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Part-financed by the European Union (European Regional Development Fund

Modern trends of electron accelerators application for flue gas treatment

Andrzej Pawelec

Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland

Warsaw, 14.01.2013

Basis of electron beam flue gas

treatment technology

Some history

• Early phase (Japan, 1970s)

• Pilot plants phase (Japan, USA, Germany, Poland 1980s,

1990s)

• Industrial plants phase (China, Poland, late 90s)

• Recent attempts (China, Bulgaria, Middle East)

Present operating plant:

• EBFGT at Pomorzany Power Station, Poland

• New facilities under construction

Conventional flue gas treatment process vs. Electron Beam Flue Gas Treatment

Limestone-Gypsum Process (SO2 removal)

Ammonia Selective Catalytic Reduction Process (NOx removal)

Electron Beam Flue Gas

Treatment Process

Electron beam flue gas treatment

Plasma generation by

electron beam irradiation

Pollutants removed by EB method

The method has been designed for simultaneous removal of:

• SO2

• NOx

Also there proceeds removal of other pollutants as:

• HCl, HF etc.

• Volatile Organic Hydrocarbons (VOC)

• Dioxins

• Others…

Advantages of EBFGT technology

• Simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx,

multi-pollution control system

• High removal efficiency

• High flexibility of installation

• Dry process

• Wasteless process, usable by-product

• Simple facility construction

• Easy retrofitting

● Energy and heat generation

● Oil refineries

● Waste incinerators (municipal and medical)

● Cement and concrete production

● Metal production (ore sintering)

● And others.

Potential processes suitable for application of

electron beam flue gas treatment technology

Industrial demonstrational flue gas treatment plant

EPS Pomorzany, Poland

EPS Pomorzany – general view

The facility

Main operational data

• Flue gas flow rate 100 000 - 270 000 Nm3/h

• Pollutants removal efficiency:

95 % SO2

70 % NOx

• Total accelerators power: 1.04 MW

• Inlet flue gas parameters:

temperature 130 – 150°C

SO2 concentration 1500 – 2200 mg/Nm3

NOx concentration 400 – 600 mg/Nm3

• Ammonia water consumption: 150 – 300 kg/h

• By-product yield: 200 – 300 kg/h

Scheme of the facility

Cooling tower

The reactor

Plant operation results

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Ammonia stoichiometry [%]

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NOx

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Ammonia mass fraction sprayed into cooling tower

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Dose [kGy]

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NOx

The results of industrial plant operation proved the

applicability of the technology to treatment of

industrial flue gases

By-product composition:

(NH4)2SO4 45-60%

NH4NO3 22 - 30%

NH4Cl 10 - 20%

moisture 0,4 - 1%

water insoluble parts 0,5 - 2%

Modern trends of electron beam flue

gas tretment technology

development

• Accelerators improvement

• Adjustment for various pollutants

– multipollutant control

• Adjustment for various

technological processes

• Costs lowering

• New implementations

EBFGT development

Application for new pollutants

removal

VOC removal

naphtalene acenaphtene anthracene fluoranthene

pyrene benzo(a)pyrene

dibenzo(a,h) anthracene

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without NH3

NH3

VOC removal efficiency

Mercury removal

Hgooxidation

Hg2+removal

Mercury oxidation proceeds in reaction chamber

At medium energy levels, approximately 98% of

gaseous mercury vapor was readily oxidized.

Expreriments were performed for following parameters:

Hg concentration in gas about 16 µg/m3

applied doses of E-beam 2.5 – 10 kGy

Dioxin removal

Process improvement

NOx removal in the presence of TiO2 catalyst

Process mechanism:

TiO2 + electron beam → e− + hole+

h+ + TiO2- H2O → OH• + H+

e− + TiO2-O2 → O2−

TiO2 + NO → TiO2-NO

TiO2-NO + OH• → TiO2-HNO2

TiO2-HNO2 + OH• → TiO2-NO2 + H2O

TiO2-NO2 + OH• → HNO3(aq)

Reaction chamber construction improvement

Typical dose distribution

in the reactor

Considered reactor

construction

Reaction chamber construction improvement

Gas velocity profiles in

the reactors

Reaction chamber construction improvement

The results of calculation

New possibilities of process

application

Other fuels application – fuel oils

Oil type SO2 NOx

Arab Medium 97.2 % 91.1 %

Arab Heavy 99.9 % 90.4 %

Fuel Oil 99.5 % 87.7 %

Removal efficiencies obtained

during laboratory research

Laboratory intalation at

INCT, Warsaw

Previous works results

Dose effect on SO2 and NOx

removal

Other fuels application – results of research

Pilot plant research

General view of the pilot plant at one of Saudi

ARAMCO refineries.

1. stack of F 1001 boiler, 2. boiler F 1001, 3. flue gas

duct, 4. control room of pilot plant, 5. humidification

unit, 6. stack of pilot plant, 7. cartridge bag filter, 8.

thermal insulated duct, 9. cyclone, 10. ammonia

dosing unit, 11. EB-Tech mobile unit.

Design data:

• Volumetric flow rate (wet basis) 2,000 Nm3/h

• Temperature 300°C

• Pressure atmospheric

• Composition (wet basis): N2 - 71.62% vol.

CO2 - 11.24% vol.

O2 - 3.14% vol.

H2O - 13.83% vol.

• Pollutants concentration: SO2 - 1503 ppmv

NOx - 233 ppmv

Dust - 170 mg/Nm3

Assumed removal rates:

SO2 95%

NOx 70%

Dust 98%

Pilot plant research

Contents of heavy metals (mg/kg) in the byproduct and limits for heavy metals content in the

NPK fertilizer established in some countries

As Cd Cr Co Pb Hg Ni Zn Remarks

<0.02 <0.01 0.43 0.03 1.01 <0.03 63.5 18.3 averaged values for byproducts collected by cartridge bag filter

0.24 0.09 1.61 0.03 0.54 1.41 22.80 1476 byproducts collected by ESP

Limits for heavy metals content in NPK fertilizer

41 39 300 17 420 2800 US EPA CFR40 Part. 503

75 20 150 500 5 180 1350 Canadian Fertilizer Act (1996)

50 50 140 2 Polish standard

32.2 276.8 12.9 17.8 72.3 mean values of heavy metals concentrations in fertilizers marketed

in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Pilot plant research

The byproduct

Studies on application of EBFGT

technology for marine Diesel engines

Studies on application of EBFGT

technology for marine Diesel engines

Pollutants' concentrations at the inlet and outlet of the EBFGT installation

Pollutant Inlet Outlet Removal rate

SO2 1525 mg/Nm3 (2.7% S) 56 mg/Nm3 (0.1% S) 96 %

NOx 2816 mg/Nm3 520 mg/Nm3 81 %

The conceptual scheme of EBFGT

installation for marine applications

Application of EBFGT technology for

municipal waste incineration

Exprimental installation in

Takahama Clean Center

New possibilities of process

implementation

TPS Sviloza, Bulgaria

Plant location

EBFGT facility in TPS Sviloza, Bulgaria

(design phase)

Plant

visualization

Design parameters:

ParameterValue

Volumetric flow rate

(Nm3/h, wet base, real oxygen concentration) 608,000 Nm3/h (max)

488,000 Nm3/h (nominal)

Inlet flue gas parameters

Temperature

Flue gas composition:

140°C

N2 75.75%

O2 9.95%

CO2 8.3%

H2O 6.0%

Inlet pollutants concentrations (6% O2, dry gas)

SO2

NOx

Dust

3800 mg/Nm3 (1330 ppmv)

1400 mg/Nm3 (682 ppmv)

400 mg/Nm3

Emission limits for TPS Sviloza

(according to directive 2001/80/EC,

6% O2, dry gas):

SO2 1080 mg/Nm3

NOx 600 mg/Nm3

Dust 100 mg/Nm3

Required removal rates:

SO2 72%

NOx 57%

TPS Sviloza, Bulgaria

TPS Sviloza, Bulgaria

Conceptual scheme of EBFGT plant in TPS Sviloza

EBFGT technology application for liquid fuels –possible implementation

Main design parameters:

Volumetric flow rate 160 000 Nm3/h

Pollutants concentrations (wet base)

SO2 - 1900 ppmv

NOx - 240 ppmv

Dust - 170 mg/Nm3

Required removal rates:

SO2 90 %

NOx 50 %

Location: one of refineries in Saudi Arabia

EBFGT technology application for liquid fuels –possible implementation

Conceptual scheme of 160 000 Nm3/h capacity demonstration plant

EBFGT technology upscalling

ELV 12 accelerator, EB-Tech, Republic of Korea

• A 1 000 000 Nm3/h

capacity unit is

concerned

• High power accelerators

are developed

• Costs lowering is

obtained

Thank You for Your Attention

Andrzej Pawelec Ph.D.

Institute of Nuclear Chemistry

and Technology

Dorodna 16

03-195 Warsaw, POLAND

e-mail: a.pawelec@ichtj.waw.pl

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