mtu’s technology roadmap towards emission free flying...pw1100g v2500 power gear box high speed...
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MTU’s Technology Roadmap Towards Emission Free Flying
Dr. Joerg Sieber, MTU Aero Engines
14. Tag der Deutschen Luft- und Raumfahrtregionen – Innovationen für eine emissionsarme Luftfahrt
Potsdam, 10. Sep. 2019
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© MTU Aero Engines AG. The information contained herein is proprietary to the MTU Aero Engines group companies.
10. Sep. 2019 MTU’s Technology Roadmap Towards Emission Free Flying Dr. Joerg Sieber 2
Agenda
Future requirements
Potential for improvement
Geared Turbofan
Revolutionary engine cycles
Sustainable aviation fuels
Electric flight
Roadmap towards emission free flight
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© MTU Aero Engines AG. The information contained herein is proprietary to the MTU Aero Engines group companies.
10. Sep. 2019 MTU’s Technology Roadmap Towards Emission Free Flying Dr. Joerg Sieber 3
Aircraft Engine Emissions Greenhouse Gas Effects and Health Impact
Noise
Engine
Aircraft
Gas
CO2 H2O
NOx CO
UHC
PM
Soot
Almost all aircraft engine emissions are with greenhouse gas effect
Climate impact
CO2
Formation of ozone due to NOx
Contrails due to particulate matter and H2O
Aviation climate change factor 2 to 3 higher than CO2share
Health impact
NOx
CO
UHC (unburnt hydro carbons)
PM (particulate matter)
Soot
Future Requirements
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© MTU Aero Engines AG. The information contained herein is proprietary to the MTU Aero Engines group companies.
International AviationIATA, ICAO, ATAG
Reduction in net aviation CO2 emissions of 50% by 2050
Carbon-neutral growth from 2020
1.5% fuel efficiency improvement p.a. from 2009 – 2020
European and International Goals regarding Fuel Consumption and CO2 Emissions
10. Sep. 2019 MTU’s Technology Roadmap Towards Emission Free Flying Dr. Joerg Sieber 4
Engine manufactures are on track to meet EU SRIA goals. For achieving IATA goals sustainable aviation fuels are
essential. Both goals are guidelines and not legally binding.
European AviationStrategic Research and Innovation Agenda (SRIA)
-80%
-60%
-40%
-20%
0%
YEAR2000 SRIA2020 SRIA2035 SRIA2050
Fu
el b
urn
pe
r p
as
se
ng
er
kil
om
ete
rre
l. t
o y
ea
r 2
00
0
Total Air traffic
Airframe and Engine (each)
Air traffic management
Operation
Future Requirements
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© MTU Aero Engines AG. The information contained herein is proprietary to the MTU Aero Engines group companies.
Paris 2° climate target
10. Sep. 2019 MTU’s Technology Roadmap Towards Emission Free Flying Dr. Joerg Sieber 5
2050 CO2 air traffic targets in comparison as assumed by Clean Sky
Paris 2° target is by far the most ambitious and legally binding target. Currently, no solutions are available to achieve the
required reduction
Paris climate conference 2015 (COP21)
195 countries adopted the first legally binding climate
deal
Long-term goal:
• Keep global average temperature rise well below
2°C
• Pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5 °C
No split to different transport modes so far79
325
675
Future Requirements
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© MTU Aero Engines AG. The information contained herein is proprietary to the MTU Aero Engines group companies.
Key Measures for Emissions Reduction
10. Sep. 2019 MTU’s Technology Roadmap Towards Emission Free Flying Dr. Joerg Sieber 6
All stakeholders have to work together to reduce emissions
Aircraft Engine Fuel Operations Air traffic
management
Regulations &
incentives
New aircraft concepts New engine concepts Sustainable fuel
New energy carriers
Formation flight
Aerial refueling
Control
Free flight
Emission trading
Regulations
Distributed propulsion
Hydrogen
1
H1,0079
E-Motor GeneratorPMAD
Potential for Improvement
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© MTU Aero Engines AG. The information contained herein is proprietary to the MTU Aero Engines group companies.
MTU’s Approach CLAIRE (Clean Air Engine)Vision 2020 & Flightpath 2050 Targets
10. Sep. 2019 MTU’s Technology Roadmap Towards Emission Free Flying Dr. Joerg Sieber 7
CLAIRE 1
15% 40%
Geared
Turbofan
CLAIRE 3
Integrated
Ultra
Efficient
Engine
40% 65%
Ultra Low
Pressure
Ratio
Fan
Gen2 GTF
CLAIRE 2
25% 50%
V2500
BASE
2000 2015 2030 2050
Today’s Air Traffic between Europe and the US
BPR 5
OPR 36
BPR 12
OPR 46BPR > 14
OPR 60+ ?
Evolutionary development of GTF-engine for 2030+, revolutionary ideas needed for 2050
Potential for Improvement
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© MTU Aero Engines AG. The information contained herein is proprietary to the MTU Aero Engines group companies.
10. Sep. 2019 MTU’s Technology Roadmap Towards Emission Free Flying Dr. Joerg Sieber 8
Geared Turbofan Geared Turbofan (PW1100G-JM) in comparison with the conventional turbofan (V2500)
The geared turbofan is setting new standards: - 16% fuel consumption & - 40% noise emission
PW1100G
V2500
Power gear box High speed
low pressure
turbine
High speed
booster
V2533-A5 PW1133G-JM
Stage count 1-4-10-2-5 1-G-3-8-2-3reduced number of
stages
Fan diameter1613 mm
63,5 in
2057 mm
81 inenlarged diameter
Bypass ratio 4,5 12higher propulsive
efficiency
Overall
pressure ratio33,4 46
higher thermal
efficiency
Fuel
consumptionbase - 16%
reduced fuel
consumption
Noise
emissionbase
- 20 EPNdB
(cumulated)
reduced noise
emissions
NOx emission base> - 50%
(- 55% CAEP6)
reduced pollutant
emissions
Geared Turbofan
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© MTU Aero Engines AG. The information contained herein is proprietary to the MTU Aero Engines group companies.
Revolutionary Engine Concepts – Composite Cycle EngineCombination of piston engine and gas turbine
10. Sep. 2019 MTU’s Technology Roadmap Towards Emission Free Flying Dr. Joerg Sieber 9
Principle
Coupling of two thermal engines with different cycles
piston compressor and motor with gas turbine
Benefits
• Efficiency gain through increase of T4 and P3
• Reducing fuel burn by ~ 12%
Challenges
• Complex machine with intermittent working process
• NOx increase due to high temperature
• Reliability
CharacteristicsSchematic
Free double piston engine has high potential for decreasing fuel burn substantially.
3 4542 5
35
piston
compressor
piston
motor
25Tmax >> T4Pmax >> P325
Engine concept
Revolutionary Engine Cycles
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© MTU Aero Engines AG. The information contained herein is proprietary to the MTU Aero Engines group companies.
Power-to-Liquid
process
Minimum fuel
selling price and
GHG emissions
Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF)
10. Sep. 2019 MTU’s Technology Roadmap Towards Emission Free Flying Dr. Joerg Sieber 10
Power-to-Liquid technology provides sustainable aviation fuel which is crucial for achieving IATA and Paris goals
Principle
Hydrogen is produced by renewable energy and water
CO2 is separated from air by direct air capture
H2 and CO2 are converted to jet fuel
Benefits
Drop-in fuel
Sustainable (renewable and CO2 neutral)
Challenges
More expensive than conventional jet fuel
Low process efficiency
CO2 recovery from atmosphere
Large amount of sustainable electricity
CharacteristicsSchematic / Price and GHG emissions
Sustainable Aviation Fuels
PtL
LH2
0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.40
10
100
90
80
60
50
70
40
30
20
Sp
ecif
ic G
HG
em
issio
ns [
gC
O2,e
q /M
J]
MFSP [EUR/liter kerosene,eq]
Conventional jet fuel
HEFAStL / renewable
BtL / forestry residues
BtL / eucalyptus
StL: Sun to Liquid
Source: Bauhaus Luftfahrt
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© MTU Aero Engines AG. The information contained herein is proprietary to the MTU Aero Engines group companies.
Battery-electric Flight
10. Sep. 2019 MTU’s Technology Roadmap Towards Emission Free Flying Dr. Joerg Sieber 11
Battery-electric flight
The maximum energy density of available batteries
reaches 0,25 kWh/kg and therefore provides only
1/25 of the energy of kerosene (kerosene 11,9
kWh/kg, electric system double efficiency).
Available battery energy densities allow short flights in
General Aviation
An expected improvement of 5% p.a. would lead to a
potential regional application in 2045
With a currently known potential of 900Wh/kg battery-
electric flying in commercial aviation is not reasonable
Regional
0
1000
2000
3000
2015 2025 2035 2045 2055 2065
Sp
ec
ific
en
erg
y[W
h/k
g]
Known potential: 900 Wh/kg
Available today: 250 Wh/kg
2018
10%/p.a. 7%/p.a.
5%/p.a.
3%/p.a.
Battery-electric flight is feasible for general aviation. Currently, no battery technology is known to reach energy densities
required for short/medium or long range applications.
Development of battery technology
Electric Flight
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© MTU Aero Engines AG. The information contained herein is proprietary to the MTU Aero Engines group companies.
Many possible configurations
Turbo-
electric
Hybrid-
electric
Turbo-electric & Hybrid-electric Propulsion Systems
10. Sep. 2019 MTU’s Technology Roadmap Towards Emission Free Flying Dr. Joerg Sieber 12
Advantages
Turbo- and hybrid-electric propulsion opens up new
possibilities of aircraft and engine design.
Aircraft
Drag reduction by boundary layer ingestion, lift
enhancement, reduction of control surfaces, …
Engine
Optimization of operating points, use of complex
engine cycles (fuselage), high propulsive efficiency by
using multiple fans, …
Challenges
High additional weight
Additional losses due to energy conversion
Complex system
Only a clever combination of advantages from aircraft and engine by minimizing the disadvantages will result in a
successful new aircraft/engine concept.
E-Motor
GeneratorPMAD
E-Motor Generator
PMAD
E-Motor
E-Motor
PMAD
Generator
PMAD
E-MotorE-Motor
GeneratorPMAD
E-Motor
series
partial
series
series
partial
series
parallel
Electric Flight
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© MTU Aero Engines AG. The information contained herein is proprietary to the MTU Aero Engines group companies.
Conclusion
10. Sep. 2019 MTU’s Technology Roadmap Towards Emission Free Flying Dr. Joerg Sieber 13
Gas turbine
The GTF will be the standard engine for the next decades - evolutionary technology development is in focus
Thermal engines still deliver room for improvement - two revolutionary concepts are selected for demonstration
SAF are without alternative to operate gas turbines near term to support acceptance and growth
Electric powertrains
Battery-electric propulsion is suitable for general aviation and urban mobility
Turbo- and hybrid-electric systems still have to demonstrate advantages
Fuel cell technology has the potential to take the lead
2020 2030 2040 2050
GTF SAF Gen2 GTF Rev. engine cycles Hydrogen Fuel cell
Hydrogen
1
H1,0079
Roadmap towards Emission Free Flying
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