migration chapter 3. what is migration? movement –cyclic movement: movement away from home for a...
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MIGRATIONChapter 3
What Is Migration?• Movement
– Cyclic movement: Movement away from home for a short period• Commuting• Seasonal movement• Nomadism
– Periodic movement: Movement away from home for a longer period.• Migrant labor• Transhumance• Military service
• Migration: A change in residence intended to be permanent
International migration: Movement across country borders (implying a degree of permanence)
Internal migration: Movement within a single country’s borders (implying a degree of permanence)
Why Do People Migrate?• Forced migration: Movers have no
choice but to relocate
Kinds of Voluntary Migration
• Step migration: When a migrant follows a series of stages, or steps, toward a final destination.Intervening opportunity : At one of the steps alongthe path, pull factors encourage the migrant to settle there
• Chain migration: Further migration to a place where friends or relatives have already settled
Voluntary Migration
• Migrants weigh push and pull factors to decide– Whether to move– Where to go
• Distance decay: Many migrants settle closer to their old home than they originally contemplate
Ravenstein’s Laws (Gravity Model)
1. Every migration flow generates a return or counter-migration.
2. The majority of migrations move a short distance.
3. Migrants who move longer distances tend to choose big-city destinations.
4. Urban residents are less migratory than inhabitants of rural areas.
5. Families are less likely to make international moves than young adults.
Push and Pull Factors
• Legal status• Economic conditions• Power relationships• Political circumstances• Armed conflict and civil war• Environmental conditions• Culture and traditions• Technological advances
Where Do People Migrate?
• Influences on major global migration flows from 1550–1950– Exploration– Colonization– The Atlantic slave trade
• Impacts – Places migrants leave – Places to which migrants go
Major Global Migration Flows(before 1950)
Regional Migration Flows
Migration to neighboring countries
For short term economic opportunities
To reconnect with cultural groups across borders
To flee political conflict or war
Islands of development: Places whereforeign investment, jobs, and infrastructure are concentrated
Migration for Economic Opportunity
Chinese migration in late 1800s and 1900s throughout Southeast Asia to work in trade, commerce, and finance
• Migration of about 700,000 Jews to then-Palestine between 1900 and 1948
• Forced migration of 600,000 Palestinian Arabs after 1948, when the land was divided into two states (Israel and Palestine)
Migration to Reconnect with Cultural Groups
Internal Migration Flows
Guest Workers
Migrants allowed into a country to fill a labor need, assuming the workers will go “home” once the labor need subsides
Have short term work visas Send remittances to home country
RefugeesPeople who flee across an international boundary because of a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion
• Subsaharan Africa• North Africa and Southwest Asia• South Asia• Southeast Asia• Europe
Regions of Dislocation
How Do Governments Affect Migration?
• Immigration laws
• U.S. history– Little
restriction– Quotas by
nationality– Selective
immigration
Post–September 11
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