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Models

AP HUG

Not These Underfed People

FRQ and Multiple Choice

•  Every Year we will have this possibly one of these on the FRQs and will always be related on multiple choice.

•  Models will help you or sink you. •  Make this your first priority to get these in

your head for HUG terms. •  2007,08, and 10 exam was easy for those

who knew their models.

Stages in Population Growth

•  Demographic Transition Model – 4 stages •  Demography – study of population. •  Stage 1 – Low- Growth Stage – high birth

rate and death rate lead to population that varies over time, with little long-term population growth.

•  Ex. Bubonic Plague Many births and dead

Demographic Transition Model

•  Stage 2 •  High-Growth Stage – High birth rate and

declining death rate lead to sustained and significant population increase.

•  Ex. – Industrial Revolution and advancement in science and improved standard of living. Europeans went all over the globe, made death rates drop in South America, India, and Africa

Demographic Transition Model

•  Stage 3 •  Moderate – Growth stage – declining birth

rate combined with already-low death rate to continuing population growth.

•  Ex. 1900’s in USA – infant and child mortality rates dropped, people use to have many kids because of a chance they might die young and needed farm hands, no more.

Demographic Transition Model

•  Stage 4 •  Low-Growth or Stationary Stage – low

birth rate and low death rate lead to a very low rate of growth.

•  Ex. Birth Rates are the lowest in the world where women are most involved in the labor force and educated. Europe and USA

Demographic Transition Model

•  Stage 5?? •  Many believe if a 5th stage was in the

model that pop growth would decline because the death rate would be higher than the birth rate.

Movement Models

•  Zelinsky’s Mobility Transition Model – Links stages of movement to development.

•  Phase 1 – Pre Modern – Ancient world, slow growth movement to cities.

•  Phase 2 – Early Transition – Massive movement to cities.

•  Phase 3 – Late Transition - Massive but slackened movement to cities.

Movement Models

•  Phase 4 – Advanced Society – Cities have grown and more have popped up. Movement to cites is leveling off.

•  Phase 5 – Future Super-advanced society – Countryside mostly gone, movement inter city now.

•  Stouffer’s Intervening Opportunities - # of Migrants is related to # of opportunities.

Movement

•  Lee’s Laws of Migration – 4 factors that make people migrate.

•  1. Factors linked to destination. •  2. Factors associated with the area of

origins of migrants. •  3. Obstacles between origin and

destination. •  4. Personal Factors.

Time-Space Prism

Laws of Migration Ravenstein’s Popular Laws

•  1. Every migration flow generates a counter-migration. Ex – Colonists and Natives or city gets too crowded.

•  2.Majority of migrants move a short distance. •  3. Migrants who move long distances usually

move to big cities. •  4. Urban residents are less likely to migrate than

rural folk. •  5. Families are less likely to make international

moves then young adults.

Gravity Model

•  The gravity model is used to predict the movement of people, commodities, and ideas between two places. It is a modified version of Newton’s Law of Gravitation.

Larger places attract people, ideas, and commodities more than smaller places and places closer together have a greater attraction.

Language Diffusion

•  Pacific Diffusion – Belwood’s model •  American Diffusion – Greenberg

Hypothesis – 3 families of indigenous American languages, ancient migrations.

•  Esperanto Experiment – Latin based made up language. East European hoped to make it a uniform language for the world. Still around today but not much interest.

Territory Morphology

Enclave of Canada

Exclave of USA

Enclave of Cuba

Exclave of USA

Geopolitical Theories •  Alfred Mahan – Sea power Doctrine – acquire

overseas bases. Reach anywhere in the world. Ex. Hawaii and Guam.

•  Ratzel – Organic Theory – Space is the state’s essential, life giving-force. Need room to expand.

•  Mackinder – Heartland Theory (1904) – Who ever controls the resources controls the world. Heartland is considered Ukraine and Central Europe and surrounding areas.

Geopolitical Theories

•  Spykman – Rimland Theory (1944) – Whoever controls area around heartland controls the world – navy blockade.

•  Superpower theory of the future – USA and China.

•  Containment Theory – Cold War – don’t let communism spread.

•  Domino theory – Communism takes one the rest of surrounding states fall like……

Central Place Theory (Walter Christaller)

•  Explains size and spacing of cities.

Central Place Theory (Walter Christaller)

Gravity Model

Burgess Concentric Zone Model

Central Bus. District

USA model of Urban Structure #1

Suburbs the ideal place to live.

Hoyt Sector Model

USA model of Urban Structure #2 Near railroads, Import Export

Near main roads

Focus on transportation

Multiple Nuclei Model

Burgess Hoyt

1.  Industry 4. High Class 3. Med Class 2. Low Class 5. And 6. Service centers not in CBD

7. Heavy Industry

Urban Realms Model

City

Sub Sub

Sub Sub

Suburbs AKA Edge Cities.

Griffin-Ford Model Latin America

Asia and Africa

•  SE Asia – Pacific Rim – Heavy shipping industry.

•  Islamic Cities – Segregated Sunni and Shiites. Like high buildings, make shade.

•  Sub-Saharan Africa – Many big cities on coast. Three different CBD in their cities. Market CBD, Remnant Colonial CBD, and Business CBD.

Bid rent theory the price and demand on real estate changes as the distance towards the CBD increases

Rostow’s Modernization Model

•  1. Farming •  2. Leadership rises •  3. Industrial

Revolution, Urbanization

•  4. International Trade •  5. High incomes and

production.

Traditional 1

Pre Takeoff 2

Takeoff 3

Drive to maturity 4

High mass consumption 5

Time

Steps to modernize

Core Periphery

•  Three-tier Structure of world development.

•  Core – Developed Countries

•  Semi-periphery – Developing countries

•  Periphery – Underdeveloped Countries

•  AKA Wallerstien Model

Von Thunen Model

Wilderness

Distance at which farming becomes profitable.

Weber Model

Good to have factories between R and M

At same time least amount of transport cost and labor is beneficial.

Least Cost Theory

Hotelling Model

Classic example of Locational Interdependence – to maximize sales, will locate right next to each others territory in the middle of customer base.

Losch Model

Price Cost

Income Zone of Profitability

Distance Decay Distance Decay

Unprofitable Unprofitable

Customer demand and production costs determine this.

Hydrologic Cycle

Global Warming

Normal Greenhouse Effect. Keep heat in.