modelling and simulation infrastructure for smart energy ... bottaccioli_presentation.pdf · also...

Modelling and simulation infrastructure for smart energy and renewable

technologies integration in urban districts

Candidate: Lorenzo BottaccioliSupervisor: Professor Enrico Macii

Turin 5 April 2018Doctoral Dissertation Doctoral Program in Computer and Control Engineering (30th cycle)

Overview

• Introduction• Challenges• Motivation• State of the Art• Contribution• Enabling technologies• SMIRSE infrastructure• Energy Simulations and Results• Conclusions

Introduction

Urbanizations consume about 75 % of the global primary energy supply andare responsible for about 50-60 % of the world’s total greenhouse gases.

Introduction

During the last conference on Climate Change (COP21) all 196 the participants states have signed an agreement for reducing CO2 emission, energy consumption and to move forward a low-carbon and sustainable society.

Introduction

During the last conference on Climate Change (COP21) all 196 the participants states have signed an agreement for reducing CO2 emission, energy consumption and to move forward a low-carbon and sustainable society.

«The reduction of CO2 emissions depends on about 70% of a combination of energy efficiency and renewable» (International Energy Agency)

Introduction

IntroductionTransition from a centralized to a distributed system with increase of RESand Smart energy policies.

This transition needs to be planed with specific tools able to:1. estimate RES production in time, 2. effects of Smart energy policies3. to assess the capabilities and requirements of distribution networks.

Challenges

1. Multi-Layer-System: Smart urban districts are complex systems that can be represented with a Physical layer, a Cyber layer, a Social layer and an Environment layer.

2. Simulation of Renewable Energy Production: The energy production of RES has to be simulated with a fine grained spatio-temporal resolution.

3. Simulation of buildings dynamics: Features for analysing both thermal and electrical dynamics in buildings.

4. Simulation of novel energy management policies: Novel control policies needs to be evaluated in a realistic environment before being applied in a real-world context.

5. Simulation of distribution networks: to analyse the effects of energy management policies.

Challenges

6. Simulations with different spatio-temporal resolutions: Simulate energy phenomena with different time and space resolutions.

7. (Near-) real-time integration of real-world information: Heterogeneous Internet connected devices are needed to develop more accurate event-based models for analysing the operational status of the grid.

8. Modularity and extendibility in integrating data, models and simulators: Able to integrate in a plug-and-play fashion heterogeneous data-sources, models and simulators.

9. Scalability of the infrastructure: Horizontal and vertical scalability of the infrastructure is another key requirement.

Motivation

This solution is intended to satisfy the needs of different end users such as: i) Single citizen;ii) Energy aggregators and Energy Communities; iii) Distribution system operators; iv) Energy and City planners;v) RES engineers.

SMIRSE Positing in MES State of the Art

SMIRSE Positing in PV State of the Art

Contribution

Enabling Technologies

MICRO-SERVICESARCHITECTURAL STYLE

IOT COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS

OPEN GEOSPATIAL CONSORTIUMWEB SERVICES

Micro Services architectural style

MonolithicTightly Coupled

MicroserviceHighly Decoupled

Heterogeneity insystem technology

Resilience

Composability

Resilience Scalability

Composability

Representational State Transfer (REST)

Representational State Transfer (REST) is a coordinated set of architectural constraints that attempts to minimize latency and network communication, while at the same time maximizing the independence and scalability of component implementations.

Client-Server

Client-Server Stateless

Client-Server Stateless Layered System

Client-Server Stateless Layered System Uniform Interface

MQTTThe publish/subscribe interaction paradigm provides subscribers with the ability to express their interest in an event or a pattern of events, in order to be notified subsequently of any event, generated by a publisher, that matches their registered interest.

Open Geospatial Consortium Standards• Web Processing Service (WPS): With this standard any geospatial process can be “wrapped” with a standard interface and integrated into existing workflows. WPS supports short and fast computational tasks and long and time consuming process exploiting asynchronous processing.

• Web Feature Service (WFS): specifies a standard for services that provides access and operations to GIS features abstracting from the underlying data store.

• Web mapping Service (WMS): standardizes a simple HTTP interface for retrieving GIS maps from one or more distributed geospatial databases.

The SMIRSE Infrastructure

Enviromental Layer• Geographical Information Systems (GIS) integrate georeferenced information

about the different entities (e.g. devices, buildings and pipelines) in cities. It also includes cartographies cadastral maps and Digital Elevation Models.

• Building Information Models (BIM) are parametric 3-Dimensional models, where each model describes a building, both structurally and semantically.

• System Information Models (SIM) describe size and structure of energy distribution networks. SIM is built by exploiting parametric and topological data.

• Weather Data are retrieved by third party services, such as (Weather Underground, 2017). This information is georeferenced and collected by personal weather stations deployed in cities.

Physical Layer

• Distributed Generation energy production measurements

• Status of Distribution Grid that are needed to simulate energy flows and evaluate the integration of RES. Thus, information sampled by devices monitoring the energy distribution network.

• IoT devices, such as Ambient sensors, multi-vector Smart Meters (i.e. electricity, gas, heating and water) and Actuators.

Cyber Layer

• The Communication Adapter enables the interoperability across the heterogeneous devices in the Physical Layer and among the Simulation and Modelling modules.

• The Data Integration Platform integrates third party data source and platforms in the Environmental Layer.

• SMIRSE provides features to integrate also third party Smart Metering Infrastructure that makes available historical data collected from real distribution networks and post-processed information output of its services.

Example of a Communication Adapter

Modelling and Simulation Layer

Solar Radiation Decomposition

module decompose GHI into DNI and DHI

Rooftop Solar Radiation module simulates

incident solar radiation on rooftops with a

resolution of 15 minutes.

Photovoltaic Energy module exploits both

Rooftop Solar Radiation and Weather Data

modules to estimate PV system production.

Real Time Grid Simulatormodule integrates a Real-

Time Simulators to simulates power distribution networks

with different time resolutions ranging from microseconds to hours.

Power Prediction and thermal building characterization

provides tools to analyze and predict the power demand of thermal systems in buildings connected to HDN. Provides

KPIs for thermal characterization of the buildings

Indoor Temperature Simulator provides tools to

simulate and analyse the thermal behaviour of

buildings. By combining BIM, GIS, real Weather data withenvironmental information coming from IoT Devices.

Energy Simulations with SMIRSE

• Photovoltaic energy simulation

• Renewable energy and Smart policies grid integration

• Power Prediction and building efficiency characterization

• Indoor Temperature simulation

Photovoltaic Energy Simulation

Physical Layer

DistributedGenerationGrid Status

Smart Meters

Indoor Ambient Sensors

Actuators

IoT Devices

Rooftop Solar Radiation Services

Photovoltaic Modelling Services

Indoor TemperatureSimulation

Real Time Grid Simulation

Communication Adapters

Cyber Layer

Data Integration

platform

Smart Metering Infrastructure

Weather data

Environmental Layer

Power prediction and efficiency

characterization

Data Sources

Details of Photovoltaic Energy simulation

Digital Surface Model(DSM), which is a raster image that

represents terrain elevation in 2.5D considering the

presence of manufactures.

Linke Turbidity coefficients express the attenuation of

solar radiation related to air

pollution.

Cadastral maps are 2-D vector images that represent the plants of buildings

with buildings information (number

of floors, ...)

Third partyWheatear data

In particular solar radiation and

ambient temperature

Solar radiation decomposition service is in charge of proving

direct and diffuse solar radiation components

to the Real-sky service if third party weather

services provide only Global horizontal

radiation.

Map Data Store serviceis in charge of storing produced (Clear sky maps and Suitable

surface)

radiation.

Clear-sky condition service is in charge of producing clear-sky

maps using as inputs the DSM and Linke

turbidity coefficients.

radiation.

Real-sky condition service is in charge of

producing real-sky maps using as inputs solar

radiation data provided by third party services.

Suitable area serviceidentifies suitable

surface for PV modules on rooftops, by

analysing aspect and slope maps of the study

radiation.

PV Power estimation service provides NOCT models for evaluating the power production

considering temperature effects.

radiation.

Floor-Planning serviceprovides a greedy algorithm for PV

module placement with the objective of

maximizing power production.

radiation.

I-V Modelling serviceprovides simulation of

tension and current simulation of a PV

system by considering a hardware model of

the module.

Case Study for PV simulation

Sommelier and Galfer

Campus

Results for Real-sky irradiance simulationSpatio-Temporal Simulation

in Real-Sky condition

Solar radiation decomposition

Real-skyCondition

Results Campus PV Systems Power estimation

Results Sommelier PV System Power estimation

Comparison with PERSIL methodology

GalFer PV system

Power estimation

Results of I-V Modelling

PERSIL

Results of I-V Modelling

PERSIL

Results of Floor-planning

Physical Layer

Smart Meters

Actuators

IoT Devices

Cyber Layer

Data Integration

platform

Weather data

Environmental Layer

characterization

Data Sources

Renewable energy and Smart policies grid integration

BatteryManagement

SmartMeters

Case study of Realtime Grid Cosimulation

Photovoltaic Potential and Production

Potential PV power map

Photovoltaic Potential and Production

Potential PV power map PV Energy Production map

Self-consumption and Self-sufficiency

Self-Consumption map

Self-consumption and Self-sufficiency

Self-sufficiency mapSelf-Consumption map

MV/LV Transformers capacity

Power flow and Voltage Profile Monitoring

Distributed Battery Management

Electricity consumption of MV Substation with or without storage

State of charge of the battery in the MV Substation

Physical Layer

Smart Meters

Actuators

IoT Devices

Cyber Layer

Data Integration

platform

Weather data

Environmental Layer

characterization

Data Sources

Power Prediction and building efficiency characterization

Details of Power Prediction and building efficiency characterization (PPBEC)

PYSICAL LAYER ENVIROMENTAL LAYER

Case study

Turin District Heating:

300 Monitored Buildings

Case study

Status Identification and outlier algorithm (SOD)

Peak Power identification algorithm (PD)

Power Prediction algorithm

On the basis of the outcomes of the SOD and PD algorithms, the Power Prediction algorithm exploits the multiple version of the Linear Regression with Stochastic Gradient Descent

Power Prediction algorithm

On the basis of the outcomes of the SOD and PD algorithms, the Power Prediction algorithm exploits the multiple version of the Linear Regression with Stochastic Gradient Descent

Power Prediction algorithm defines a building model based on a linear dependency between weather data and power level. PP relies on the assumption that the average power exchange for a building heating system at a given time instant is likely to be correlated with the surrounding weather conditions.

Results of Power Prediction

Characterization of Building thermal efficiencyIntra Building KPI

Inter Building KPI

!"#" = %"#" ∗ '() − '+, + . ∗ /'/0 + !1#2 + !(,3≈0 ≈0 ≈0

Physical Layer

Smart Meters

Actuators

IoT Devices

Cyber Layer

Data Integration

platform

Weather data

Environmental Layer

characterization

Data Sources

Indoor Temperature Simulation

Methodology for Indoor Temperature Simulation

Simplified BIM models are the starting point for our energy simulations.They include:• accurate building envelope characterizations;• facility management information (e.g. room type and occupants);• materials nomenclature standards.

The Energy Analysis Model (EAM) consists of rooms and analytical surfacesgenerated from the BIM model.

The EAM Simulation Engine evaluates energy performance of buildings

• EnergyConsumptions

• Air, radiant,and operatingTemperatures

BIMGeometryThermal-physicalHVAC dataOccupancy

Real weather data

INPUTOUTPUTENERGY SIMULATION

Legend:

BIM Energy Analysis Model

Methodology for Indoor TemperatureSimulation

EAM Validation

Real weather data

Legend:

IoT Sensors data

EAM Validation

• Systemmalfunctions

• Anomalies

Real weather data

Store Manager

Legend:

IoT Sensors data

EAM Validation

• Systemmalfunctions

• Anomalies

ITERATIVES OPTIMIZATION PROCESS

Evaluation ofdifferentrefurbishmentscenarios

Real weather data

Store Manager

Legend:

Methodology for Indoor TemperatureSimulation

Case Study

Primary school of 14,500 m2 in two floors.

Heating system from 4:00 a.m. to 7:30 p.m.

16 IoT devices to collect airtemperature and relative humidity:• 15 indoor• 1 outdoor

Experimental Results

Conclusions

• SMIRSE is a flexible and modular distributed infrastructure• SMIRSE integrates heterogeneous information, also sent in (near-)

real-time.• SMIRSE evaluates the impact of RES and Smart policies in cities and

distribution networks.• SMIRSE Photovoltaic modelling and simulation overcomes the

limitations of SOA by providing real-sky simulations integrating weather stations.• SMIRSE models and simulate thermal behaviour of buildings.

Thanks for your attention

Scalability Issue

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