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Basic Needs Of Human
Food
Shelter
Air
Water
To breathe
To protect from• danger• extreme weather• sun & rain
Give energyGrow
Stay healthy
Drinks
Grow
Stay healthy
1.1 Understanding that humans have basic needs
Basic Needs Of Animals
Food
Shelter
Air
Water
To breathe
To protect from• danger• extreme weather• sun & rain
Give energyGrow
Stay healthy
Drinks
Grow
Stay healthy
1.2 Understanding that animals have basic needs
Types :• holes• cave• nest• beehive
Plants Have Basic Needs
Air SunlightWater
With :• grow healthy• grow well• not wilted
Without :• wilted• Turn yellow• Die
1.3 Understanding that plants have basic needs
2.1 Analysing life processes that humans undergo
Analysing Life Processes ThatHuman Undergo
Respond To Stimuli
Breathing
Reproduce
Organs
Inhale – take in air
Exhale – give out air
Nose/Mouth Wind-pipe Lungs
A process to produceTheir young or offspring
Rate of breath
Number of chest movement In a period of time
Organs
Eyes - Sight
Nose - Smell
Tongue - Taste
Ears - Sound
Skin - Touch
Excrete Defecate
Lungs( Carbon dioxide+ water vapour )
Kidney ( urine + mineral salt )
Skin ( Sweat + mineral salt )
Faeces
Purpose :• avoid danger• avoid getting hurt• avoid getting injured• to survive
2.2 Being aware that certain behaviour can disturb life processes
Behaviour That Can DisturbLife Processes
Smoking Taking DrugDrinking Alcohol
Effects• Lung cancer• Coughing
Effects• Delay respond to stimuli• Lose ability to walk in straight line• Can cause accidentsHow to avoid
Participate in a campaign
Discourage among their peers
2.3 Analysing the life processes that animals undergo
Animals Life Processes
BreathingExcrete Reproduce
Lay Eggs Give BirthOrgans
Lungs• monkey• bird• whale
Gills• fish• prawn
Lungs-book• crab
MoistSkin• frog• earthworm
TracheaStructure• insects
Defecate
To get rid of waste productfrom their bodies cat
tigerbatwhale
butterfly
bird
2.4 Life processes plants undergo
plants respond to stimuli.
water, sunlight, touch, gravity.
why plants need to reproduce
to ensure the survival of the species.
various ways plants reproducethrough…seeds, spores, suckers, stem cutting, leaves, underground stem.
what will happen to the world if
plants do not reproduce.
no food supply.
plants reproduce.
Seeds – balsam, corn, durianSpores – fern, mushroomSuckers – banana, pineappleStem cutting – hibiscus, rose, tapiocaLeaves – bryophyllum, begoniaStem – potato, onion, ginger and lily
the part of plant that responds
to touch.
the part of plant that responds
to sunlight.
Shoot
the part of plant that responds
to gravity.
Roots
the part of plant that responds to water
Roots
Science Year 4INVESTIGATING LIVING THINGS2. Living Things Undergo Life Processes
Special characteristics of animals that protect them from danger.
special behaviour of animals that protect them from danger.
The special characteristics and behaviour of animals help to protect them from danger.
3.1 animals have specific characteristics and behaviour to protect themselves
Thick and hard skinTo prevent their enemies from injuring
Hard shellSnails and tortoise retract their headAnd legs into the shell when the are
Attacked by enemies
Hard scalesPangolins and crocodiles have hard
scales To protect their bodies from injuries
SpinesRaise the sharp spines when
the enemies Advance towards them
Horns Use their horn to attack enemies.
Sharp clawsTo protect themselves and their
Young from the enemies- lion ,cat,Bears, and eagle.
Spray black inkDark surrounding helps the animal not
to been seen by enemies – e.g: octopus, squid
Poisonous sting or fangsCan hurt and kill enemies-e.g..: scorpion,
centipede snake , bee.
CamouflageHas body colour or patterns that that are
Similar to the surrounding
Pretend to deadTo trick their enemies –e.g.: beetle
3.2/3.3
Animals have specific characteristics
and behaviour to protect themselves from
extreme weather and survive
how specific characteristics and behavior of animals help to protect them from very hot or cold weather.
specific characteristics and behavior of animals that protect
them from very hot and cold weather.
Hot weather Cold weather
Wrinkled SkinElephant ,hippopotamuses and buffaloes
lose body heat through wrinkled skins
WallowingElephant, hippopotamuses and buffaloes
keep their body cool by wallowing in mud holes
HumpsCamels store food and water in the form
Of fats in the humps on their back.
Thick FurPolar bears have thick fur to prevent the body
From losing heat to cold surroundings.
Fat Layers Under The SkinsPenguins, seals, and whales have fat layers under
their skin to keep their bodies warm
Small EarsSeals and Walruses have small ears to prevent
Heat loss from their bodies.
HibernatePolar bears hibernates during extreme cold
Weather
3.4 Plants havespecific characteristics to protect
themselves from enemy
The specific characteristics of plants that protect them from enemies
How the specificcharacteristics of
plants help to protect them from enemies.
characteristics that protect plants.
Have thorns
poisonous Have fine hairs
Produces
latex
Close leaflets
when touch
3.5 Plants have specific characteristics to
protect themselves from dry region and
strong wind
strong winddry region
Eg : cactus.
a. Long roots to absorb waterb. Succulent stem can store waterc. Thorn can can prevent the excessive loss of water
Eg: Coconut tree, bamboo tree, mangrove tree
a. Have stems that bend easily b. Have buttress rootsc. Have separated leavesd. Needle- shaped leaves
INVESTIGATING FORCE AND ENERGY
Volume
MEASUREMENT1.1 Length
1.2 Area
1.5 Mass
1.6 Time1.7 Standard units
1.3 Solid
1.4 Liquid
1.1Length
Terminology
- The distance between two points/place/position
Ways to measure
Measuring tape
Cubit
Arm spanString
Ruler
Standard Tools
Measuring tape Ruler
Unit
mm cm m km
Correct technique
- The eye must be directly above the end of object
1.2 Area
- Area is the amount of Space taken up by the surface of an object.
Terminology
- Using square card with a sides of 1 centimetre
Standard unit
- Square millimetre (mm2)- Square centimetre (cm2)- Square metre (m2)- Square kilometre (km2)
- Using formula
Area = length X width1cm
1cm
Different ways to measure area
2cm
4cm
= 4cm X 2 cm = 8cm2
3cm
3cm
- by placing uniform objects such as tiles, books and stamps on the surface of the objects
Volume
Terminology
The amount of space thatsomething takes up
1.3 Solid
1.4 LiquidFormula
Length x width x height
Standard Units
mm3, cm3, m3
Tools
Standard Units
measuringcylinder
ml, lCorrect technique
a) taking the reading at the lowest part of the meniscus.b) eyes must be at the same level as the lowest part of the meniscus
1.5 Mass
Terminology
- Amount of matter in an object
Tools
Electronic balance
Simple balance
Beam balance
Kitchen scale
Bathroom scale
Lever balance
Standard unit
mg g kg
Correct technique
1.6 TimeTerminology
- Duration between two event
Way to measure
- Sundial , sand clock , candle clock
Process that repeats uniformly can be used to measure time
-Swinging pendulum
-Pulse rate candle
-water dripping
-Changing day and night
Tool
Standard unit
- Second , minute , hour
- Digital clock , watch , wrist watch , clock
Old clock
Events can be used measuring time
1.7 The Importance of Standard Units
- for accuracy and consistency
- easy to communicate and understanding
Investigating Materials
1.1 The properties of materials
Insulator
Float on water
Conduct electricity
metal
conduct heatSink in water
Light to pass through
Can be stretch
wood
stone rubber ring
glass carbon plastics
metalwood
1.2Applying knowledge
properties of materials in everyday life
Suggest ways to keep things hot
Covered with insulators
Suggest ways to keep things cold
hot thing cold thing
To prevent heat loss
prevent fromabsorbing heat
1.3 Uses of
materials based on their properties
List of object and materials that they
are made of
object materials properties
spoon metal hard
tissue wood Soft
glasses glass transparent
Reason why particular materials are used to
make an object
cheap
easy to get
strength
good quality
naturalmaterials
Man-madematerials
wood metal
rubber
cotton plastics synthetic cloth
glass
State that man-made materials comes from natural materials
reducing reusing recycling
public transport plastic bag bottle plastics glass
1.4The importance of
reuse, reduce and recycle of materials
RUSTING CAN PREVENTED
DIFFERENT WAYS TO PREVENT OBJECTS FROM
RUSTING
Coating with non rusting materials
*paint
*oil
*grease
THE NECESSARY TO
PREVENT RUSTING
*Everlasting Live
*Save Natural
material
*Save Cost
*Looking good
1.6
*Conclusion; Rusting can be avoided by preventing iron contact with air and water.
UNDERSTANDING THAT SOME
MATERIALS CAN BE RUST
RUSTY OBJECTS NON RUSTY OBJECTS
OBJECT MADE OFIRON AND STEEL
OBJECT MADE OF GLASS PLASTIC,
WOOD, CLAY AND SILK
*Nail*Spoon*Knife
*Needle
*Glass*Bottle*Cup
*Pencil
INVESTIGATING THE EARTH
AND THE UNIVERSE
1.1The solar system
List of constituents
List of planets
Planets move around
the Sun
-Nine Planets-Natural satellites-Meteors-Comets-Asteroids
Mercury – MyVenus – VeryEarth – ExcellentMars – MotherJupiter – JustSaturn – ServedUranus – UsNeptune – NinePluto – Pudding
THE SOLAR
SYSTEM
1.2 The relative size and distance between
the Earth, the Moon and the Sun
Size of the Sunrelative to the size
of the Earth.
Size of the Earthrelative to the size
of the Moon.
The relative distance fromthe Earth to the Sun comparedto the relative distance from the
Earth to the Moon.
the Sun
1
the Earth
100
the Earth
1
the Moon
4
the Sun
the Earth the Moon
150 000 000 km 382 500 km
1 : 400
1.3Appreciating the perfect placement
of the planet Earth in theSolar System
Why certain planetsare not conducivefor living things.
EFFECTThe Earth is the only planet in the
Solar System that has living things.
•The nearer a planet to the Sun is, the hotter is the surface of the planet .•The farther a planet from the Sun is, the colder is the surface of the planet.•Do not have enough air and water.
•Earth is the third planet from the Sun, it receives enough light and heat from the Sun.•It is not too hot or too cold.•The atmosphere of the Earth contains air and there is water on Earth.
Much nearer : •The temperature on the Earth would rise.•Water on Earth would evaporate.•No water and the temperature would be very hot.Much farther :•The temperature on the Earth would drop.•Water would freeze into ice.•All living things would die.
INVESTIGATING TECHNOLOGY
1.1.Understanding the importance of technology in everyday life
Limitation of human abilityExamples of human limitations are
• Unable to see fine objects•Unable to speak loud
•Unable to walk for long distance•Unable to see far away objects
Devices to overcome human limitation
Microscope- The usage of lens to see fine
features of objects and microbes Microphone
-To increase the voice volumeTelephone
-To communicate from long distanceBicycle, motorcycle, airplanes
-Can travel long distance in a shorter time
Telescope, binocular- To see far away objects
TECHNOLOGY
1.2 Understanding The Development Of
Technology
Agriculture
e.g.:
hoe plough tractor
combine harvesterTransportation
Land: Animal bicycle car train
Air: hot air balloon airship glider aeroplane
Water: canoe raft sampan ferry
shipCommunication
Drawing carrier pigeon
Telephone
Construction
Cave hut wooden house apartment
Examples
Problems theyencounter in their daily life
TECHNOLOGY
Ideas to solvethe problems identified
Device to solvethe problem identified.
Demonstrate that device invented can be used to
solve the problem identified
1.3 Synthesising
how technology can be used to solve problems
Cannot move and lift heavy thing
Cannot move farther
Sketch the model
Brain storming
lever
wheelbarrow
Pully – can lift everything Wheel barrow – can move heavything easily
1.4 Analysing That Technology Can Benefit Mankind If Used Wisely
Advantages of Technology Disadvantages of Technology
•CommunicationEnable human to learn more about things happening around the world
•TransportationEnable human to travel
far away places in shorter time•Agriculture
Machines make it easier to plants and harvest their crops
•ConstructionRoads, highways, bridges and
building is easier and faster to build
Environmental pollution from increase In waste materials
Environmental destruction result fromexcessive usage of natural resources
Social problem
Bad effects on health result from environmental pollution and excessive
use of chemicals
1.1 Understanding that microorganism is a living things
Microorganism
Bacteria Fungi Protozua Virus
Cannot see with naked eyes
GrowMoveBreathe
Characteristics
Cause thedough rise
• Rotten oranges• Mouldy rice
tiny
1.1 Understanding that some microorganism are harmful and some are useful
Some Organisms Are Harmful AndSome Are Useful
Useful Harmful
Can cause
Illness Foodpoisoning
Food stale
Toothdecay
Making bread/tapai/tempe/fertilizer
Prevention
Disease
Stomach upset
Measles/cough
Tooth decay
Conjunctivitis/mumps
Washing hand
Drink boiled water
Covering mouth & nose when coughing& sneezing
2.1Survival of Animal
Species
Examples animals that take care of their eggs and young.
how animals take care of Their eggs and young.
Why animals take care of their eggs and young.
Bird - Eggs with shell coveringFrog - Eggs are thick, slimy and having bad smellSpider - kept in a bag underneath its bodyFish - keep their young in their mouthsSnake, Tiger - attack in order to protect their eggs Turtle - hide their eggsKangaroo - carry their young in their pouches Elephant - stay in herds
2.3Importance
Shortage of food resource
Animals and plants species may face extinction.
Bird, Frog, Spider, Fish, Snake,turtle, Kangroo, Elephant
To ensure the survival of their species
2.2Survival of Plant
Species
Water
Explosive mechanism
Wind
Animal
• Light
• Air Space in the fruits
• Not water absorbent
• Light
• Small in size
• Winged
• Dry when ripe
• Explodes when mature
• Brightly coloured
• Edible
• Have smells
• Have hook
• Coconut
• Lily
• Shorea
• Angsana
• Lalang
• Rubber fruit
• Balsam fruit
• Chestnut
• Rambutan
• Mango
• Love grass
• Mimosa
Agents of dispersal Special characteristic Examples
3.1 Food Chain
Animals and the food they eat
Classify animals into herbivore, carnivore
and omnivore.Producer Consumer Construct food chain
Green plant obtain energy from
the sun to make food. Green
Plant as a producer
Herbivore :Animals that eat plants only.
e.g.: cow, goat, deer
Carnivore:Animals that eat other animals.
e.g.: tiger, lion
Omnivore:Animals that eat plants and
other animals
Animals that eat plantor other animals
are called consumers.
The food relationshipamong living things
can be shown bya food chain.
To construct food chain It must start
with plant as a producer.
In a food chainthe arrow
means ‘eaten by’
All living things need food to survive.
Green plant can make theirown food. However
animals cannot make their own make
their own food.
3.2 Synthesizing food chainto construct food web.
Food web
What will happenIf there is a change in population of a certainspecies in a food web
Foodweb of different
habitats
What will happento a certain species
of animals if theyeat only one type
of food
Paddy field
garden
A change in the populationof a certain species
will effect the Population of other species
They will face difficultyto survive – if the
Source of food runs out
1 Energy
2 Electricity
3 Light
4 Heat
INVESTIGATING FORCE AND ENERGY
ENERGY 1.1 The Uses of Energy
Why energy is needed?
- by living things to carry out life processes. Ex : moving, breathing, growing
The Sources of Energy
Sun
- main source of energy- produces light and heat
Food
- food contains stored energy
Wind
- Moving air- Used to pump water, drive small sawmills
- to move, boil, melt, or bounce non-living things
FuelBatteries
- wood, coal, petroleum, natural gas
- device that generated electrical energy from chemical energy
Water
- moving or falling water produce energy
INVESTIGATING FORCE AND ENERGY
ENERGY 1.2 Energy can be transformed from one form to another
Form of energySound energy
Heat energy
Light energy Electrical energy Kinetic energy
Chemical energy
Potential energy
Energy can betransformed
a) lighting a candle Chemical energy → heat energy + light energy
b) Kicking a ball Chemical energy → kinetic energy → heat energy
Example of appliance that make use of energy transform
a) Electric iron Electrical energy → heat energy
b) Radio Electrical energy → sound energy
c) Television Electrical energy → sound energy + light energy
INVESTIGATING FORCE AND ENERGY
ENERGY
1.3 Renewable and Non-renewable Energy
Renewable energy
Energy that cannot be replaced
Resources –solar, wind,biomass fuel,water
Non-renewable energy
Energy that be replenished when it is used up
Resources –natural gas,petroleum,coal
Why use energy wiselyHow to use energy
Some energyresources cannotbe replenishedwhen used up
To savecost
Avoid wastage
Reducepollution
Turn off thetelevision whenno onewatching it
Switch off thelights beforegoing to leavethe room
Electricity Sources
Dry cell
Accumulator
Dynamo
Solar cell
Type of circuit
Name Symbol
Dry cell
Connecting wire
Switch
Bulb
Symbol and componentParallel circuit Series circuit
Precautions
Differences
The bulb in the parallel circuit is brighter then the bulb in the series circuit
Danger of mishandling electrical appliances
Fire Burn
Electric shock Electrocution
Safety precautions to be taken when using
appliances
Do not touch electrical appliances with wet hand
Do not repair electrical appliances on your own
Light
Can be reflected
How ?
Uses of reflection
Side mirror of a car
Periscope Kaleidoscope
Travel in a straight line
How shadow is formed
When light is completely or partially blocked by an opaque
object
The light that falls on objects ‘bounces off’ the objects and comes to your eyes
mirror
Shadow form
Opaque object
Light
Heat Gain
Loss Cooler
Warmer
How to measure temperature using the correct technique
The effects of heat on matter
Matter expands when heated
Matter contract when cooled
InvestigatingMaterials
1.1 Matter exist in the form of solid, liquid or gas
solid liquid gas
has mass
Properties of solid Properties of liquid Properties of gas
fixed volume
fixed shape
has mass
examples
water milk air
no permanent shape
fixed volume
stem
wood
stone
can't fixed shape
has mass
Can't fixed volume
can compressed
1.2 CHANGING STATES OF
WATER
gas - liquid
liquid - gas
liquid - gas
solid - liquid melting
Boiling
Affected by windy and hot weather
evaporation
condensation
Freezing
1.31.3
Understanding the water cycle.Understanding the water cycle.
Circulation of water in Circulation of water in the environment.the environment.
Formation of clouds Formation of clouds and rain. and rain. Importance of water.Importance of water.
Changes in the states of Changes in the states of matter in the water cyclematter in the water cycle
Liquid to gas (evaporation)Liquid to gas (evaporation)Droplets of water will Droplets of water will become bigger andbecome bigger and heavier →heavier → rain
evaporation
condensation
sea
Gas → liquid (Condensation) Gas → liquid (Condensation)
1.41.4
Appreciating the importance Appreciating the importance
of water resources.of water resources.
To prevent living aquatic from being To prevent living aquatic from being destroyed and undergoing extinctiondestroyed and undergoing extinction
Reasons to keep our Reasons to keep our water resources clean. water resources clean. To ensure the cleanliness To ensure the cleanliness
of water supplyof water supply
To regulate To regulate the formation of the formation of clouds and rainclouds and rain
To avoid infected To avoid infected diseasesdiseases
Ways to keep our water Ways to keep our water resources clean resources clean
Keep the rivers cleanKeep the rivers clean Cleanliness campaignCleanliness campaign
2.1 The properties of acid, 2.1 The properties of acid,
alkaline and neutral substances.alkaline and neutral substances.
Identify the taste of acidic Identify the taste of acidic and alkaline food.and alkaline food.
Identify acidic, alkalineIdentify acidic, alkaline and neutral substances and neutral substances
using litmus paper. using litmus paper.
• Conclude the properties of Conclude the properties of acidic, alkaline and neutral acidic, alkaline and neutral substances.substances.
Changes in colour Changes in colour of litmus papersof litmus papers
blue to redblue to red red to bluered to blue
no changeno change
bitterbitter soursour
Properties of alkaliProperties of alkali
Properties of acidProperties of acid
Properties of Properties of neutral substancesneutral substancesTaste bitter & change Taste bitter & change
red litmus paper bluered litmus paper blue
Taste sour & change Taste sour & change blue litmus paper redblue litmus paper red
Other tastes – Other tastes – no changes in litmus paperno changes in litmus paper
acidacid alkalinealkaline
neutralneutral
INVESTIGATING THE EARTH
AND THE UNIVERSE
Show directions
Indicates Seasons
A group of stars that form a
certain pattern in the sky
Importance of constellation
Identify constellation
What constellation is
1.1 Understanding the constellation
Constellation
Big dipper
Scorpion
Orion
Southern Cross
North
NorthSouth April – June
Kite or Cross
Scorpion
Hunter
Water dipper
south
December - January
June - August
planting harvesting
desert
sea
2.1 The movements
of the Earth, the Moon and the Sun
Earth rotates on it axis
Earth rotates and at the same time
moves around the sun
Moon rotates on it axis
Moon rotates and at the same time
moves around the Earth
The Moon and the Earth move
round the Sun at the same time
The earth rotates on its axis from west to east
The changes in length and position
of the shadow throughout the day
THE EARTH , THE MOON AND THE SUN
2.2 The occurrence of day and night
It is day time for the part of the Earth facing the Sun.
It is night time for the part of the Earth facing
away from the Sun.
Day and night occurdue to the rotation of the Earth
on its axis.
the Sun the Earth
night-timenight-time
daytimedaytime
axisaxis
westwest easteast
2.3 Phases Of The Moon
The Moon Does Not Emit Light
The Moon appear bright when it reflect sunlight
Describe the phases of the moon
1-New moon, 3- New half moon, 5- Full moon
7- Old half moon
INVESTIGATING TECHNOLOGY
1.1 The shapes of objects in a structure
The shape of objects Identify shape in structure
CuboidCube Cylinder
Sphere ConePyramid
Sphere
Cylinder
Strength and
Stability
Shapes of objects that are stable
The factors that affect stability of objects
How base area affects stability
How height affects stability
1.2 The strength
and stability
of a structure
The factors that affect the strength of a structure
Design a model thatis strong and stable
Cube, cone, cylinder
Height , base area
Bigger base area more stableSmaller base area less stable
Lower object more stableHigher object less stable
Types of materials usedSteel ,Iron, Wood
Suggested design strong and stableBridge – one with manila card
one with wood
INVESTIGATING LIVING THINGS
1.1 1.1 HaiwanHaiwan
Kebanyakan haiwan hidup bersendirian
Kebanyakan haiwan Kebanyakan haiwan hidup berkumpulanhidup berkumpulan
Kudabelang
Zirafah Zirafah Lebah Semut Harimau Cicak Kucing Ular
Untuk keselamatanUntuk mendapatkan makanan
mengelak untuk bersaing mendapatkan makanan mengelak untuk bersaing mendapatkan ruang
Kerjasama dan persaingan adalah salah satu bentuk
interaksi
1.2 1.2 Memahami bahawa persaingan adalah salah satu Memahami bahawa persaingan adalah salah satu
bentuk interaksibentuk interaksiHaiwan
Tumbuhan
Faktor persaingan
Makanan
Air
Pasangan
Tempat perlindungan
Ruang
Sumber makanan yang terhad
Sumber air yang terhad
Cuba mendapatkan pasangan untuk pembiakan
Bagi mempertahankan tempat perlindungan
Bagi mempertahankan ruang
Faktor persaingan
Nutrisi
Cahaya matahari
Air
Ruang
Menerima cahaya matahari yang terhad
Sumber air yang terhad
Ruang yang terhad
Nutrisi yang terhad
Sebab
Sebab
1.3 Memahami tanggungjawab manusia bagi
melindungi haiwan
Haiwan pupus
Haiwan terancam
Tumbuhan terancam
Faktor kepupusan
Cara untuk mengawal kepupusan
•Burung Dodo•Dinosaur•Burung Auk•Tikus kanggaru gurun•Gajah berbulu•Quagga•Serigala tTasmania
•Harimau•Penyu•Orang Utan•Beruang Panda•Badak•Burung Kenyalang•Paus biru
•Bunga pakma•Pokok periuk kera•Venus fly trap•Orkid liar
Pemburuan haranGajah - gadingHarimau – kulit dan tulangPaus biru - lemakBeruang - buluBadak - tanduk
I l legal LoggingHuman cut treesForest clearing
The destruction of habitat
Excessive developmentWater & air PollutionMany habitat has
destroyed
Extreme WeatherLong dry season
Flood Forest fire
Campaign against excessive Logging
Educate the public about the importance of protecting & conserving animals & plantAvoid consuming or buying
products made from endangered speciesEnforcing the law
ReplantingSelective logging
Setting up forest reservedSetting rehabilitation centreEncourage recycle , reuse
& reduce Campaign
1.4 Knowing the impact of human
activities on environment.
Environmental destruction caused by human activities
Impact of uncontrolledhuman activities to the Earth
Impact of human activities to environmental destruction
ErosionLandslideFlash-FloodsWater & Air pollution
Illegal & Excessive LoggingClearing ForestImproper management of development
•Erosion•Landslide•Flash-Floods•Loss of habitats
Illegal & Excessive hunting
Improper management of waste from factory
Improper management of waste from household
Extinction of endangered
species
Air & water Pollution
Water Pollution Flash flood
Excessive use of fertilisers, pesticides
& herbicides
Heavy usage of motor vehicles
The Lost of habitatThe lose of raw material &food suppliesClimate changesThe rise in temperature on earthExtinction of endangered speciesThe balance in nature is disturbedThe loss of the Earth’s natural water basin
Air & water Pollution
Air pollution
1.Force 2.Movement
INVESTIGATING FORCE AND ENERGY
INVESTIGATING FORCE AND ENERGY
FORCE
Pull – an action of bringing an object towards us
Push – an action of moving an object away
DEFINITION
EffectsMove a stationary object
Stop a moving object
Change direction of moving object
Make object move faster or slower
Change the motion an object
Change the shape of an object
Friction
Definition
-Force that apposes the movement of an object.
-Two surfaces occurs rub against each other
Effects
-Surfaces warm.
-Difficult to move
-Wear and tear.
-Slow down and stop
Reduce
-Lubricant :oil, wax, grease or water
-Air cushion
-Talcum powder
-Roller marbles
-Ball bearing
Advantages1. Hold thing2. Walk without slipping3. Sharpen a knife4. Slow down moving
Disadvantages1. Worn out the shoes / tyre2. Produce heat
Advantages/Disadvantages
Movement
Speed
A measurement on how fast an object moves
an object which moves faster travels
a longer distance in a given time
Definition
an object which move
faster takes a shorter time
travel a given distance
Conclusion
Calculation
FormulaSpeed = distance / time
Unit• km/h,• m/s ,• cm/s
INVESTIGATING MATERIALS
Microbes that spoilt food
Condition for microbes to grow
What is spoilt food
•Unpleasent smell eg. Fish with bad smell•Unpleasent taste eg. milk turns sour•Changed colour eg.vegetables, rice•Changed texture eg. Yogurt turns curd•Mouldy eg. Yogurt have many black spots
Characteristics of Spoilt Food
Food that has turned bad and is not suitable to be eaten
Bacteria Fungus
•Air•Water•Nutrient•Suitable Temperature( 5°C - 65° C ) •Suitable acidity
1.1 Food Spoilage
1.2 Food Preservation(Process whereby food turning
bad is slowed down)
DryingBoiling Cooling Vacuum
packing
Pickling
Freezing
Example :fish, prawn, fruits
Reason :Bacteria and fungi cannot
grow without water
Example :Eggs, water
Reason :Boiled will killed bacteria
and fungi
Example :eggs, vegetables, fruits
Reason :Cold temperature slow
down the growth ofbacteria and fungi
Example :Biscuits, crackers,
Reason :Bacteria and fungi
cannot grow without water
Reason :Prevents the growth
of bacteria andfungi
Example :Fruits, chili, fish
Bottling/canning
PasteurisingSalting
Reason :Bacteria and fungi cannot active at a
very low temperature
Example :Fish, meat
Reason :Bacteria and fungi
cannot grow without air
Example :Meat, fish, fruits
Reason :Destroy
microoganism
Example :Milk, yogurt
Reason :Bacteria and fungi
cannot grow in verysalt substances
Example :Fish, eggs
Reason :Dry the food
Example :Fish, meat
Reason :Slow down theloss of water
Example :Fruits
Smoking
Waxing
1.3 The Importance of Preserving Food
Food can be keptfor a longer time
Easier tostore
Easier tocarry
To prevent thewastage of food
2.1 The Effects of Improper Waste Disposal
On The Environment•Gas
•Liquid•Solid
•From agriculturalactivities•From vehicles and open burning•Toxic materials•Rubbish
Sources of wastes
Types of waste
•Open burning•Littering•Chanelling- waste factories into river• Releasing smokeand dangerous gasses
•Treat waste water•Keep environment and home clean•Reuse and recyclerubbish and waste• Reduce car•Build factories farfrom home
The improperways disposal Smoke dissolved
form weak acidKills plants & fishDestroys building & bridges
Rubbish thrown in rivers or drain Cause flash-floods& water over flowKill plants & animals in the river
Open burningCause asthma & eye irritationAir pollution
DiseaseCause by eating polluted fish and plants
The HarmfulEffect
The proper disposal ways
• Animal extinction
• Habitats destruction•Spoil natural beauty
•Change Climate
• Tin can• Plastic
• Synthetic• Glass
• Metal objects
• Give out
poisonous gas• Unpleasant
smell
• Return nutrient
to soil• Prevent rubbishfrom accumulate
•Paper• Wood• Food• Meat
• Fungi
• Bacteria
2.2 Some Waste Can Decay
Waste that decay
Waste that do not decay
Microbes that causewaste to decay
Advantages of waste decaying
Disadvantages of waste decaying
What will happen ifwaste do not decay
INVESTIGATING THE EARTH & THE UNIVERSE
ECLIPSE OF THE MOON
The Earth is between the Sun and the Moon
The Earth, the Moon and the Sun are positioned in a straight line
The Earth’s position blocks sunlight from reaching the Moon.
The Earth’s shadow is formed on the Moon surface and cause an eclipse of the Moon
Sun Moon
Earth
ECLIPSE OF THE SUN
The Moon is between the Sun and the Earth
The Earth, the Moon and the Sun are positioned in a straight line
The Moon’s blocks the sunlight from reaching the Earth
The Moon’s shadow is formed on the Earth’s surface
SUN
Earth
Moon
The place that experienced full eclipse is completely dark during the day time
PHASES OF THE SUN DURING THE ECLIPSE
INVESTIGATING TECHNOLOGY
WHEEL AND AXLE
1.1. Simple machine
LEVER
WEDGE
PULLEY
GEAR
INCLINED PLANE
SCREW
-To carry or move heavy objects
- e.g. hammer , spoon , scissor
-To lift heavy objects easier
e.g. stairs , slanting wooden plank
-To carry to move heavy objects easily
e.g screw driver , car spanner
-To carry or lift objects to a higher place
-e.g flag pole , crane
-To cut or separate objects
-E.g knife , saw , axe
-To fix two objects together
-E.g drill bit , spanner
-To move objects easily
-Gear in a watch
A device that allows us to use less force to make work easier
or faster
1.2 Analysing a complex machine
Made up of more than one simple machine.
WheelbarrowLever, wheel and axle
CraneGear, pulley, lever
Egg BeaterGear, wheel and axle
BicycleGear, lever,
wheel and axle ScissorsLever, wedge
Hand DrillWedge, wheel and axle
1.3 Appreciating the invention of machines that make life easier.
Life with machine Life without machine
Difficulty moving heavy things.
Will not be able to travel from one place to another faraway place.
Help to move heavy things.
Work in the fields is made easier and productivity of agricultural product is raised.
Construction work is made easier and can be completed faster.
Help us travel from one place to another.
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