modified powerpoint from: aneeq ahmad -- henderson state … · 2019. 7. 24. · in 1848 gage was a...
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Modified PowerPoint from: Aneeq Ahmad -- Henderson State University.
Worth Publishers © 2007
●Can you…
●Describe the nervous system and its subdivisions
and functions:
○central and peripheral nervous systems;
○major brain regions, lobes, and cortical areas;
○brain lateralization and hemispheric specialization.
○We will do this today by discussing the lobes in notes
and applying the lobes to our brain mobiles
Accounts for about 80% of brain’s total mass and
does most of the sophisticated information
processing in the brain
Each brain hemisphere is divided into four lobes,
almost identical in each hemisphere, separated by
prominent fissures.
They are:
●frontal lobes (forehead)
●parietal lobes (top to rear head)
●occipital lobes (back head)
●temporal lobes (side of head)
The frontal lobe controls functions like:
●judgment
●planning
●producing speech sounds
●emotions (controlling them)
●personality
●temperament
●movement (motor cortex)
○Works w/the motor cortex to make precise
movements
In 1848 Gage was a respected, polite railroad foreman who
was working to clear a path on the rails.
As Gage was filling a hole with dynamite, it exploded sending
a rod (3 ft. long) into Gage’s head (entering beneath his left
eye and exiting through the top of his skull)
He survived the accident -- no speech or motor difficulties
and his memory was intact
BUT… his personality was greatly changed – he became
difficult to be around, short-tempered & often said
inappropriate things
○frontal lobed damaged…this prevented the censoring of
thoughts and ideas.
PHINEAS GAGE
PHINEAS GAGE
Largely responsible for the voluntary movement of the
parts of the body
(located in the back of the frontal lobe)
●if a part of the motor cortex
was electrically stimulated, it
would cause that body part to
move
●movements that are precise or
delicate are controlled by
considerably larger portions of the
motor cortex
Motor Homonculus
The parietal lobes control functions like:
●body position
●spatial reasoning like
○touch
○pressure
○temperature
○pain
●somatosensory cortex
Largely responsible for perceiving touch and
pressure on parts of the body
(located in the front of parietal lobe)
●if a part of the sensory cortex
was electrically stimulated, it
would cause the person to “feel”
pressure on that part of the body
●the more sensitive the area, the
greater area of sensory cortex
dedicated to it Sensory Homonculus
The temporal lobes control functions like:
●hearing (primary auditory cortex)
●storing long term memories
●speech and language
understanding
The occipital lobes control functions like:
●all aspects of vision(primary visual cortex)
●each piece of visual cortex
corresponds to a particular
place on the retina…receiving
only information from that
place…the pieces are later
put together to form the whole
Uncommitted (to sensory or motor functioning) areas of
the cortex that are involved in higher mental functioning
– these areas integrate, interpret & act on information
from the sensory/motor areas
Broca’s Area: in left frontal lobe
that directs muscle movements
involved in speech
Wernicke’s Area: in left temporal
lobe that is involved in language
comprehension and expression
●Write down the part of the brain each situation
is talking about…
○Low brain chemicals and an
underdevelopment in this area cause a person
to be a hermit who can’t play the social game.
They just seem odd to other people.
○Imprints on the inside of skulls belonging to the
supposed human ancestor Homo habilis
indicate that it was probably during this stage
of evolution that speech evolved. It’s found on
the left hemisphere of the brain, in the front
○A football player hits the back of his helmet on
the ground and experiences blurred vision.
Frontal
Lobe
Broca’s
Area
Occipital
Lobe
The two hemispheres are roughly mirror images
of one another…
The hemispheres communicate via
the corpus callosum…
●whatever occurs on one side
is communicated with the
other in a criss-cross
fashion (right hemi controls
left side of body & vise versa)
Females have thicker corpus callosums which
means…faster processing
Brain is sculpted by our genes but also by our
experiences…in other words, the more it is used,
the more connections are made!
If you don’t use it, you lose it!!
Plasticity refers to the brain’s ability to modify itself
after some type of injury or illness.
A procedure in which the two hemispheres of the brain
are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers (mainly those
of the corpus callosum).
Usually only performed in cases of severe epilepsy!
Corpus
Callosum
Martin M.
Rother
Courtesy of Terence Williams, University of
With the corpus callosum severed, objects
presented in the right visual field can be named.
Objects in the left visual field cannot. WHY???
Let’s see how your two hemispheres work
together…try drawing two shapes with both of you
hands simultaneously.
BB
C
Left hand… Right hand…
Why was that so difficult, even with an intact
brain????
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wfYbgdo8e-8
What you Need to Prove you Know
● What the split-brain patient is able to do when information
goes to each of the hemispheres
○ What can they do?
○ What can’t they do?
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