mmb1 lecture 1: introduction to biotechnology
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INTRODUCTION TO BIOTECHNOLOGYMBB 1 Lecture 1 Definition of Terms Historical Timeline
Marilen P. Balolong, 2014 (Adapated from the lectures of AVHallare)
LECTURE OUTLINE
Important Concepts and Definitions
Historical Timeline
LECTURE OUTLINE
Important Concepts and Definitions
Historical Timeline
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Utilize techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material (DNA and RNA), to introduce these into host organisms and thus change the phenotype of the host organism
Deal with techniques of using live organisms or enzymes from organisms to produce products and processes useful to humans
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
BIOTECHNOLOGY
“Any technological application that uses biological systems, or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products for specific use” (The UN Convention on Biological Diversity) !
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
GENETIC ENGINEERING
The techniques to alter the chemistry of genetic material (DNA and RNA), to introduce these into host organisms and thus change the phenotype of the host organism
www.scienceclarified.com
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
RESTRICTION ENZYMES
Enzymes that are used to cut DNA segment at a specific site are called restriction enzymes
www.gizmodo.co.uk
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
EXONUCLEASES & ENDONUCLEASES
Enzymes that remove nucleotides from the ends of the DNA molecule
Enzymes that make cuts at specific positions within the DNA molecule
www.fastbleep.com www.fastbleep.com
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
PLASMID
Autonomously replicating circular extra-chromosomal DNA of any bacteria
en.wikipedia.org
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
VECTORS
May be plasmid DNA or viruses that can act as vehicle to transfer the piece of DNA attached to it
!
en.wikipedia.org
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
ORIGIN OF REPLICATION (ORI)
A specific DNA sequence which is responsible for initiating replication is called origin of replication
en.wikipedia.org
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
PALINDROMIC NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES
The palindrome in DNA is a sequence of base pairs that reads same on the two strands when orientation of reading is kept the same
europeisnotdead.com
www.funnyjunk.com
www.promega.com
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
The technique which is used to separate fragments of DNA
en.wikipedia.org
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONSTRANSFORMATION
The procedure through which a piece of DNA is introduced in a host bacterium !
www.boundless.com
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
INSERTIONAL INACTIVATION
Inserting a recombinant DNA within coding sequence of a functional gene which makes that gene inactive (unable to express) !!
www.discoverbiotech.com
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
SELECTABLE MARKER
A gene e n c o d i n g d e s i r a b l e information useful in identifying and eliminating non-transformants and selectively permitting the growth of the transformants !!!
www.isaaa.org
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
MICRO-INJECTION
A technique in which recombinant DNA is directly injected into the nucleus of an animal cell !!!
www.gfmer.ch
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
GENE GUN OR BIOLISTICS
A method by which p l a n t cells are bombarded with high velocity micro-particles of gold or tungsten coated with DNA !!!!
naturalnewsblog.blogspot.com
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS AND DEFINITIONS
BIOREACTOR
Vessels in which raw materials are biologically converted into specific products, individual enzymes, etc., using microbial plant, animal or human cells !!!!!
www.iaibiopharma.com
LECTURE OUTLINE
Important Concepts and Definitions
Historical Timeline
8000-4000 BC MESOPOTAMIA
Humans began FARMING and animal DOMESTICATION
Potatoes were first cultivated for food
“Selective Breeding”
www.world-class-education.org
2000 BC
Biotechnology used to leaven bread and ferment beer, using yeast (Egypt)
Production of cheese, fermentation of wine begins (Sumeria, China, Egypt)
dfwnl.com
500 BC
First antibiotic: Moldy soybean curds (tofu) used to treat boils (China)
www.haaretz.com
100 AD
First insecticide: powdered chrysanthemums (China)
www.21food.com
1797: FIRST VACCINATION
Edward Jenner takes pus from a cowpox lesion, inserts it into an incision on a boy's arm
www.medelita.com
1830-1833
1830: Proteins are discovered
1833: Discovery and isolation of first enzymes
beautifulproteins.blogspot.com
1857: PASTEUR AND HIS CONTRIBUTIONS
Louis Pasteur proposes that microbes cause fermentation
He later conducts experiments that support the germ theory of disease
www.sciencemuseum.org.uk
1859: CHARLES DARWIN & BIOTECHNOLOGY
Charles Darwin publishes the theory of evolution by natural selection
www.abc.net.au
1865: THE BIRTH OF GENETICS
Gregor Mendel discovers the laws of inheritance by studying flowers in his garden
historiadenuestroperuydelmundo.blogspot.com
1915: THE PHAGES
Phages were discovered: virus that infects bacteria
en.wikipedia.org
1927: CHROMOSOMAL DEFECTS
Herman Muller discovers that radiation causes defects in chromosomes
en.wikipedia.org
1928: THE ANTIBIOTICS ERA
Sir Alexander Fleming discovers the antibiotic penicillin by chance (Penicillium mold kills bacteria)
1945 Nobel Prize in Medicine (with Ernst Boris Chain and Sir Howard Walter Florey)
www.biografiasyvidas.com
1944: THE GENETIC INFORMATION IN DNA
DNA is proven to carry genetic information by Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod and Maclyn McCarty
fos.cmb.ac.lk
1953: THE DNA MODEL
James Watson and Francis Crick describe the double helical structure of DNA
1962 Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology (with Maurice Wilkins)
medicine150.mdhs.unimelb.edu.au
1955: INSULIN SEQUENCE
The amino acid sequence of insulin is discovered by Frederick Sanger
www.bio.davidson.edu
1958: THE SICKLE CELL DISEASE
DNA is made in a test tube for the first time
Sickle cell disease is shown to occur due to a change in one amino acid
www.nhs.uk
1966: THE GENETIC CODE
audioboo.fm
The genetic code for DNA is cracked
1968 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (Marshall Nirenberg, Robert Holley and Har Gobind Khorana)
1971: RESTRICTION ENZYMES
Discovery of restriction enzymes that cut and splice genetic material very specifically occurs
This opens the way for gene cloning
www.simzymes.com
1973-1976: “COPY & PASTE”
Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer perfect genetic engineering techniques to cut and paste DNA using restriction enzymes (1973)
sees the first expression of a human gene in bacteria (1976)
www.businesshistory.com
childofthecornx.livejournal.com
1975: MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES
Georges Kohler and Cesar Milstein develop the technology to produce monoclonal antibodies — highly specific, purified antibodies derived from only one clone of cells that recognize only one antigen
1984 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (with Neils Jerne)
iiad.tamu.edu
1981: TRANSGENICS
The first transgenic animals are produced by transferring genes from other animals into mice
The first patent for a genetically modified organism is granted — for bacteria that can break down crude oil
uvo.nichd.nih.gov
1982: GMO INSULIN
Human insulin produced in genetically modified bacteria is the first biotech drug approved by the FDA
www.sedico.net
www.wonderwhizkids.com
1983: PHOTOX MY GENES
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique, which makes unlimited copies of genes and gene fragments, is conceived
1993 Nobel Prize in Chemistry (Kary Mullis)
smkx.bzu.edu.cn
1986: RECOMBINANT VACCINE & ANTI-CA DRUGS
First recombinant vaccine is approved for human use: hepatitis B
First anti-cancer drug is produced through biotech: interferon
www.freewtc.com
www.ecvv.com
1987-1994: GMO CROPS
First approval for field tests of a genetically modified food plant: virus- resistant tomatoes
Genetically modified tomatoes are sold in the U.S. for the first time (1994)
www.genengnews.com
1990-2002: THE HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
an international effort to maps all of the genes in the human genome is launched (1990)
draft version of the human genome is published (2002)
bioethics.georgetown.edu
1997: DOLLY
report the birth of Dolly, the first animal cloned from an adult cell
1998: STEM CELLS
Human embryonic stem cell lines are established
offer hope to many because they may be able to replace diseased or dysfunctional cells
2003: THE SEQUENCING OF SARS
SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) virus is sequenced three weeks after its discovery
news.bbc.co.uk
2004: COPY CAT
www.mun.ca
The first cloned pet — a kitten — is delivered to its owner
CopyCat (or Cc for short)
2006: HPV VACCINE
A recombinant vaccine against human papillomavirus (HPV) receives FDA approval
The virus causes genital warts and can cause cervical cancer
powerpointparadise.com
AND THE REST….….IS HISTORY!
QUIZ TIME….
www.happyschool.com.au
NEXT MEETING…LEVELLING OFF!!!
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