models and geographers ap test review 2014 human geography is life!
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MODELS AND GEOGRAPHERS
AP Test Review 2014
Human Geography is life!
Von Thunen Based on transportation of agricultural products.
Bid Rent Theory
Related to the “gravity model,” “distance decay, ” and friction of distance
Thomas Malthus’ theory of population growth.
The unrestrained growth of the underclass, if unchecked, will outstrip the ability to produce enough food, thus causing massive famine.
Arithmetic vs exponential growth
Exponential population growth
Projected population growth
According to Malthus, food production grows arithmetically.
Why was he proved wrong? Industrial Revolution
Edge Cities
CBD
Willowbrook
Galleria
Airport Complex
Beltway office park
Ship Channel
Baybrook Mall
WoodlandsOffice park and employment
In a modern city the density gradient has fewer people downtown so there is a “density gap.”
This model is often called the “tenement of the information age” because they are made up of many high density townhomes and apartments for those who work nearby.
Edge Cities
Political and Economic Geography – theories and models
Political and Economic “Core and Periphery”Immanuel Wallerstein
Can be used to describe “neo-colonialism”, or, economic dependency.
MacKinder-Heartland Theory “He who controls the heartland controls the
world.”
Nicholas Spykman – Rimland Theory Father of “containment”
NATO and the Cold War
Fredrich Ratzell – Organic State Theory
States are like organisms both politically and economically. They must continue to grow or die.
Who used his theories to justify expanding their borders?
Alfred Mahan postulated that to control the “world” in an economic and political sense, one must control the seas.
Published in 1890.
Sea and Land Empires
Rostow’s Model of Economic Development
Examples?
Ravenstein's Laws of Migration
1. Most migrants travel only short distances, towards centers of absorption.
2. Long distance migrants are generally young males.
3. Migrants traveling long distances move to large industrial centers.
4. More migration is found where there are more transportation opportunities.
5. Most migrants move “step by step” or, step migration.
METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT IN USJOHN BORCHERT
Sail – Wagon Epoch (1790-1830)Atlantic coastal communities oriented
toward EuropeBoston, NYC, Philadelphia have only small
domestic hinterlands
Iron Horse Epoch (1830-1870)Crude national railroad networkRailroads converged with internal waterwaysChicago, Detroit, Cleveland St. Louis develop
METROPOLITAN DEVELOPMENT IN USJOHN BORCHERT
Steel-Rail Epoch (1870-1920)Rapid development of iron and steel
industriesRapid industrial growth within Northeast
and Midwest
Auto-Air-Amenity Epoch (1920-present)Complex highway and air transportationImproved amenities and speed led to
increase suburban developmentSunbelt migration
Explains the time frame of development of American cities and suburbs.
PEOPLE HAVE ABOUT A 30-45 MINUTE DISTANCE THEY WILL NORMALLY TRAVEL FOR SERVICES
Historically, how was urban growth restrained?
transportation
Cities were initially rather compact with the poor and wealthy living in proximity although in different neighborhoods.
The horsecar era allowed people with money to begin to move to the outskirts of the city yet stay in the 30-45 minute service range.
In the late 1800’s-early 1900’s the electric trolleys again moved the outer limits on transportation and speed. The invention of the electric traction engine was required.
AUTOMOBILE ERA – BIRTH OF URBAN SPRAWL
Facilitated not only by modern cars but freeways to the outskirts of town and beyond
Federal highway programs
Developers and infrastructure
Movement of services from the CBD to the suburbs
AUTOMOBILE ERA – BIRTH OF URBAN SPRAWL
Facilitated not only by modern cars but freeways to the outskirts of town and beyond
Federal highway programs
Developers and infrastructure
Movement of services from the CBD to the suburbs
AUTOMOBILE ERA – BIRTH OF URBAN SPRAWL
Facilitated not only by modern cars but freeways to the outskirts of town and beyond
Federal highway programs
Developers and infrastructure
Movement of services from the CBD to the suburbs
SECOND AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
What did the second agricultural revolution have in common with another “revolution” occurring in the 18th and 19th centuries?
Modern farming methods were develop with the improvements in tools and equipment, soil preparation, and fertilizers.
Two of the most important innovations were the plow and later the metal plow.
THIRD AG REVOLUTION (Green Revolution)
• The complex of seed and management improvements adapted to the needs of intensive agriculture that have brought larger harvests from a given area of farmland
1965-1995, world cereal production rose 90%, mostly due to increased crop yields rather than expanding cropland
Developed in the 1960’s by Norman Borlaug at Texas A&M.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GREEN REVOLUTION
• Blending of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors
Many people are concerned about the after effects of the Green Revolution. Too much pesticide use, poisoning the soil, making ping farmers dependent on ped agricultural companies who supply seeds and fertilizers..
Bosrup’s theory – that man will find a way to increase food production as a result of a larger and more creative population.
• Anatolian Hearth theory
• Correlation b/t source areas of 3 agricultural centers and 3 major languages
Spread of language with the diffusion of agriculture
Conquest Theory – language spread with the movement of the Kurgans from Central Asia into Europe.
• Least Cost/Location Theory
• Minimizing transportation costs
Least Cost Theory
Market
Input 1 Input 2
a b c
Weber’s Least Cost Theory
Purest form deals only with transportation costs
Substitution Principle
labor
taxes
Bulk gaining industry?
Bulk reducing industry
• Central Place Theory • Spatial distribution of cities/service centers is a hexagon w/CP in the middle
Walter Christaller
Node
DTM - Demographic Transition Model
Stages of population growthend
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