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MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
RES-E MARKET IN THE CZECH REP.
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek,CSc.
Czech Technical University in Prague
Fac. of Electrical Engineering
June, 2012
page 1
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
RES MARKET IN THE CZECH REPUBLIC
CONTENT:
• Current statistics
• Details on wind, PV, biogas, biomass, SH
• Players on RES-E market
• Barriers for RES-E projects
page 2
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
CURRENT STATISTICS ON RES SHARES
page 3
Key role of biomass, biomass for households estimated
Source: MPO statistics
2009 total: 103,5 PJ
RES contribution to PES, 2010
Heat pumps1,5%
Solar thermal0,3%
Biogas6,2%
Liquid fuels8,2%
Biolog. degradable waste3,0%
Hydro8,4%
Wind power1,0%
PV1,9%
Biomass households
40,7%
Biomass industrial28,8%
2010 total: 119,2 PJ
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
POWER GENERATION FROM RES
page 4
year 2009: 4.67 TWh, 2010: RES-E: 5.89 TWhpower consumption 72 TWh in 2008, 68,8 TWh in 2009, 70,9 Twh in 2010indicate target 2010: 8% REACHED ! (originally unexpected !)
4,04%
6,79%
8,30%
5,18%4,74%4,91%
4,48%
10,21%
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
GW
h
0,00%
2,00%
4,00%
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12,00%
Sh
are
of
RE
S o
n g
ros
s p
ow
er
ge
ne
rati
on
Small hydro Large hydroBiomass BiogassMun. waste WindPV Share of RES on gross power generation
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
STRUCTURE OF POWER GENERATION - 2
page 5
Struture of RES power generation in 2011
PV30%
Small hydro12%
Large hydro17%
Wind6%Mun. waste
0% Biogass12%
Biomass23,2%
2011: 7196 GWh
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
POWER GENERATION FROM BIOMASS
page 6
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
GW
h
Briquettes, pellets Other solid biomass Liquid biofuels Chips, waste wood Pulp extracts Plant materials
560565
14921396
1171
968
731
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
INVESTORS INTEREST ON RES-E PROJ.
PV projects were in centre of investors interests at the moment
• Support seems to be attractive
• Stable investors conditions
• „Easiest projects“
page 7
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
WIND PROJECTS
page 8
Beg. of 2009: Total installed capacity app. 150 MW
Original outlook to 2013: up to 1600 MW (considered proj.) – highly unprobable
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
WIND PROJECTS - 2
page 9
Start of F.T. system since 2006 is obvious
Wind: 0.335 TWh in 2010
Development of installed power in wind appl.
11,5
34,444,5
217,9214
3,47 8,2
117,5149,7
179 193 193
9593
714 17
26
42
57
6977 81
8587
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MW
0102030405060708090100
Inst. power [MW] Number of plantsSource: ERO statistics on licence holders
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
PV PROJECTS
• Original rules: No limit for total installed capacity
• Big projects under investors’ interest– Largest installed capacity: 30-40 MW projects– Since 2011: Only projects < 30 kW are
supported, but since Feb. 2010 no project can get grid connection up to now
– End. of 2007:app. 3,4 MW• Boom of PV in 2008-9 (combination of factors)
page 10
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
PV PROJECTS - 2
• Highest interest of investors in Southern Moravia
– Annual solar radiation MJ/m2
page 11
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
PV PROJECTS - 3
page 12
Paradise for PV project in 2008-2010
0,35 3,4 22,77 60,26 84 102,71116,7
998
1952 1959
219,57
463 535622
738
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[MW
]
010002000300040005000600070008000900010000110001200013000
[Nu
mb
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f in
stal
lati
on
s]
Inst. power [MW] Number of plants Source: ERU
c
2010: 0.615 TWh, 2011 estimate: app. 2 TWh, since February 2010 no permission to the grid connection issued
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
„PARADISE“ FOR PV PROJECT
to remind: the end of 2008: app. 23 MW in PV
COMBINATION OF SEVERAL FACTORS: unexpected fall of investment cost (learning curve effect) limitation of FIT reduction to 5%/year only (for new plants) political crisis – fall of CZ government in spring 2009,
waiting for the elections 1,5 year financial and then economic crisis in the world – investors
search for safe and profitable projects extremely high lobbyism underevaluation of situation by distributors – missing
information about sum of permission for the connection
Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. page 13
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Totally chaotic growth of PV projects Fight for locations and for the grid permissions Situation in February 2010: app. 4500 MW in
projects with valid permission Grid operators stopped permissions for new
application after February 2010 Extremely high return for PV investors (FITs were
higher by 30-40% that were their adequate values) extreme return creates positions for „extreme things“
Blocked access to the grid for many of other RES-E projects
CONSEQUENCES OF PV PARADISE
Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. page 14
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
RES FEE DEVELOPMENT
1,12 1,37 1,63 2,09
6,65
23,12
27,16
0,00
5,00
10,00
15,00
20,00
25,00
30,00
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
EU
R/M
Wh
If no "solar brake"
Effect of "solar brake"
16,8
-------
Note: VAT 20% not includedSource: ERU
Fee includes RES, cogeneration and non-traditional sources supportRES share: more than 90%
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module – General Legal and Economicalpage 15
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
RES FEE DEVELOPMENT
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module – General Legal and Economicalpage 16
If no „solar brake“ – electricity prices would rise by 11,4% for households and by 14,5% for industrial consumers (with solar brake: 4,6%, 5,2%) in 2011
Politically and economically unacceptable
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
RES SUPPORT COST STARTED TO BE THE REAL PROBLEM
Individual shares on RES power generation2012 estimate
Small hydro13,0%
Large hydro15,9%
Biomass22,4%
Biogas18,8%
Wind5,2%
PV24,8%
2012 estimate: 8,5 TWh Source: own calculation
Individual shares on RES support cost2012 estimate
Large hydro0,0%
Biogas13,1%
Wind2,1%
PV70,8%
Biomass9,6%
Small hydro4,4%
2012 estimate: 1,33 bil. EUR Source: own calculation
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module – General Legal and Economicalpage 17
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks in the Czech Republic
HISTORY OF LEGISLATIVE ACTION
Mid. of 2009: proposals for Act 180/2005 changes• no reaction, results of political situation and strong
lobbyismMarch 2010:• Limitation of FIT reduction is not effective if payback time
is less than 11 yearsSeptember 2010:• Support only for PV on roofs and facades and Pi less than
30 kW (since 1.3.2011)• Support for „island“ installation expired during one year
(2011), if installation is not connected to the grid
page 18
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks in the Czech Republic
page 19
HISTORY OF LEGISLATIVE ACTION 2
November 2010: changes of „tax“ act• income tax holidays cancelled for all RES applications
(including already running, last applicable for tax period 2010)
• changes in depreciation periods for PV:– current situation: PV panels are 55-60% investment cost, but
depreciation period is only 5 years– since 2011: depr. period is defined as 240 months (similarly for
financial leasing, its length should be also 240 month) – valid also for already running projects, not depreciated part is allocated to 240 months minus number of month of depreciation
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks in the Czech Republic
page 20
Cost of Support Scheme – SOLAR BRAKE
Reduction of impact to the consumers needs other sources of financing
no action scenario: total extra cost from RES-E support in 2011 would be app. 28 bil. CZK (full transfer to the consumers) – app. 20 bil. CZk thanks to PV
action scenario (solar brake): 16 bil. CZK transferred to consumers, 12 bil CZK money transfer from state budget
since 1.3.2011 only < 30 kW on roofs and facades
But where to find money when state budget is in deep deficit?
Selection of least bad solution – UNIQUE and DEBATABLE solutions
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks in the Czech Republic
page 21
Cost of support scheme – SOLAR BRAKE• December 2010: changes of „RES“ act 180/2005.
• 12 bil. CZK collection (2011):
• Tax imposed on gross revenues (!) – monthly basis: 26% of FIT revenues (currently valid for 3 years) – 4,2 bil. CZK/year (not applicable for small < 30 kW PV)
• Gift tax imposed on emission allowances distributed free of charge 32% (for power generation companies) periods of 2011 and 2012 – 4,8 bil. CZK/year
• State budget – 1 bil. CZK
• Dramatic increase of agriculture land utilization of fee – 1.7 bil. CZK/year• No emission allowances free of charge for energy sector since 2013 (EU
exemption – derogation – is not used)
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
SMALL HYDRO
• SH < 1 MW app. 135 MW• SH from 1 to 10 MW app. 149 MW• LHydro: 753 MW• Power generation in 2010: 1239 GWh, LHydro
1551 GWh in 2010• Long tradition in SH construction• Reconstruction in 90’s and beg. of this decade
(support from Czech Energy Ag.)– Limited possibilities for new SH plants
page 22
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
SMALL HYDRO - 2
page 23
Development of installed power in SH < 1 MW
114,8 115,2122,4
135,43 140
79
105,1 110,5
128 131,6
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1/2002 1/2003 1/2004 1/2005 1/2006 1/2007 1/2008 1/2009 12/2009 1/2011
MW
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Inst. power [MW] Number of plants Source: ERU
2010: Small hydro: 1.24 TWh, Large hydro: 1.55 TWh
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
LANDFILL AND SEWAGE GAS
• Fast development at the beginning of support
• Landfill gas plants (2009)– 62 locations, 23.18 MW, – Sewage gas plants (2009)– 160 locations, 85 MW
• Majority of suitable locations used
page 24
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
LANDFILL GAS - 2
page 25
Problems with heat utilization
Development of installed power in landfill gas appl.
4,3
7,9 8,4
23,18
1,3 1,8
3,9
20,821,9
0
5
10
15
20
25
1/2002 1/2003 1/2004 1/2005 1/2006 1/2007 1/2008 1/2009 1/2010
MW
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Inst. power [MW] Number of plants Source: ERU
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
BIOGAS APPLICATIONS
• Supported as the tool for diversification of activities in agriculture– Supported within Rural development plan
• At least 1 bil. CZK of inv. support already assigned
– Can help to reduce dependency to agr. market– Can help to solve problem with grass from
permanent grass lands
page 26
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
BIOGAS AND SEWAGE GAS APPL.
page 27
2011: Biogas total: 0.871 TWh
Development of installed power in biogas and sewage gas appl.
167,7
89,47
858073,56751,231,717,311,37,565
2,9
104125
0
20
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Nu
mb
er o
f p
lan
ts
Inst. power [MW] Number of plantsSource: ERO statistics on licence holders
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
BIOMASS APPLICATIONS FOR POWER
• Biomass differentiation– 1. Planted, 2. residual biomass from agriculture
and forestry, 3. wooden chips and wooden residuals from wood processing industry
– Co-firing (biomass/coal mixture) originally assumed as the major contribution in period to 2010
• But significantly limited by shortage of suitable biomass and absence of long term contracts
page 28
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
2009 2015 2020
Small hydro Large hydro Biomass Biogass Wind PV Geoth.
source: NREAP, MPO2010
Biogas:2871 GWh
Biogas:414 GWh
11,6 TWh
4,7 TWh
9,7 TWh
„NAP RES“ - 2010
Biomass Started to Be Taken as the New Threat
Only biogas stations (assuming current values for biogas FIT and price of power) means additional app. 6 bil. CZK/year
Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. page 29
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
PLAYERS ON RES-E MARKET
• Big investors and power producers– Interest in this field started since 2006– Interest focused on prepared projects – ČEZ, a.s. has „big“ plans for RES-E, but ….
• SME and private investors– Long preparation of projects (esp. wind)– Good knowledge of conditions in given location
• Financial investors
page 30
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
BARRIERS FOR RES-E PROJECTS
Subjective barriers on side of investors
• Orientation to „core“ business in energy branch (changed after 2006)
• Too high expectation on rate of return– CZ support scheme significantly reduces
business risk• Reflected in discount rate used for F.T. calculation
page 31
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
BARRIERS FOR RES-E PROJECTS - 2
Access to capital• Majority of highly active companies is from SME
group – undercapitalised companies• Till 2006: no long term bank loans
– Business in RES-E taken as not assured
• After 2006 preparation of special offers– But unclear situation for RES-E since 2013 (new Act)
• Possible advantage for RES-heat projects ??
page 32
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
BARRIERS FOR RES-E PROJECTS - 3
Lack of suitable locations
• Some locations are excluded due to land and environmental protection (e.g. wind power in border mountains)
• Competition for good locations – problem of „new investors“ who enter market with delay
page 33
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
BARRIERS FOR RES-E PROJECTS - 4
Legal barriers
• Very complicated approval procedure– Example of wind projects
• Approval of municipality• EIA procedure, Act 100/2001
– Authorised persons– Scenery evaluation– Ornithological evaluation, etc.– Can take about 2 years
page 34
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
BARRIERS FOR RES-E PROJECTS - 5
Legal barriers - continuation• Connection – to obtain promise from distribution or
transmission company• Change of area plan (in some regions EIA should be
completed before)• Area approval (related to change of area plan and
can take 0,5-2 years)• Construction permission procedure (up to 0,5 year)• Together 2-3 years at least
page 35
Source: Czech RE Agency
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
BARRIERS FOR RES-E PROJECTS - 6
Negative attitude of some municipalities and regions– Some (esp. wind, but also PV) projects blocked by
disagreement of municipalities• Arguments: noise, scenery, icing and fall of ice, etc.
– Negative policy of region can block obtaining necessary permissions
• In three of 14 regions no wind projects so far• Last decade wind: 1347 MW in planned projects, successfull
EIA only for 470 MW, realised projects 100 MW (2003-07)
page 36
Source: Czech RE Agency
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
BARRIERS FOR RES-E PROJECTS - 7
Biomass is special case• Taken as decisive source in long run, but:
– Still missing consistent strategy for support of intentionally planted biomass (SRC plantations, energy crop)
– Sources of residual biomass utilised to major extent
– „Cannibal“ effect – biomass is assumed to substitute coal on heat plants and in househ.
page 37
Source: Czech RE Agency
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
BARRIERS FOR RES-E PROJECTS - 8
Co-firing is the most effective way of „green“ power generation, but:– can completely distort market (happened in
problems with long term contracts– problems in utilization of potential of forest res.– marginal price of int. grown biomass: app. 150-
160 CZK/GJ
page 38
Source: Czech RE Agency
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
BARRIERS FOR RES-E PROJECTS - 9
Intentionally grown biomass, problem of:
• conservatism of farmers
• lack of experience
• problem of land ownership:– several millions of agriculture land owners !– farming on hired land blocks long-term
contracts e.g. for energy biomass plantations
page 39
Source: Czech RE Agency
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
BIOMASS AS THE DECISIVE RES TYPE
NAP RES – Target 2020
page 40
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
BIOMASS LONG TERM HORIZON
NAP RES, as well as „Paces commission“ report (going up to 2050) conclude that intentionally planted biomass will play the key role.
page 41
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
BIOMASS POTENTIALS
Ca 2 millions ha needed for ensuring food security!
page 42
Source: Proposal of NAP – Biomass update, 9/2011, MZe
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
BIOMASS PRODUCTION ON LAND
Current and proposed structure of agricultural land for energy biomass production including food security
page 43
Source: Proposal of NAP – Biomass update, 9/2011, MZe
Type of biomass Current area (ha) Proposed area (ha) Use of biomass
Maize 22 052 150 000 biomethan (CNG), biogas
Wheat 22 474 24 000 ethanol
Rape seed 96 841 200 000 FAME
Sugar beat 11 237 126 000 ethanol
SRC 760 120 000 direct firing
Permanent Grasslands 2 400 370 000 biomethan (CNG), biogas, solid biofuels
Perennials 892 85 000 direct firing, solid biofuels
Other 5 600 45 000 direct firing
Total 162 257 1 120 000
Type of biomass Current area (ha) Proposed area (ha) Use of biomass
Maize 22 052 150 000 biomethan (CNG), biogas
Wheat 22 474 24 000 ethanol
Rape seed 96 841 200 000 FAME
Sugar beat 11 237 126 000 ethanol
SRC 760 120 000 direct firing
Permanent Grasslands 2 400 370 000 biomethan (CNG), biogas, solid biofuels
Perennials 892 85 000 direct firing, solid biofuels
Other 5 600 45 000 direct firing
Total 162 257 1 120 000
MSc Program – Renewable Energy in Central and Eastern Europe
Doc. Ing. Jaroslav Knápek, CSc. Module 7 – General Legal and Economical
Frameworks
BIOMASS BARRIERS Ownership of agricultural land
85 – 90 % of cultivated agricultural land is rented there are ca 2 million of land owners
Rented land means orientation towards short term business Frozen market with agricultural land
Dependent on the German market Lack of experience of farmers
All projects so far more experimental Lack of trust, conservatism of farmers Environmental protection
page 44
Source: Czech RE Agency
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