expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings
with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20
washes (Figure shows Before amp After)
Features
Superior Water and Oil Repellency
bull Minimize Stains
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Durable Performance
18
C) Nano-Dry
It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more
than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of
polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the
hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol
polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve
particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the
field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth
is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear
Features
bull Moisture Wicking
bull Retains Breathability of Fabric
bull Quick Drying
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Durable Performance
D) Nano-Touch
This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic
fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall
solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial
19
hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their
disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having
unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-
Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a
challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In
selfassembled
nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less
than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top
of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being
explored to confer special functions to textile materials
Features
bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric
bull Durable Performance
bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Reduced Static Build-up
Future Prospect
The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on
the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in
textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of
nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current
global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going
to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States
Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have
bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of
nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus
(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials
(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology
The new functions with textiles to be developed include
20
1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and
sophisticated protection and detection
1048729 health-care and wound healing functions
16Conclusion
We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and
lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the
next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the
textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability
and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable
trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its
collaboration with other disciplines
With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the
technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie
Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile
chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some
of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been
briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will
emerge to dominate the textile field in future
21
REFRENCES
1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-
finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012
2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue
Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012
3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC
press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC
4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp
5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm
6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm
7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm
22
Micro vortices on Sharkrsquos skin similar effect on swimsuit
8 Anti static performance
Conventionally surfactants were used to spread the small amount of moisture on the surface of
fiber so as to pose the static charge to leak away Static usually builds up in synthetic fibers such
as in nylon and polyester because they absorb little water Cellulose fibers such as cotton have
higher moisture content to carry away static charges so that no static charge will accumulate As
synthetic fibers provide poor anti-static properties research work concerning the improvement of
anti-static properties of textiles by using nanotechnology were conducted
One of the best electrically conductive nano particles is silver Silver nano particle helps to
dissipate the static charge effectively It was determined that nano-sized Titanium dioxide Zinc
oxide whiskers nano antimony-doped Tin oxide (ATO) and silane nanosol could impart
antistatic properties to the synthetic fibers TiO2 ZnO ATO provide anti-static effects because
they are electrically conductive materials Such materials help effectively to dissipate the static
charge which is accumulated on the fabric On the other hand the Silane gel particles absorb
moisture in the air by amino and hydroxyl groups and bound water and thus improves anti-static
properties of the fabric or garment
13
9 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish
bull Provides permanent static protection
bull Repels lint dust dirt and pet hair
bull Enhances appearance and comfort
bull Retains fabrics natural softness
bull Allows fabric to breathe naturally
10 Wrinkle resistance
Wrinkling occurs when the fiber is severally creased When fiber or fabric is bent hydrogen
bonds between the molecular chains in the amorphous regions break and allow the chains to slip
past one another The bonds reform in new places and fiber or fabric is held in the creased
configurations
To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric resin is commonly used in conventional methods The
disadvantages of conventional resin applications include decrease in the strength of fiber and in
abrasion resistance water absorbency and dye ability as well as breathability To overcome the
limitations of using resin some researches employed nano-Titanium dioxide and nano Silica to
improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively
Nano-Titanium dioxide was employed with Carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to
catalyze the cross linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid On other hand
nano-Silica was applied with Maleic anhydride as a catalyst the results showed that the
application of nano-Silica with Maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle
resistance of silk Odour fight finish
14
The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made
from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo
Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it
excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture
The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi
A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through
nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that
destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the
reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or
irritation
11 Anti-Pollen finish
Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that
particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the
surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using
the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive
Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves
arm covers bedding covers etc
12 Flame Retardant Finish
Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal
Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers
colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist
with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano
antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the
garments
15
13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments
1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye
2 Saving time and laundering cost
3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the
processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant
5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced
breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material
6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat
7 Nano-processed products are toxic free
8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials
9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products
14 Some commercially available nano-particles
SNo Nano-Particles Properties
1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing
2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating
3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis
4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance
provide self-sterilizing function
5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles
with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing
6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing
Particles
7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion
8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical
resistance and impart electrical conductivity
colouration of some textiles
9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance
15 Next Generation Finishing
A) Nano-Care
A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink
proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton
and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of
methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more
than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those
of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even
after 20 home washes
17
Features
bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency
bull Resists Wrinkles
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
B) Nano-Pel
This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in
natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester
nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be
expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings
with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20
washes (Figure shows Before amp After)
Features
Superior Water and Oil Repellency
bull Minimize Stains
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Durable Performance
18
C) Nano-Dry
It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more
than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of
polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the
hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol
polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve
particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the
field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth
is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear
Features
bull Moisture Wicking
bull Retains Breathability of Fabric
bull Quick Drying
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Durable Performance
D) Nano-Touch
This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic
fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall
solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial
19
hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their
disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having
unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-
Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a
challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In
selfassembled
nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less
than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top
of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being
explored to confer special functions to textile materials
Features
bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric
bull Durable Performance
bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Reduced Static Build-up
Future Prospect
The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on
the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in
textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of
nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current
global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going
to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States
Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have
bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of
nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus
(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials
(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology
The new functions with textiles to be developed include
20
1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and
sophisticated protection and detection
1048729 health-care and wound healing functions
16Conclusion
We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and
lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the
next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the
textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability
and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable
trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its
collaboration with other disciplines
With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the
technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie
Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile
chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some
of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been
briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will
emerge to dominate the textile field in future
21
REFRENCES
1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-
finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012
2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue
Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012
3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC
press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC
4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp
5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm
6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm
7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm
22
9 Advantages of Nano-Antistatic finish
bull Provides permanent static protection
bull Repels lint dust dirt and pet hair
bull Enhances appearance and comfort
bull Retains fabrics natural softness
bull Allows fabric to breathe naturally
10 Wrinkle resistance
Wrinkling occurs when the fiber is severally creased When fiber or fabric is bent hydrogen
bonds between the molecular chains in the amorphous regions break and allow the chains to slip
past one another The bonds reform in new places and fiber or fabric is held in the creased
configurations
To impart wrinkle resistance to fabric resin is commonly used in conventional methods The
disadvantages of conventional resin applications include decrease in the strength of fiber and in
abrasion resistance water absorbency and dye ability as well as breathability To overcome the
limitations of using resin some researches employed nano-Titanium dioxide and nano Silica to
improve the wrinkle resistance of cotton and silk respectively
Nano-Titanium dioxide was employed with Carboxylic acid as a catalyst under UV irradiation to
catalyze the cross linking reaction between the cellulose molecule and the acid On other hand
nano-Silica was applied with Maleic anhydride as a catalyst the results showed that the
application of nano-Silica with Maleic anhydride could successfully improve the wrinkle
resistance of silk Odour fight finish
14
The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made
from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo
Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it
excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture
The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi
A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through
nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that
destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the
reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or
irritation
11 Anti-Pollen finish
Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that
particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the
surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using
the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive
Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves
arm covers bedding covers etc
12 Flame Retardant Finish
Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal
Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers
colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist
with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano
antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the
garments
15
13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments
1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye
2 Saving time and laundering cost
3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the
processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant
5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced
breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material
6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat
7 Nano-processed products are toxic free
8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials
9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products
14 Some commercially available nano-particles
SNo Nano-Particles Properties
1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing
2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating
3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis
4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance
provide self-sterilizing function
5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles
with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing
6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing
Particles
7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion
8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical
resistance and impart electrical conductivity
colouration of some textiles
9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance
15 Next Generation Finishing
A) Nano-Care
A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink
proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton
and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of
methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more
than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those
of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even
after 20 home washes
17
Features
bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency
bull Resists Wrinkles
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
B) Nano-Pel
This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in
natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester
nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be
expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings
with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20
washes (Figure shows Before amp After)
Features
Superior Water and Oil Repellency
bull Minimize Stains
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Durable Performance
18
C) Nano-Dry
It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more
than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of
polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the
hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol
polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve
particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the
field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth
is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear
Features
bull Moisture Wicking
bull Retains Breathability of Fabric
bull Quick Drying
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Durable Performance
D) Nano-Touch
This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic
fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall
solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial
19
hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their
disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having
unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-
Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a
challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In
selfassembled
nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less
than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top
of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being
explored to confer special functions to textile materials
Features
bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric
bull Durable Performance
bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Reduced Static Build-up
Future Prospect
The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on
the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in
textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of
nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current
global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going
to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States
Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have
bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of
nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus
(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials
(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology
The new functions with textiles to be developed include
20
1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and
sophisticated protection and detection
1048729 health-care and wound healing functions
16Conclusion
We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and
lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the
next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the
textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability
and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable
trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its
collaboration with other disciplines
With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the
technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie
Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile
chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some
of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been
briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will
emerge to dominate the textile field in future
21
REFRENCES
1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-
finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012
2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue
Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012
3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC
press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC
4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp
5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm
6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm
7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm
22
The active ingredient of odour fight finish fabric are nano-particles of bamboo charcoal made
from the Moso Bamboo the worlds most porous bamboo grown in the Jhushan ldquoBamboo
Mountainrdquo region of Taiwan The bamboo contains many pores in its structure making it
excellent for absorbing odour-causing chemicals controlling temperature and voiding moisture
The bamboo is also naturally biocidal and inhibits the growth of bacteria and fungi
A Taiwanese nanotech firm Greensheild has created underwear that fights odour through
nanotechnology The underwear fibers release undetectable negative ions and infrared rays that
destroy odour-causing bacteria The negative ions create a magnetic field that inhibits the
reproduction of bacteria thus eliminating odour and lowering the risk of skin infection or
irritation
11 Anti-Pollen finish
Miyuki keori Co of Japan is marketing anti-pollen fabrics and garments It is claimed that
particles of 30nm sizes are attached to the surface of yarns The smoothness of the finish on the
surface and the anti-static effect does not let pollen or dust come close This is achieved by using
the polymer which has antistatic or electro conductive
Composition (Eg Fluor alkyl ndash methacrylate polymers)It is used in coats blouses hats gloves
arm covers bedding covers etc
12 Flame Retardant Finish
Nyacol nano technologies Inc has been the worldrsquos leading supplier of colloidal
Antimony pentoxide which is used for flame retardant finish in textile The company offers
colloidal antimony pentoxide as fine particle dispersion for use as a flame retardant synergist
with halogenated flame-retardants (The ratio of halogen to antimony is 51 to 21) Nano
antimony pentoxide is used with halogenated flame-retardants for a flame retardant finish to the
garments
15
13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments
1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye
2 Saving time and laundering cost
3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the
processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant
5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced
breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material
6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat
7 Nano-processed products are toxic free
8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials
9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products
14 Some commercially available nano-particles
SNo Nano-Particles Properties
1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing
2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating
3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis
4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance
provide self-sterilizing function
5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles
with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing
6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing
Particles
7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion
8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical
resistance and impart electrical conductivity
colouration of some textiles
9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance
15 Next Generation Finishing
A) Nano-Care
A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink
proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton
and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of
methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more
than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those
of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even
after 20 home washes
17
Features
bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency
bull Resists Wrinkles
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
B) Nano-Pel
This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in
natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester
nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be
expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings
with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20
washes (Figure shows Before amp After)
Features
Superior Water and Oil Repellency
bull Minimize Stains
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Durable Performance
18
C) Nano-Dry
It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more
than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of
polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the
hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol
polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve
particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the
field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth
is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear
Features
bull Moisture Wicking
bull Retains Breathability of Fabric
bull Quick Drying
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Durable Performance
D) Nano-Touch
This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic
fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall
solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial
19
hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their
disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having
unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-
Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a
challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In
selfassembled
nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less
than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top
of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being
explored to confer special functions to textile materials
Features
bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric
bull Durable Performance
bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Reduced Static Build-up
Future Prospect
The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on
the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in
textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of
nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current
global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going
to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States
Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have
bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of
nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus
(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials
(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology
The new functions with textiles to be developed include
20
1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and
sophisticated protection and detection
1048729 health-care and wound healing functions
16Conclusion
We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and
lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the
next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the
textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability
and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable
trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its
collaboration with other disciplines
With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the
technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie
Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile
chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some
of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been
briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will
emerge to dominate the textile field in future
21
REFRENCES
1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-
finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012
2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue
Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012
3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC
press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC
4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp
5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm
6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm
7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm
22
13 Characteristics of nano finishing in garments
1 Their protective layer is difficult to detect with the naked eye
2 Saving time and laundering cost
3 When a substance is manipulated at sizes of approximately 100 nm the structure of the
processed clothing becomes more compressed This makes clothing stain- and dirt-resistant
5 Nano-materials allow good ventilation and reduce moisture absorption resulting in enhanced
breathability while maintaining the good hand feel of ordinary material
6 The crease resistant feature keeps clothing neat
7 Nano-processed products are toxic free
8 Garments stay bright fresh looking and are more durable than ordinary materials
9 Manufacturing cost is low adding value to the products
14 Some commercially available nano-particles
SNo Nano-Particles Properties
1 Silver Nano-Particles Anti-bacterial finishing
2 Fe Nano-Particles Conductive magnetic properties remote heating
3 ZnO and TiO2 UV protection fiber protection oxidative catalysis
4 TiO2 and MgO Chemical and biological protective performance
provide self-sterilizing function
5 SiO2 or Al2O3 Nano-particles
with PP or PE coating Super water repellent finishing
6 Indium-tin oxide Nano- EM IR protective clothing
Particles
7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion
8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical
resistance and impart electrical conductivity
colouration of some textiles
9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance
15 Next Generation Finishing
A) Nano-Care
A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink
proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton
and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of
methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more
than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those
of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even
after 20 home washes
17
Features
bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency
bull Resists Wrinkles
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
B) Nano-Pel
This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in
natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester
nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be
expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings
with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20
washes (Figure shows Before amp After)
Features
Superior Water and Oil Repellency
bull Minimize Stains
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Durable Performance
18
C) Nano-Dry
It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more
than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of
polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the
hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol
polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve
particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the
field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth
is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear
Features
bull Moisture Wicking
bull Retains Breathability of Fabric
bull Quick Drying
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Durable Performance
D) Nano-Touch
This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic
fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall
solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial
19
hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their
disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having
unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-
Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a
challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In
selfassembled
nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less
than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top
of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being
explored to confer special functions to textile materials
Features
bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric
bull Durable Performance
bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Reduced Static Build-up
Future Prospect
The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on
the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in
textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of
nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current
global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going
to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States
Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have
bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of
nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus
(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials
(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology
The new functions with textiles to be developed include
20
1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and
sophisticated protection and detection
1048729 health-care and wound healing functions
16Conclusion
We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and
lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the
next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the
textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability
and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable
trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its
collaboration with other disciplines
With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the
technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie
Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile
chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some
of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been
briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will
emerge to dominate the textile field in future
21
REFRENCES
1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-
finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012
2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue
Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012
3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC
press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC
4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp
5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm
6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm
7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm
22
Particles
7 Ceramic Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion
8 Carbon black Nano-Particles Increasing resistance to abrasion chemical
resistance and impart electrical conductivity
colouration of some textiles
9 Clay Nano-particles High electrical heat and chemical resistance
15 Next Generation Finishing
A) Nano-Care
A technology that brings about an entirely carefree fabric with wrinkle resistant shrink
proof water and stain repellent properties intended for use in cellulosic fibers such as cotton
and linen It is a next-generation ease-of-care dimension-stabilizing finish one step ahead of
methods that simply give wrinkle resistance and shrink-proofing Nano-Care withstands more
than 50 home launderings It imparts water repellency and stain resistance superior to those
of conventional methods maintaining high water and oil repellency levels (80 and 4) even
after 20 home washes
17
Features
bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency
bull Resists Wrinkles
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
B) Nano-Pel
This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in
natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester
nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be
expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings
with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20
washes (Figure shows Before amp After)
Features
Superior Water and Oil Repellency
bull Minimize Stains
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Durable Performance
18
C) Nano-Dry
It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more
than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of
polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the
hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol
polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve
particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the
field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth
is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear
Features
bull Moisture Wicking
bull Retains Breathability of Fabric
bull Quick Drying
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Durable Performance
D) Nano-Touch
This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic
fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall
solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial
19
hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their
disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having
unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-
Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a
challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In
selfassembled
nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less
than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top
of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being
explored to confer special functions to textile materials
Features
bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric
bull Durable Performance
bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Reduced Static Build-up
Future Prospect
The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on
the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in
textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of
nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current
global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going
to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States
Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have
bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of
nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus
(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials
(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology
The new functions with textiles to be developed include
20
1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and
sophisticated protection and detection
1048729 health-care and wound healing functions
16Conclusion
We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and
lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the
next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the
textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability
and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable
trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its
collaboration with other disciplines
With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the
technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie
Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile
chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some
of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been
briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will
emerge to dominate the textile field in future
21
REFRENCES
1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-
finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012
2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue
Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012
3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC
press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC
4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp
5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm
6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm
7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm
22
17
Features
bull Superior Stain Water and Oil Repellency
bull Resists Wrinkles
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
B) Nano-Pel
This nanotech application of water-and-oil repellent finishing is effective for use in
natural fibers such as cotton linen wool and silk as well as synthetics such as polyester
nylon and acryl Unsurpassed performance in durability and water and oil repellency may be
expected particularly with natural fibers Nano-Pel cotton withstands 50 home launderings
with functionality levels well-maintained for water and oil repellency (80 and 4) even after 20
washes (Figure shows Before amp After)
Features
Superior Water and Oil Repellency
bull Minimize Stains
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Durable Performance
18
C) Nano-Dry
It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more
than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of
polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the
hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol
polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve
particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the
field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth
is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear
Features
bull Moisture Wicking
bull Retains Breathability of Fabric
bull Quick Drying
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Durable Performance
D) Nano-Touch
This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic
fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall
solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial
19
hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their
disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having
unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-
Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a
challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In
selfassembled
nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less
than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top
of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being
explored to confer special functions to textile materials
Features
bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric
bull Durable Performance
bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Reduced Static Build-up
Future Prospect
The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on
the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in
textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of
nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current
global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going
to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States
Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have
bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of
nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus
(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials
(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology
The new functions with textiles to be developed include
20
1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and
sophisticated protection and detection
1048729 health-care and wound healing functions
16Conclusion
We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and
lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the
next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the
textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability
and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable
trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its
collaboration with other disciplines
With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the
technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie
Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile
chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some
of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been
briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will
emerge to dominate the textile field in future
21
REFRENCES
1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-
finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012
2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue
Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012
3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC
press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC
4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp
5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm
6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm
7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm
22
Features
Superior Water and Oil Repellency
bull Minimize Stains
bull Breathable Fabric
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Durable Performance
18
C) Nano-Dry
It is a hydrophilic finishing technology that imparts outstanding endurance of more
than 50 home launderings and offers prospects of considerable contribution to the area of
polyester and nylon synthetic garments Nano-Dry exerts durability superior to that of the
hydrophilic finishing of polyester commonly carried out in Japan using polyethylene glycol
polymer molecules and allows no dye migration when deep-dyed It is expected to serve
particularly well for use in nylon as there exists no such durable hydrophilic finishing in the
field of sportswear and underwear that require perspiration absorbency Considerable growth
is expected within the forthcoming period of 3 to 6 months mainly in the field of sportswear
Features
bull Moisture Wicking
bull Retains Breathability of Fabric
bull Quick Drying
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Durable Performance
D) Nano-Touch
This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic
fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall
solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial
19
hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their
disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having
unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-
Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a
challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In
selfassembled
nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less
than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top
of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being
explored to confer special functions to textile materials
Features
bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric
bull Durable Performance
bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Reduced Static Build-up
Future Prospect
The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on
the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in
textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of
nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current
global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going
to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States
Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have
bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of
nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus
(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials
(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology
The new functions with textiles to be developed include
20
1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and
sophisticated protection and detection
1048729 health-care and wound healing functions
16Conclusion
We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and
lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the
next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the
textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability
and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable
trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its
collaboration with other disciplines
With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the
technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie
Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile
chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some
of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been
briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will
emerge to dominate the textile field in future
21
REFRENCES
1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-
finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012
2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue
Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012
3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC
press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC
4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp
5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm
6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm
7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm
22
bull Retains Breathability of Fabric
bull Quick Drying
bull Preserves Original Hand
bull Durable Performance
D) Nano-Touch
This ultimate finishing technology gives durable cellulose wrapping over synthetic
fiber Cellulosic sheath and synthetic core together form a concentric structure to bring overall
solutions to the disadvantages of synthetics being hydrophobic electrostatic having artificial
19
hand and glaring luster It will broaden the existing use of synthetics being free of their
disadvantages as found in synthetic suits being hydrophobic electrostatic and having
unnatural hand The following are examples of new areas of use created through Nano-
Touch a new standard for fiber compounding Self-assembled nanolayer (SAN) coating is a
challenge to traditional textile coating Research in this area is still in embryo stage In
selfassembled
nanolayer (SAN) coating target chemical molecules form a layer of thickness less
than nanometer on the surface of textile materials Additional layers can be added on the top
of the existing ones creating a nanolayered structure Different SAN approaches are being
explored to confer special functions to textile materials
Features
bull Superior Refinement in a Blended Fabric
bull Durable Performance
bull Luxurious Cotton-Like Hand
bull Easy Care
bull Reduced Static Build-up
Future Prospect
The development of ultra fine fibers functional finishes and smart textiles based on
the nanotechnology has end less properties At present the application of nano technology in
textiles has merely reaches only the starting line The reason for less commercialization of
nano technology is due to their higher time consumption and cost factor involved The current
global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going
to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States
Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have
bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of
nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus
(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials
(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology
The new functions with textiles to be developed include
20
1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and
sophisticated protection and detection
1048729 health-care and wound healing functions
16Conclusion
We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and
lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the
next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the
textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability
and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable
trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its
collaboration with other disciplines
With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the
technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie
Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile
chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some
of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been
briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will
emerge to dominate the textile field in future
21
REFRENCES
1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-
finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012
2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue
Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012
3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC
press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC
4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp
5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm
6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm
7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm
22
global market for Nanoscale technologies is estimated at around US $ 45 billions and is going
to grow to US $ 1 trillion by 2015 The world leaders in this technology area are United States
Japan and Europe Ashima and Arvind are the first two Indian textile companies to have
bought license to produce nanotechnology driven cloths Future developments of
nanotechnologies in textiles will have a two fold focus
(a) Upgrading existing functions and performances of textile materials
(b) Developing multifunctional finishes using nano technology
The new functions with textiles to be developed include
20
1048729 Nanofibres that would detoxify and filter toxic chemicals warfare agents Multiple and
sophisticated protection and detection
1048729 health-care and wound healing functions
16Conclusion
We believe that nanotechnology is opening up a demand for higher precision greater density and
lightening speed combined with the intellectualization and miniaturization to progress into the
next generation of apparels The first commercial steps of nanotechnology have been made in the
textile arena To create alter and improve textiles at the molecular level and increase durability
and performance beyond that of normal textiles is possible now To continue this favorable
trend the textile industry should contribute more to research in nanotechnology and intensify its
collaboration with other disciplines
With the changing trends and needs of the customer it is the need of the hour to make use of the
technology available today Consumers today want their clothes to perform multiple duty ie
Consumers want their clothes to be durable comfortable and stain resistant Todayrsquos textile
chemists are developing finishes that are intriguing to even the most discerning consumer Some
of the important functional finishes imparted to textile materials using nanotechnology have been
briefed in this paper These applications and developments show that nanotechnology will
emerge to dominate the textile field in future
21
REFRENCES
1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-
finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012
2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue
Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012
3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC
press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC
4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp
5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm
6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm
7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm
22
21
REFRENCES
1 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-articletechnology-industry-articlefunctional-nano-
finishes-for-textilesfunctional-nano-finishes-for-textiles1asp on 2932012
2 httpwwwtextileworldcomArticles2010NovemberNov_Dec_issue
Nanotechnology_In_Textileshtml on 2932012
3 Nanotechnology in textile edited by PJ Brown and KStevens the textile institute CRC
press Boca raton Boston new York WashingtonDC
4 httpwwwfibre2fashioncomindustry-article232249nano-finishing-on-garments1asp
5 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomwhatis-nano-technologyhtm
6 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomstructure-nano-particleshtm
7 httpwwwnanotechnologyfabricscomapplicationshtm
22
22
top related