microwave engineering design manual-20080219-a
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Microwave Engineering Design Manual Chapter 1 Basic Knowledge
Document No. Product Name OptiX XXX
Intended Audience Product VersionVxxxRxxx or
x.xx.xx.xxPxx
Compiled byOptical Network
n!ineerin! Dept.Document Version V".#
$icrowa%e n!ineerin! Desi!n $anual
Prepared byXXX Date 200X-XX-XX
Re%iewed by Date
Re%iewed by Date
Appro%ed by Date
&uawei 'ec(nolo!ies Co.) *td.
All Ri!(ts Reser%ed.
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Re%ision &istory
Date Version Description Aut(or
200X-XX-XX +,", e.uired e.uired
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'able o+ Contents
C(apter " ,asic -nowled!e...........................................................................................................1"1 /ssu$ption o! the ield""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""41"2 Methods o! Designing Microwave ela' Circuits"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""4
1"2"1 Method o! Maing a %ro!ile +iew o! the ela' Circuit""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""41"2"2 or$ula !or Calculating the Distance Between tations""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""31"2" or$ula !or Calculating the ree pace (oss"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 31"2"4 Deter$ining the /ntenna eight and the Clearance o! the ela' Circuit"""""""""""""""""""51"2"6 Calculating the eight Di!!erence 7 in pace Diversit'"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""&1"2"3 Calculating the /ntenna /i$uth"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""101"2"5 Calculating the /ntenna Elevation"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""11
1"2"8 elation Curve Between ignal ading and the re.uenc' and ain"""""""""""""""""" """111"2"& electing re.uencies and %olariation Modes !or Circuit ections""""""""""""""""""""""""121"2"10 /llocating Microwave re.uencies"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""11"2"11 /llocating 9ualit' *nde,es in the Circuit Design""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" 131"2"12 Method o! Calculating the 9ualit' *nde,es o! a Circuit""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""131"2"1 adiation a!et' tandards o! Microwave /ntennas"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""18
C(apter / Common Data..............................................................................................................."02"1 %ara$eters o! Microwave E.uip$ent""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""1&2"2 Co$$on Microwave /ntenna %ara$eters"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""22" eeder %ara$eters""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""82"4 Co$$on %ara$eters o! Ca:les"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""442"6 %rotection /rea o! (ightning /rresters""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""622"3 Calculation Method and Co$$on Data o! (ightning %rotection ;rounding esistance"""""662"5 Material %roportions"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""3&2"8 u:division o! Microwave re.uenc' Bands in the
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Ob3ecti%e4 =his docu$ent is used as the design guide and $anage$ent re!erence o!general $icrowave pro@ects !or the design personnel and $anage$ent personnel thatare engaged in $icrowave co$$unication pro@ects" =he docu$ent is a si$pli!iedversion developed !or the eas' use in engineering" or the details o! the principles$entioned in this docu$entA re!er to the docu$ents on $icrowave surve' and design"
Application scope4 =his docu$ent is $ainl' applied in s$all capacit' $icrowavetrans$ission pro@ects that are used !or general ;M pro@ects" *t provides thein!or$ation o! general pro@ects"
Version4 =his docu$ent is the initial version" =he version nu$:er is +1"0"
C(apter " ,asic -nowled!e
"." Assumption o+ t(e 5ield
=he situations in the engineering !ield di!!er" /ssu$e that the design personnel haveac.uired the !ollowing in!or$ation o! the !ieldA !or !acilitating the calculation)
=he $icrowave !re.uenc' within the area in design are di!!erent !ro$ the e,isting$icrowave !re.uencies"
=he agree$ent on the location o! the $icrowave site has :een achieved" =he custo$er re.uires that the capacit' o! the $icrowave s'ste$ is s$aller than
the s$all-and-$ediu$ capacit'A that isA 4 M:its or 480 channels"
"./ $et(ods o+ Desi!nin! $icrowa%e Relay Circuits
/!ter an engineering design tas is deter$inedA select several !easi:le route solutions:' re!erring to the $ap with a scale o! 1)60A000 or greater according to there.uire$ents o! the tas" Deter$ine whether the routes $eet the re.uire$entstheoreticall' in the later design" elect the technical solution that co$plies with thedesign .ualit' re.uire$entA has proper engineering .uantit'A and is cost-e!!ective"Modi!' and su:$it the !or$al design solution according to the site surve'" /!ter thesolution is approvedA it is the !inal solution o! the pro@ect" =he !ollowing descri:es thedesign that !ollows the site selection"
"./." $et(od o+ $akin! a Pro+ile View o+ t(e Relay Circuit
tep1 et the plane coordinates o! the $icrowave antennas"
Deter$ine the accurate locations o! the :ase stations or set the accurate planecoordinates o! the $icrowave antennasA :' re!erring to the topographic $ap with ascale o! 1)60A000 or 1)2A6000A or greater" Mar the two points where $icrowaverela' stations will :e :uiltA and connect the two points" /ssu$e that one point is thetrans$it end =A and the other point is the receive point " tarting !ro$ point =A $arthe points :etween points = and :' leaving a space o! 0"2 $ to $ or longerdepending on the actual conditions :etween the points" ecord the altitudesincluding the heights o! :uildings or trees unit) $ o! the points and the distance:etween each point and point = unit) $A including the altitude o! point and the
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*n additionA record the !ollowing para$eters o! each point)
1 Map title
2 Map nu$:er
;eographic na$e o! the area
4 Coordinates plane coordinatesA latitude and longitude o! the station
6 Convergence angle :etween the grid north and the true north or the $agneticnorthA including the o!!set direction
3 Contour $ap o! the area o! the stationA $ared with the $agnetic north
tep2 Draw the pro!ile coordinates diagra$ o! the rela' station"
e!er to the !ollowing !or$ula)
d1,d22aK ------ 6"1
?hereA
) /ssu$e a rela' section with the distance :etween stations :eing d d d 1 F d2"Deter$ine a proper value !or the e.uivalent earth radius coe!!icient K o! the pro!ile"=he pro!ile indicates the trans$ission space a:ove the ground" re!ers to thee.uivalent height unit) $ a:ove the ground" *n nor$al trans$ission conditionsA K 4" *! 'ou need to draw the pro!ile when K KM*#A K 2"
?hereA
d1) distance :etween the o:stacle or the re!lection point in !lat areas and point =unit) $
d2) distance :etween the o:stacle or the re!lection point in !lat areas and point unit) $
a) earth radiusA usuall'A a 350 $
K) e.uivalent earth radius coe!!icient" *! 'ou need to draw the pro!ile in nor$altrans$ission conditionsA K 4" *! 'ou need to draw the pro!ile in the worst$eteorological trans$ission conditionsA K 2"
#ote)
%roper distance :etween ad@acent points) ?hen the slope gradient changes withina:out G10 $A 'ou can e,tend the distance :etween two ad@acent points" *n this caseA
the ne,t point is usuall' at where the gradient propert' F- changes" ?hen thegradient changes rapidl'A the distance :etween ad@acent points is a:out 0"2 $"?hen the gradient changes slowl'A the distance :etween ad@acent points is a:out $ or longer" =hose records are the original records o! the rela' sections" Hou candraw the pro!ile diagra$ o! the rela' section according to the records" *n this wa'A 'oucan draw the pro!ile diagra$s o! all the sections involved in the pro@ect"
=he altitude o! point = o! the rela' section is the altitude o! the tower o! the $icrowavestation or the :uilding where the tower is located" /ccording to the recordsA deter$inethe top o! the tower as the highest point in the pro!ile diagra$ and the lowest point inthe records as the lowest point in the pro!ile diagra$" *n this wa'A all the data in thepro!ile can :e shown in the diagra$"
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"././ 5ormula +or Calculatin! t(e Distance ,etween 6tations
/ssu$e that the trans$it and receive ends o! a rela' section are stations = and respectivel'"
=he distance :etween station = and station is ( $"
Case 1) ?hen the coordinates o! station = and station in the plane rectangularcoordinates s'ste$ unit) $ o! a 1)60A000 topographic $ap are = IH=A X=J and IXA HJA the calculation !or$ula is as !ollows)
(=-$ IH- H=2F X- X=2J12---------- 6"2
Case 2) ?hen the coordinates o! station = and station in the latitude andlongitude coordinates s'ste$ unit) degree o! a 1)60A000 topographic $ap are= IH=A X=J and IXA HJA the calculation !or$ula is as !ollows)
(=-$ IC>-1IC>H-H=J , C>X- X=J , 350 , L180 ---------- 6"
?hereA
H= and X=) a:scissa and ordinate o! point = in the plane rectangular coordinatess'ste$
H=and X=) longitude and latitude o! point = in the latitude and longitude coordinatess'ste$
"./.1 5ormula +or Calculatin! t(e 5ree 6pace *oss
#ote) =he !ollowing calculation is :ased on the plane rectangular coordinates s'ste$"
=he !or$ula !or calculating the !ree space loss in point-to-point trans$ission is as!ollows)
(= 20lg4L(N ---------- 6"4
?hereA
(=) !ree space !ading :etween two line-o!-sight points = and unit) dB
() distance :etween points = and unit) $
N) wavelength o! the electro$agnetic wave unit) $" =he corresponding !re.uenc' isin e,pressed in "
=he preceding !or$ula is usuall' e,pressed in the !ollowing !or$)
(= 2"6 F 20lg!MF 20lg($
&2"6 F 20lg!;F 20lg($---------- 6"6
?hereA
!MA !;) !re.uenc' unit) M and ;
() distance :etween stations unit) $
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"./. Determinin! t(e Antenna &ei!(t and t(e Clearance o+ t(e Relay Circuit
I. Calculatin! t(e Clearance o+ t(e Relay Circuit in 7ndulated Areas or 8ater6ystem Areas
Calculating the clearance o! the rela' circuit
/ssu$e the heights o! the trans$it and receive antennas are h=and h respectivel'Aaccording to the develop$ent and planning conditions o! the local area"
=he !or$ula !or calculating the clearance is as !ollows)
Ih=,d2F h,d1dJ - hs- d1,d22a ---------- 6"3
?hereA
) propagation clearance o! the centerline o! the ra' :etween the trans$it and
receive points a:ove the o:stacle in the pro!ile unit) $h=) altitude o! the center o! the trans$it antenna = in the pro!ile unit) $
h) altitude o! the center o! the receive antenna in the pro!ile unit) $
d1) horiontal distance :etween the trans$it antenna = to the o:stacle in the pro!ileunit) $
d2) horiontal distance :etween the receive antenna to the o:stacle in the pro!ileunit) $
d) d d1Fd2
a) e.uivalent earth radius unit) $
K) e.uivalent earth radius coe!!icient" *n nor$al trans$ission conditionsA K 4"
hs) altitude o! the top o! the o:stacle in the pro!ile" *n additionA add $ growth $argino! the :ushes to the altitude o! the area that has no trees" /dd a proper growth $argino! the trees to the altitude o! the area that has treesA according to the date when thepro!ile diagra$ is co$plete"
#ote)
=he o:stacle point in the pro!ile is the highest point where the trans$issionclearance o! the circuit is the s$allest and that is located :e'ond the point that is15"1D2N to the antenna $outh o! the antenna" Be!ore the antenna height isdeter$inedA 'ou can select the o:stacle point in the near !ield o! the antenna"
hs) altitude o! the o:stacle point unit) $
D) dia$eter o! the antenna unit) $
N) operating wavelength that corresponds to the center !re.uenc' o! the $icrowavechannel unit) $
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'able "." Clearance standards
- Value
Re9uiremento+ Clearance
Obstacle 'ype
-$IN :1 Description
Kni!e edge O 0 O 0 K) e.uivalentearth radiuscoe!!icient
KM*#) K valuethatcorresponds to0"1P
0) !ree spaceclearance
lat ground and others O 0"600 3$ - 612 Q Q 03$ - 112
#ote)
$ 1A 2
$ re!ers to the inter!erence lo:e nu$:er" ?hen K KM*#A $ should tae the s$allestvalue" %revent the $icrowave e.uip$ent !ro$ woring at a high-power lo:e when K 4"
0 112Nd1d2d12 Nd1d2d12 1121
*n the !or$ulaA 1re!ers to the !irst resnel one radius o! the rela' circuit"
=he inter!erence lo:e indicates that during the $icrowave trans$issionA theelectro$agnetic wave is re!lected :' the ground sur!ace o! the irregularities in theat$osphere" =he ( changes periodicall' when the antenna height is increased"
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when the K value changes !ro$ KM*#to 4" =his can reduce the ground re!lection andsta:ilie the ("
?hen the distance :etween stations is onl' a !ew ilo$etersA 'ou $a' not do thepreceding calculation" Hou onl' need to consider enough clearance to $eet thedesign re.uire$ents" =he $ethod !or calculating the re!lection point is as !ollows"
e!er to the !ollowing !or$ulas and igure 1"1"
C h=- hh=F h assu$e) h=S h --------- 6"5
M d24ah=F h ---------------------------------- 6"8
?hereA
C and $) $iddle para$eters
h=and h) altitudes o! the trans$it and receive antennas unit) $
>:tain para$eter : inigure 1"1:ased on para$eters c and $"
Hou can calculate d1and d2:' using the !ollowing !or$ulas)
d1 d 1 F :2 -------------------- 6"&
d2 d - d1------------------------ 6"10
0 0"1 0" 0"4 0"6 0"3 0"5 0"8 0"& 1"0 %ara$eter $
0"1
0"2
0"
0"4
0"6
0"30"5
0"8
0"&
1"0
%ara$eter :
0"2
0"& 0"80"5
0"30"6
0"4
0"
0"2
0"1
%ara$eter c
:
5i!ure "." Diagra$ !or calculating the para$eters o! a re!lection point
?hen the re!lection points are at the points where K KM*#and K 4A the assu$edantenna heights co$pl' with the clearance standards" =he antenna heights are there.uired antenna heights"
*! the assu$ed antenna heights $eet onl' the condition that K K M*#A 'ou need to usespace diversit' to overco$e the insta:ilit' o! the rela' circuit caused :' groundre!lection" =he !ollowing section descri:es the $ethod o! calculating the heightdi!!erence :etween the antennas that appl' space diversit'"
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"./.; Calculatin! t(e &ei!(t Di++erence
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"./.> Calculatin! t(e Antenna A?imut(
/ssu$e that the true north ai$uth o! station = relative to station is =="1 Case 1)
?hen the coordinates o! station = and station in the plane rectangular coordinatess'ste$ unit) $ o! a 1)60A000 topographic $ap are = IH=A X=J and IHA XJ X)north-south ordinateY H) east-west a:scissaA the calculation !or$ula is as !ollows)
= tg-1IZX=- XZZH=- HZJ --------------- 6"12
/ccording to the result o! !or$ula 14A tae point = as the center o! a unit circle"Modi!' the result o! the previous !or$ula according to the .uadrant position o! the ra'in the plane rectangular coordinates s'ste$" Calculate the angle :etween the gridnorth and the true north o! point =" =he result is the true north ai$uth ="
[= tg-1IZX- X=ZZH- H=ZJ --------------- 6"1
(iewiseA 'ou can calculate the true north ai$uth =:' taing point B as thecenter o! a unit circle"
2 Case 2)
?hen the coordinates o! station = and station in the latitude and longitudecoordinates s'ste$ unit) degree o! a 1)60A000 topographic $ap are = IH=A X=J and IHA XJA the calculation !or$ula is as !ollows)
= tg-1IZX=- X , 350000ZZH=- H , 350000ZJ ------- 6"14
/ccording to the result o! !or$ula 13A tae point / as the center o! a unit circle"Modi!' the result o! the previous !or$ula according to the .uadrant position o! the ra'in the plane rectangular coordinates s'ste$" =he result is the true north ai$uth ="
= tg-1IZX- X= , 350000ZZH- H= , 350000ZJ ------- 6"16
/ccording to the result o! !or$ula 6"16A tae point as the center o! a unit circle"Modi!' the result o! the previous !or$ula according to the .uadrant position o! the ra'in the plane rectangular coordinates s'ste$" =he result is the true north ai$uth ="
"./.2 Calculatin! t(e Antenna le%ation
\= Ih- h=d - d2aJ , 65"0---------- 6"13
\= Ih=- hd - d2aJ , 65"0---------- 6"15
?hereA\=) elevation o! the antenna center at station relative to the antenna center atstation = unit) degree
\=) elevation o! the antenna center at station = relative to the antenna center atstation unit) degree
=he $eanings o! the s'$:ols in the !or$ula are the sa$e as those in the previous!or$ulas"
#ote) =he elevation o! the antenna considers the horiontal line e,tending !ro$ theantenna as the re!erence line" =he angle :etween the horiontal line and the upperdirection line is the elevation angle and is e,pressed in F" =he angle :etween the
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horiontal line and the lower direction line is the depression angle and is e,pressed in-"
"./.@ Relation Cur%e ,etween 6i!nal 5adin! and t(e 5re9uency and Rain
=he !ollowing curve diagra$ is o:tained !ro$ concerned statistics docu$ents"
?hen the operating !re.uenc' is !i,edA heavier rain!all can cause severer !ading"?hen !ading is severeA severe :it errors occur on the circuit and the circuit isinterrupted"
?hen 'ou deter$ine the operating !re.uenc' o! a $icrowave rela' circuitA considerthe e!!ects o! the local rain!all and allow enough anti-!ading $argin !or the circuit toensure the ( is higher than the threshold level even when rain !ading occurs on thecircuit"
/ccording to the e,perienceA a!ter 'ou learn the $a,i$u$ rain intensit' and raindistri:ution at the local placeA 'ou need to chec the values according to the actualdistance :etween stations" Ensure that the rain attenuation does not reduce thetrans$ission $argin o! the circuit to 26 dB and lower"
2"6 "56 6 3 5"6 10 12 16 20 24 0 400"0010"002
0"0060"010"02
0"060"10"20"6
12
61020
100
re.uenc' ;
5i!ure "." ain attenuation-!re.uenc' curve
"./.0 6electin! 5re9uencies and Polari?ation $odes +or Circuit 6ections
re.uenc' selection is :ased on the nu$:er o! trans$ission channelsAco$$unication networ planningA current situations o! e,isting co$$unication linesAand local conditions"
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/ppl' di!!erent polariation $odes !or ad@acent channels on the sa$e lin "
/ppl' the sa$e polariation $ode !or the trans$it end and receive end o! the sa$e
station in a rela' section"/ppl' alternate polariation section :' section" =his can reduce the !ront-to-:acinter!erence o! the antenna"
/ppl' alternate polariation ever' other section" =his can reduce over-reachinter!erence"
#ote) ?hen the signal route is de!lected !ro$ the $ain direction o! the antennaA thepolariation decoupling ratio o! the antenna is greatl' reduced" ?hen it rains or !adingoccursA the polariation decoupling capa:ilit' o! the s'ste$ is reduced"
"./."# Allocatin! $icrowa%e 5re9uencies
=he allocation o! $icrowave !re.uencies co$plies with *=
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Operatin!
5re9uencyB&?
Occupied5re9uency
,and$&?
Capacity
$bit:s
Center5re9uency
+#o+ t(e
5re9uency,and$&?
Numbero+
Operatin!C(annels
Center5re9uencies +n
and +no+ t(e nt(C(annel
6e9uenceNumber n
o+ t(eC(annel
4
400 to800 2,4"38
1&"234
6&2"0
3!n !0- 208 F 2&n
!n !0F 6 F 2&n800 to4200 400"6
3
6&26 to3426
2,4"38
1&"2343156 8
!n !0 - 26&"46 F2&"36n
!n !0 - 5"41 F2&"36n
340 to5110 1&"234 3550 8
!n !0- 60 F 40n
!n !0- 6 F 40n
5
5126 to5426 8"448
2,8"448
4"38
525620
10
6
!n !0- 164 F 5n
!n !0F 5 F 5n
n 1A 2A ARA 20
n 1A A 6ARA 1&
n 1A 6A &ARA 15
5426 to5526 5656
8
5526 to8256
4"38
2,4"388000 8
!n !0 - 281"&6 F2&"36n
!n !0F 2&"5 F2&"36n
8200 to8600
2"048
8"448
2,8"448
4"38
2,4"38
86012
3
!n !0- 161"314 F11"332n
!n !0F 11"332n
n 1A 2A ARA 12
n 1A A 6ARA 11
8600 to8560
8"448
2,8"448832&"6 3
!n !0 - 125"6 F16n
!n !0 F 22"6 F16n
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Operatin!
5re9uencyB&?
Occupied5re9uency
,and$&?
Capacity
$bit:s
Center5re9uency
+#o+ t(e
5re9uency,and$&?
Numbero+
Operatin!C(annels
Center5re9uencies +n
and +no+ t(e nt(C(annel
6e9uenceNumber n
o+ t(eC(annel
11 10500 to11500
8"448
4"38
2,4"38
1&"234
11200 12!n !0- 626 F 40n
!n !0F 6 F 40n
1 12560 to1260
2"048
8"4482,8"448
2,8"448
4"38
2,4"38
12&&313
8
!$ !0 - 253"6 F28n F 5$
!$ !0 - 10"6 F28n F 5$
!n !0- 246 F 14n
!n !0F 21 F 14n
!n !0- 26& F 28n
!n !0F 6 F 28n
n 1 or 2
$ 1A 2AA 4
n 1A 2A ARA 13
n 1A 2A ARA 8
16 14600 to1660
] 10
2,8"448
4"38
11501!r0
16
!$ !r - 2538"6 F28n F 5$
!$ !r- 308"6 F28 # - n F 5$
!n !r - 2800 F14n
!n !rF 340 - 14# - n ! n !r -2583 F 28n
!n !rF 323 - 28# - n
n 1A or16n 16
# 16$ 1A 2AA 4
n 1A 2A ARA ##Q0
n 1A 2A ARA ##Q16
18 15500 to1&500
1&"234
2,8"448
4"38
8"448
2,2"048
2"048
185008
6
!n !0 - 1000 F
110n!n !0F 10 - 110n
!n !0 - 1000 F25"6n
!n !0 F 1 0 F25"6n
n 1A 2A ARA 8
n 1A 2A ARA 6
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"./."" Allocatin! Euality Indexes in t(e Circuit Desi!n
*=
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!) operating !re.uenc' o! the rela' circuit unit) ;
B and C) constant !actors related to cli$ateA seasonsA and geograph'
d) distance :etween stations on the rela' circuit unit) $
'able "." %ara$eters !or calculating the outage pro:a:ilit' o! a rela' circuit
'errain 'ype$ountainous
Area&illy Area Coastal:5lat Area
6wamp:*akes:6ea
%ro!ile t'pe / B C D
K9 1"052,10^2 2"56,10^ 2"88,10^ 2"3,10^4
B 1 1 1 1
C 1" 1"8 2"2 "2
e$ars =he statistics in this ta:le are o:tained !ro$ a lot o! $icrowave propagation tests:' concerned institutes o! China"
Calculate the !ading $argin when no !ading occurs on a rela' circuit"
7MBE10-3 %- %BE10-3-------------------- 1-22
7MBE10- %- %BE10--------------------- 1-2
?hereA
7MBE10-3) di!!erence :etween the !ree space ( K 4 and the threshold level
when the BE is 10
^3
7MBE10-) di!!erence :etween the !ree space ( K 4 and the threshold levelwhen the BE is 10^
%) ( o! the rela' section unit) dB$
%BE10-3) threshold level o! the rela' section when the BE is 10^3unit) dB$
%BE10-) threshold level o! the rela' section when the BE is 10^unit) dB$
4 Calculate the outage pro:a:ilit' when !ading occurs on the rela' circuit"
_BE10-3 K9!Bdc10^7MBE10-310 _010^7MBE10-310-------------------- 1-24
_BE10- K9!Bdc10^7MBE10-10 _010^7MBE10-10-------------------- 1-26
?hereA
_BE10-3) outage pro:a:ilit' that corresponds to the threshold level o! the rela' sectionwhen the BE is 10^3
_BE10-) outage pro:a:ilit' that corresponds to the threshold level o! the rela' sectionwhen the BE is 10^
10^7MBE10-310) antilogarith$ !ading $argin that corresponds to the threshold level o!the rela' section when the BE is 10^3
10^7MBE10-10) antilogarith$ !ading $argin that corresponds to the threshold level o!the rela' section when the BE is 10^
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6 Calculate the outage pro:a:ilit' o! the rela' circuit when other !actors areconsidered"
_`BE10-3 _010^7MBE10-3-10-------------------- 1-23
_`BE10- _010^7MBE10--10-------------------- 1-25
?hereA
^7MBE10-3-10is ^7MBE10-3- 10"
%) outage pro:a:ilit' o! the rela' circuit when other !actors are considered
3 Conclusion
e!er to the circuit .ualit' standards"
*! % is not $ore than 1"6(1260 BE 10^3 and 0"04(1260 BE 10^A the circuit$eets the .ualit' re.uire$ents"
"./."1 Radiation 6a+ety 6tandards o+ $icrowa%e Antennas
I. Radiation 6a+ety 6tandards
adiation standards di!!er in di!!erent countries and regions" *n ChinaA theRegulations for Electromagnetic Radiation Protection is used as the radiationstandardsA that isA the average !ield .uantit' o! the electro$agnetic radiation !ield inpu:lic environ$ent in an' consecutive si, $inutes within 24 hours should co$pl' withthe re.uire$ents listed in the !ollowing ta:le"
5re9uency Ran!e $&?
0 to 000 000 to 16000lectric 5ield 6tren!t( V:m 12 0"22!12
$a!netic 5ield 6tren!t( A:m 0"02 0"001!12
Power Density 8:m/ 0"4 !5600
6peci+ic Absorption Rate w:k! 0"02
) not li$ited and !or re!erence onl'
!) !re.uenc' unit) M
II. Calculatin! t(e Power Density o+ $icrowa%e Circuits
Calculate the power densit' %/at a rando$ point point / near the pro!ile o! the$icrowave rela' section" =he power densit' o! the pro!ile with a radius !ro$ point / tothe center o! the $icrowave antenna within the headroo$ o! the near !ield o! theantenna the area with a distance o! 15"1D2N !ro$ the antenna is not greater thanthe corresponding average power densit' !5600 ?$2 and the speci!ic a:sorptionrate is 0"02 wg" =he electro$agnetic radiation co$plies with the standards"
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C(apter / Common Data
/." Parameters o+ $icrowa%e 9uipment
=he data provided in this section is e,tracted !ro$ the docu$ents provided :' thecorresponding co$panies and can :e used as the re!erence o! trial calculation" orthe data that is re.uired !or the engineering design in an actual pro@ectA re.uest thesuppliers to provide the !or$al docu$ents"
I. ricsson Products
Ericsson has the largest $icrowave product line and supplies a series o! $icrowaveproducts o! various capacities" =he !ollowing ta:le lists the products that are widel'used"
No.
Operatin!5re9uency
C(aracFteristics
2." B&? to 2.2B&?
2.2 B&? to @.;B&?
"; B&? "@ B&?
1 Model M*#*-(*#K5-E M*#*-(*#K8-E M*#*-(*#K16-E M*#*-(*#K18-E
2tandardco$pliance o!!re.uenc'setting
*=utputi$pedance 120 oh$s :alanced or 56 oh$s un:alanced
&
Ca:le !or connecting the*D< and the>D=/ C*=
22 ault locating/uto$atic diagnosisA (ED displa'
/lar$s *DD
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No.
Operatin!5re9uency
C(aracFteristics
2.""# B&? to 2.2/;
B&?
2.2/; B&? to @./2;
B&?
@./2; B&? to @.2;#
B&?
2
tandardco$pliance o!!re.uenc'setting
*=
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No.
Operatin!5re9uency
C(aracFteristics
2.""# B&? to 2.2/;
B&?
2.2/; B&? to @./2;
B&?
@./2; B&? to @.2;#
B&?
1=hreshold signallevel o! thereceiver
BE 10^)
4,2 M:its) ^8&"6 dB$
8,2 M:its) ^8&"6 dB$
13,2 M:its) ^8"6 dB$
4 M F 2,2 M:its) ^8 dB$
BE 10^3)
4,2 M:its) ^85"6 dB$8,2 M:its) ^84"6 dB$
13,2 M:its) ^81"6 dB$
4 M F 2,2 M:its) ^81 dB$
14 ervice channeloptional
Digital service channel) !ourA including one + channel with D=M andone data channel
Data inter!ace) -22 +24 or -42 +10
16 /$:ientte$perature
13 elativehu$idit'
*ndoor) &6P
>utdoor) 100P without condensation
15 /pplica:leheight 6000 $
18 Mechanicalcharacteristics
/ntenna connection) ?-112 waveguideA C%-112; !lange
* ca:le connector) t'pe-#A !e$ale
Ca:inet)
*DD
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No.
Operatin!5re9uency
C(aracFteristics
2.""# B&? to 2.2/;
B&?
2.2/; B&? to @./2;
B&?
@./2; B&? to @.2;#
B&?
21 Man-$achineinter!ace %orta:le M*C>=/ C*=
22 ault locating/uto$atic diagnosisA (ED displa'
/lar$ *DD
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No.
Operatin!5re9uency
C(aracteristics
"/)2;# $&?to "1)/;#
$&?
")## $&?to ";)12#
$&?
"2)2## $&?to "0)2##
$&?
/")/## $&?to /1)>##
$&?
2 tandard co$plianceo! !re.uenc' setting
1 ;) *=
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No.
Operatin!5re9uency
C(aracteristics
"/)2;# $&?to "1)/;#
$&?
")## $&?to ";)12#
$&?
"2)2## $&?to "0)2##
$&?
/")/## $&?to /1)>##
$&?
1 =hreshold signal levelo! the receiver
BE 10^)
2,2"048 M:its) ^84 dB$
4,2"048 M:its) ^82 dB$
8,2"048 M:its) ^80 dB$
13,2"048 M:its) ^58 dB$
BE 10^3)
2,2"048 M:its) ^82 dB$
4,2"048 M:its) ^80 dB$
8,2"048 M:its) ^58 dB$
13,2"048 M:its) ^53 dB$
14 ervice channeloptional >rderwire) with D=M signaling
16 /$:ient te$perature
*ndoor)
0bC to F60bC
>perating te$perature)
^10bC to F66bC
>utdoor)
^bC to F66bC
>perating te$perature) ^40bC to F66bC
13 elative hu$idit'*ndoor) &6P
>utdoor) 100P without condensation
15 /pplica:le height 6000 $
18 Mechanicalcharacteristics
/ntenna connection) ?-112 waveguideA C%-112; !lange* ca:le connector) t'pe-#A !e$ale
Ca:inet)
*DD
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No.
Operatin!5re9uency
C(aracteristics
"/)2;# $&?to "1)/;#
$&?
")## $&?to ";)12#
$&?
"2)2## $&?to "0)2##
$&?
/")/## $&?to /1)>##
$&?
1& ?eight*D
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No.
Operatin!5re9uency
Per+ormanceParameter
2."/; B&? to @.;
B&?
"/.2; B&? to
"1./; B&?
"./; B&? to
";.1; B&?
8 BE without !adingQ 10^11without EC
Q 10^1with EC
& Data inter!erence Co$pliant with *=rderwire phone) DB&
Data) 0 :its to &300 :itsA -22A -42242A DB&
#M) user-de!ined :it rateA DB&
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No.
Operatin!5re9uency
Per+ormanceParameter
2."/; B&? to @.;
B&?
"/.2; B&? to
"1./; B&?
"./; B&? to
";.1; B&?
18 /$:ient te$perature*DDutput power)tandard
igh
F15 dB$
F22 dB$
4 re.uenc' sta:ilit' G0"0006P
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No.
Operatin!5re9uency
C(aracFteristics
"2.2 B&? to
"0.2 B&?
/"." B&? to
/1.> B&?
/.; B&? to
/>.; B&?
12.# B&? to
10.; B&?
6 =hreshold signal levelo! the receiver
1,E1) ^88 dB$ ^8& dB$ ^88 dB$ ^& dB$
2,E1) ^86 dB$ ^83 dB$ ^86 dB$ ^&0 dB$
4,E1) ^82 dB$ ^8 dB$ ^82 dB$ ^85 dB$
8,E1) ^5& dB$ ^55 dB$ ^5& dB$ ^81 dB$
13,E1) ^53 dB$ ^54 dB$ ^53 dB$ ^58 dB$
2 pread spectru$ $icrowave series$odel Ar*ink " Ar*ink/G " Ar*inkG "
E.uip$entinde,
re.uenc'arrange$ent
2"4 ; 6"5; 2"4 ;6"5;
2"4;
6"5;
#u$:er o!channels 4 3 2 2 2 2
>ccupied:andwidth 40 M
40M 80 M
80M
80M
80M
=rans$itter
tandardpower F8 dB$
F20dB$
F20dB$
F16dB$
F20dB$
F16dB$
>ptionalpower
F25dB$
/d@ust$entrange 10 dB
10dB 10 dB
10dB 10 dB 10 dB
=rans$it * 200 M
eceiver
Ma,i$u$receivedpower
^0dB$
^0dB$ 0 dB$
^0dB$
0dB$
^0dB$
itless 0 dB$
BE 10^3threshold
^&1dB$
^8&dB$
^84dB$
^82dB$
^81dB$
^5&dB$
eceive * 480 M
Co$$oninde, Data rate E1 2,E1
,E1or4,E1
*nter!ace +"6 63-538:psAE1;"50E1 ;"50 E1;"50E1
Modulation sche$e E1D>BK63-538 KDB%K 139/M 139/M
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$odel Ar*ink " Ar*ink/G " Ar*inkG "
pread spectru$ $ethod Direct se.uence spread spectru$
#u$:er o! spreading codes 2 13 13
;ain S 10 dB
?idth , depth , height 40 $$ , 460 $$ , 0 $$
?eight 2"5 g "3 g "3 g
Controland alar$indication
*ntelligent spread spectru$$icrowave Controlled :' so!tware#M
(ED indicator %owerA s'nchroniationA trans$ittingreceivingA alar$
(ED displa' (in status o! original para$eters
#M s'ste$ Ele$ent $anage$ent
%owersuppl'inde,
/C &0 + to 230 + /CA 6030
DC 20 + to 63 + DC
%ower consu$ption 66 ? to 86 ?
?eight "3 g
Mode$and unit
* ca:le Ma,i$u$ length) 160 $
torage te$perature ^40bC to 30bC
/ltitude 4300 $
u$idit' 0P to &6P without condensation
unit=e$perature ^40bC to 30bC
ainproo! level 100 $$hA 4 inchh
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/./ Common $icrowa%e Antenna Parameters
I. $icrowa%e Antennas o+ C(ina lectronic Industry $inistry No.10 Researc(Institute
$odelOperatin!5re9uency
B&?
AntennaDiameter
m
Baind,i
,eam8idt(
H
XPDd,
5rontFtoF,ack Ratio"@#H;H
$aximumV68Rd,
Polari?ationDecouplin!
Ratio
inglepolariation
M10-51D 5"126 to5"526 1"0 6"21 2"82 0 43 1"08
M10-51D 5"126 to5"526 1"2 3"5& 2"6 0 48 1"08
M10-51D 5"126 to5"526 1"8 40"1 1"63 0 62 1"05
M10-51D 5"126 to5"526 2"0 41"2 1"41 0 6 1"05
M10-51D 5"126 to5"526 "2 46"40 0"88 0 65 1"03
Dual polariation
M18-51 5"126 to5"526 1"8 40"11 1"63 0 62 1"08 40
M20-51 5"126 to5"526 2"0 41"12 1"41 0 6 1"08 40
M2-51 5"126 to5"526 "2 46"20 0"88 0 65 1"05 40
igh-per!or$ancesingle polariation
M;20-51D 5"126 to
5"526
2 41"2 1"41 0 34 1"05
M;2-51D 5"126 to5"526 "2 46"0 0"88 0 38 1"03
igh-per!or$ancedual polariation
M;20-51 5"126 to5"526 2 41"0 1"41 0 34 1"08 40
M;2-51 5"126 to5"526 "2 46"10 0"88 0 38 1"05 40
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$odelOperatin!5re9uency
B&?
AntennaDiameter
m
Baind,i
,eam8idt(
H
XPDd,
5rontFtoF,ack Ratio"@#H;H
$aximumV68Rd,
Polari?ationDecouplin!
Ratio
igh-per!or$ancedual polariationwith rado$es
M;20-51 5"126 to5"526 1"8 40"4 1"6 0 26 1"05 40
M;2-51 5"126 to5"526 "0 44"8 0"& 0 0 1"03 40
inglepolariation
M10-51D 8"200 to8"560 1"0 3"40 2"48 0 48 1"08
M10-51D 8"200 to8"560 1"2 5"&8 2"05 0 61 1"08
M10-51D 8"200 to8"560 1"8 41"60 1"8 0 62 1"05
M10-51D 8"200 to8"560 2"0 42"41 1"24 0 6 1"05
M10-51D 8"200 to8"560 "2 43"60 0"58 0 6& 1"03
Dual polariation
M18-51 8"200 to8"560 1"8 40"0 1"8 0 62 1"08 40
M20-51 8"200 to8"560 2"0 42"21 1"24 0 6 1"08 40
M2-51 8"200 to8"560 "2 43"0 0"58 0 6& 1"05 40
igh-per!or$ancesingle polariation
M;20-82D 8"200 to8"600 2 42"26 1"23 0 36 1"05
M;2-82D 8"200 to8"600 "2 43"0 0"5& 0 3& 1"03
igh-per!or$ancedual polariation
M;20-82 8"200 to8"600 2 42"06 1"23 0 36 1"08 40
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$odelOperatin!5re9uency
B&?
AntennaDiameter
m
Baind,i
,eam8idt(
H
XPDd,
5rontFtoF,ack Ratio"@#H;H
$aximumV68Rd,
Polari?ationDecouplin!
Ratio
M;2-82 8"200 to8"600 "2 43"10 0"5& 0 3& 1"05 40
inglepolariation
M10-115D 11"50 to12"60 1"0 &"64 1"5 0 60 1"08
M12-115D 11"50 to12"60 1"2 41"12 1"44 0 6 1"08
M18-115D
11"50 to
12"60 1"8 44"34 0"&3 0 63 1"08
M20-115D 11"50 to12"60 2"0 46"63 0"85 0 65 1"05
M2-115D 11"50 to12"60 "2 4&"34 0"64 0 31 1"05
Dual polariation
M18-115 11"50 to12"60 1"8 40"0 0"&3 0 63 1"08 40
M20-115 11"50 to
12"602"0 42"21 0"85 0 65 1"08 40
M2-115 11"50 to12"60 "2 43"0 0"64 0 31 1"05 40
igh-per!or$ancesingle polariation
M;20-115D 11"50 to12"60 2 46"45 0"85 0 35 1"05
M;2-115D 11"50 to12"60 "2 4&"64 0"64 0 50 1"05
igh-per!or$ancedual polariation
M;20-82 11"50 to12"60 2 46"25 0"85 0 35 1"08 40
M;2-82 11"50 to12"60 "2 4&"4 0"64 0 50 1"08 40
#ote) =he antennas with !re.uencies higher than those listed in the preceding ta:leare seldo$ applied in China and are o!ten used in research" =he antennas withhigher !re.uencies in application are $anu!actured :' the vendors !ro$ othercountries"
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II. Andrew Antennas
$odel Operatin!5re9uencyB&?
AntennaDiameterm:+t
Baind,i
,eam8idt(H
5rontFtoF,ack Ratio"@#H;H
XPDd,
$aximum
V68RRe+lection*oss d,
Ad3ustable An!le&ori?ontal:Vertical
%X4-36 3"426 to5"126 1"24 6"& 2"5 68 0 1"08 28"
%X3-36 3"426 to5"126 1"83 &"6 1"5 34 0 1"05 2&"4
%X8-36 3"426 to5"126 2"48 42"0 1" 33 4 1"03 0"5
%4-36
3"426 to
5"126 1"24 3"0 2"5 68 0 1"08 28"
%3-36 3"426 to5"126 1"83 &"6 1"5 34 0 1"03 0"5
%8-36 3"426 to5"126 2"48 42" 1" 33 0 1"03 0"5
%/X3-36 3"426 to5"126 1"83 8"4 1"8 6& 0 1"08 28"
%/X8-36 3"426 to5"126 2"48 41"2 1" 30 0 1"08 28"
%/X3-36 3"426 to5"126 "010 4"3 1"1 30 0 1"03 0"5
ingle-polaried standard antenna 3"426 ; to 5"126 ;='pes o! the antenna connector) C%15;A %D50A and
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$odelOperatin!5re9uency
B&?
AntennaDiameter
m:+t
Baind,i
,eam8idt(
H
5rontFtoF,ack Ratio
"@#H;H
XPDd,
$aximumV68R
Re+lection
*oss d,
Ad3ustable An!le&ori?ontal:Vertical
+%2-555"56 to 8"6
?112840"32
0"4to1"1
4"3 64 0 1"16 2"1 G16bG60b
+%4-555"56 to 8"6
?112841"24
3"5to5"6
2"2 32 2 1"16 2"1 G16bG20b
+%3-555"56 to 8"6
?112841"83
40"3to40"8
1"6 34 2 1"16 2"1 G6bG6b
+%X2-555"56 to 8"6
?112840"32
2&"8to0"4
4"3 6 0 1"0 15"5 G16bG60b
+%X4-555"56 to 8"6
?112841"24
3"3to5"4
2"2 30 2 1"16 2"1 G16bG20b
+%X3-555"56 to 8"6
?112841"83
40"6to40"5
1"6 34 2 1"16 2"1 G6bG6b
+%4-115
11"5-12"2
?56120 1"24
40"&
to41"1 1"5 30 2 1"20 20"8 G16bG20b
+%1-1012"5-1"26
?561200"1
2&"0to2&"4
6"0 63 0 1"20 20"8 G16bG60b
+%2-1012"5-1"26
?561200"32
6"1to6"6
2"8 31 2 1"20 20"8 G16bG20b
+%4-1012"5-1"26
?561201"24
41"2to41"3
1" 35 2 1"20 20"8 G16bG20b
+%3-1012"5-1"26
?5612031"8
44"8to46"1
0"& 50 2 1"20 20"8 G6bG6b
+%1-14214"26-16"6
?321400"1
0"80to1"4
4"6 60 0 1"20 20"8 G16bG60b
+%2-14214"26-16"6
?321400"32
3"2to3"8
2"4 32 2 1"20 20"8 G16bG60b
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$odelOperatin!5re9uency
B&?
AntennaDiameter
m:+t
Baind,i
,eam8idt(
H
5rontFtoF,ack Ratio
"@#H;H
XPDd,
$aximumV68R
Re+lection
*oss d,
Ad3ustable An!le&ori?ontal:Vertical
+%4-14214"26-16"6
?321401"24
42"2to42"8
1"2 38 2 1"20 20"8 G16bG20b
+%3-14214"26-16"6
?3214031"8
46"5to43"
0"8 51 2 1"2020"8b G6bG6b
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/.1 5eeder Parameters
=he $icrowave e.uip$ent over 10 ; is co$$onl' used in engineering" =his t'peo! $icrowave e.uip$ent integrates antennasA high-!re.uenc' devicesA $ultiple,ersAand other devices" *n this caseA !eeders are not used" (ow-!re.uenc' $icrowavee.uip$ent need large-sie antennas and high-!re.uenc' devices :ecause thewavelength is long" =here!oreA low-!re.uenc' $icrowave e.uip$ent is split-$ounte.uip$ent" /ntennas and high-!re.uenc' devices are installed at di!!erent places" *nthis caseA long !eeders are re.uired" =his section descri:es onl' the !eeder s'ste$and co$$on !i,ing accessories applied to 58 ; $icrowave e.uip$ent"
Elliptical !eeders are si$ple in co$position and !le,i:le in usage and thus are widel'used"
I. Composition o+ lliptical 5eeder 6ystems
/ntenna inter!ace !eeder connecting to the !lange ^ optional) :ent rectangular!eeder or rigid twist waveguide ^ upper sealing section o! the !eeder ^ellipticalrectangular converter ^ elliptical !eeder ^ ellipticalrectangular converter ^lower sealing section o! the !eeder ^ optional) :ent rectangular !eeder or rigid twistwaveguide trans$itreceive inter!ace o! the splitter at the transceiver transceiver
=he length o! the elliptical !eeder depends on the distance :etween the antenna andthe e.uip$ent" =he other co$ponents e,cept the optional co$ponents $ust :econ!igured with the corresponding rein!orcingA sealingA and grounding $aterials" Houcan re.uire the $anu!acturer to provide those $aterials"
1 =he characteristics o! E?%34 and E?34 waveguides are provided as !ollows) Modeligh-.ualit' waveguide E?%34
tandard waveguide E?34
Electrical per!or$ance
Ma,i$u$ !re.uenc' range) 6" ; to 5"56 ; =he connection o! rectangularwaveguides is li$ited in application"
Cut-o!! !re.uenc' !or thee=E11$ode) 4"2 ;
;roup dela' when the cut-o!! !re.uenc' is 5"4 ;) 124 ns100!t or 408 ns100$
ated pea power when the cut-o!! !re.uenc' is 5"4 ;) 105 ? 134 series
connectors30 ? 234 series connectors Mechanical characteristics
Mini$u$ :ending radius) inch $$
Ma,i$u$ twisting angle) degree!t degree$) 1
ie o! the @acet) 1"88 inch , 1"08 inch 45"8 $$ , 25"4 $$
?eight) 0"4& l:!t 0"5 g$
/ttenuatorA average powerA and group velocit'
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5re9uency B&?Attenuation d,:"##+t
d,:"##mRated A%era!e Power
k8Broup Velocity J
3"& 1"62 6"10 4"14 58"05"1 1"4& 4"& 4"21 5&"4
5"6 1"46 4"53 4"4 81"5
5"56 1"4 4"3& 4"41 8"0
#ote) =he attenuation values listed in the preceding ta:le are o:tained when thea$:ient te$perature is 24bC and +? is 1A whereas the rated average powerwithin G6P is :ased on the condition when +? is 1 and the a$:ient te$peratureis 42bC 105"3b"
ie o! !langes
$odel and Pattern * inc(:mm 8 inc(:mm A inc(:mm8ei!(tlb:k!
134DCA 134DC=A
134CA 134CM
the pattern o! the circular!lange with a seal ringo$itted
6"16 "84 "8"4 "61"3
134DEA 134DE=
the pattern o! therectangular !lange with aseal ring o$itted
6"16 "84 "8"4 "61"3
234DEA 234DE=
the pattern o! therectangular !lange with aseal ring o$itted
6"12 "84 "8"1 "41"6
134EMA 134EA 234EA234EM
the pattern o! the
rectangular !lange with aseal ring o$itted
6"14"6 "84 "8"3 "61"3
>rdering in!or$ation o! waveguides
igh-.ualit' !eeders
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5re9uencyB&?
5eeder'ype
5lan!e 'ypeAd3ustableConnector
5ixed'uned
6ealin!8indow
Connector
/FInc( #.>F$eter
Permanent
'wist8a%e!uideV68R ".#>Re+lection
*oss4 1#.2 d,
5"126 to5"56 E?%34-51
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Ma,i$u$ twisting angle) degree!t degree$) 1
ie o! the @acet) 1"52 inch , 1"00 inch 4"8 $$ , 26"4 $$
?eight) 0"46 l:!t 0"35 g$ /ttenuatorA average powerA and group velocit'
5re9uency B&?Attenuation d,:"##+t
d,:"##mRated A%era!e
Power k8Broup Velocity J
3"& 1"&5 3"43 "0 52"&
3"1 2"3 5"56 2"62 3"
5"6 1"8 3"00 "23 5&"0
8"6 1"50 6"68 "61 8"1
#ote) =he attenuation values listed in the preceding ta:le are o:tained when thea$:ient te$perature is 24bC and +? is 1A whereas the rated average powerwithin G6P is :ased on the condition when +? is 1 and the a$:ient te$peratureis 42bC 105"3b" ie o! !langes
$odel and Pattern * inc(:mm 8 inc(:mm A inc(:mm8ei!(tlb:k!
155DCA 155DC=A 155DC%A155DCMA 155DCM=A 155CA155CM
the pattern o! the circular
!lange with a seal ringo$itted
4"6116 2"53& 2"563&"8 2"81"
155DEA 115DE=A 155DEM=
the pattern o! the rectangular!lange with a seal ringo$itted
4"8122 2"53& 2"563&"8 2"81"
155EA 155EM
the pattern o! the rectangular!lange with a seal ringo$itted
4"6116 2"53& 2"563&"8 2"81"
>rdering *n!or$ation o! ?aveguides
igh-.ualit' !eeders
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5re9uencyB&?
5eeder'ype
5lan!e'ype
Ad3ustableConnector
5ixedF'unedConnector
6ealin!8indow
Connector
/FInc( #.>F$eter
Permanent
'wist8a%e!uideV68R#>
Re+lection*oss4 1#.2
d,
5"126 to5"56
E?%55-51
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*n additionA there are other accessories including rein!orcingA groundingA !oldingAli!tingA waterproo!ingA and sealing co$ponents"
=he characteristics o! E?86 waveguides are provided as !ollows) Model
igh-.ualit' waveguide E?%86
Electrical per!or$ance
Ma,i$u$ !re.uenc' range) 5"5 ; to &"8 ; =he connection o! rectangularwaveguides is li$ited in application"
Cut-o!! !re.uenc' !or thee=E11$ode) 3"43 ;
;roup dela' when the cut-o!! !re.uenc' is &"2 ;) 142 ns100!t or 436 ns100$
ated pea power when the cut-o!! !re.uenc' is &"2 ;) 8"& ?
Mechanical characteristics
Mini$u$ :ending radius) inch $$
Ma,i$u$ twisting angle) degree!t degree$) 1
ie o! the @acet) 1"2& inch , 0"88 inch 2"8 $$ , 22"4 $$
?eight) 0" l:!t 0"60 g$
/ttenuatorA average powerA and group velocit'
5re9uency B&?Attenuation d,:"##+t
d,:"##mRated A%era!e
Power k8Broup Velocity J
5"5 4"2 14"20 1"15 64"45"& 4"01 1"10 1"23 65"3
8"1 "58 12"40 1"4 30"
8"6 "46 11"1 1"43 36"3
&"8 2"& &"30 15"2 56"3
#ote) =he attenuation values listed in the preceding ta:le are o:tained when thea$:ient te$perature is 24bC and +? is 1A whereas the rated average powerwithin G6P is :ased on the condition when +? is 1 and the a$:ient te$peratureis 42bC 105"3b"
ie o! !langes
$odel andPattern
* inc(:mm 8 inc(:mm A inc(:mm 8ei!(t lb:k!
186BC
the pattern o! therectangular !langewith a seal ringo$itted
4"56121 2"162 "68& 2"00"&
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>rdering *n!or$ation o! ?aveguides
igh-.ualit' !eeders
5re9uencyB&?
5eeder'ype
5lan!e'ype
7nad3ustableConnector
6ealin!8indow
Connector
/FInc( #.>F$eterPermanent 'wist
8a%e!uide V68R".#> Re+lection*oss4 1#.2 d,
8"6 to &"8 E?86
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No. $odel
InnerConductor
Insulation *ayerOuter
ConductorOuter Lacket *en!t(
Cc
I
Number:Diamet
er
Outer
Diameterm
m
$aterial
OuterDiamet
ermm
Pattern
$aximum
Outer
Diameter
mm
Nominal
'(icknessm
m
$inimum
'(icknessm
m
OuterDiameter
mm
Production*en!t(
m
$ini
mumCable*en!t(
$a
r!in
m
1 'v-60-1 50"0& 0"25 %ol'eth'lene 0"85G0"06ingleBraid 1"40 0"2& 0"20 1"&G0"10
60to200
6
2 'v-60-2-1 50"16 0"46 %ol'eth'lene 1"6G0"1 ingleBraid 2"10 0"4 0"0 2"&G0"1060to200
6
'v-60-2-2 10"38 0"38 %ol'eth'lene 2"2G0"1 ingleBraid "10 0"63 0"40 4"0G0"20 100to2006 6
4 'v-60- 10"&0 0"&0 %ol'eth'lene "0G0"16 ingleBraid "86 0"33 0"46 6"0G0"26100to200
6 6
6 'v-60-6-1 11"5 1"5 %ol'eth'lene 4"3G0"20 ingleBraid 6"60 0"&0 0"30 5"0G0"0100to200
6 6
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No. $odel
InnerConductor
Insulation *ayerOuter
ConductorOuter Lacket *en!t(
Cc
I
Number:Diamet
er
Outer
Diameterm
m
$aterial
OuterDiamet
ermm
Pattern
$aximum
Outer
Diameter
mm
Nominal
'(icknessm
m
$inimum
'(icknessm
m
OuterDiameter
mm
Production*en!t(
m
$ini
mumCable*en!t(
$a
r!in
m
3 'v-60-6-2 11"5 1"5 %ol'eth'lene 4"3G0"20 Dou:leBraid 3"20 0"&0 0"30 5"8G0"0100to200
6 6
5 'v-60-5-1 50"53 2"28 %ol'eth'lene 5"G0"26 ingleBraid 8"60 1"0 0"50 10"2G0"060to100
6 6
8 'v-60-5-2 50"53 2"28 %ol'eth'lene 5"G0"26 Dou:leBraid &"0 1"0 0"50 11"2G0"0 60to1006 6
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II. 6tructure and Per+ormance o+ t(e 6KV 6eries 2;Fo(m and "##Fo(m CoaxialR5 Cables
No.
$odel
InnerCondu
ctor
Insulation
*ayer
OuterCondu
ctor
OuterLacket
*en!t(
C(ar
acteristic
Impedance
M
$inimumInsulationResist
ancekM:k
m
$aximumAttenuati
onConstant
d,:m
$aximu
m7sable5re9uency
$&?
Calcu
latin!8ei!(tk!:k
m
Numbe
r:Diameter
OuterDi
ametermm
$a
terial
OuterDi
ametermm
Pa
ttern
$axi
mumOu
terDiameter
mm
Nominal
'(ickness
mm
$inimum
'(ickness
mm
OuterDi
ametermm
Production*en!t(
m
$ini
mumCable
*en!t(
$ar!in
m
1#$&?
/#
#$&?
1###$&?
1
'v-56-2
50"08
0"24
%ol'
eth'lene
1"6G0"10
ing
leBraid
2"10
0"4
0"0
2"&G0"10
60to200
6 56G6104
0"22
0"65&
2"&5
104
16"55
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No.
$
odel
InnerCondu
ctor
Insulation
*ayer
OuterCondu
ctor
OuterLacket
*en!t(
C(aracteristi
cImpedance
M
$inim
umInsulationResistancekM:k
m
$aximumAttenuati
onConstant
d,:m
$aximum7sa
ble5re9uency
$&?
Calculatin!
8ei!(tk!:k
m
Number:Dia
meter
OuterDiamet
ermm
$ateri
al
OuterDiamet
ermm
Patter
n
$axi
mumOuterDiam
eter
mm
Nominal
'(ickn
essmm
$inimum'(ickn
ess
mm
OuterDiamet
ermm
Production*en!t
(m
$ini
mumCable*en!t(
$ar!in
m
1#$&
?
/##$&
?
1###$
&?
2
'v-5
6-
50"15
0"61
%ol'eth'l
ene
"0G0"
16
ingleB
raid
"86
0"33
0"46
6"0G0"
26
60to20
0
6 56G104
0"12
2
0"0
8
1"35
3
104
41"5&
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No.
$
odel
InnerCondu
ctor
Insulation
*ayer
OuterCondu
ctor
OuterLacket
*en!t(
C(aracteristi
cImpedance
M
$inim
umInsulationResistancekM:k
m
$aximumAttenuati
onConstant
d,:m
$aximum7sa
ble5re9uency
$&?
Calculatin!
8ei!(tk!:k
m
Number:Dia
meter
OuterDiamet
ermm
$ateri
al
OuterDiamet
ermm
Patter
n
$axi
mumOuterDiam
eter
mm
Nominal
'(ickn
essmm
$inimum'(ickn
ess
mm
OuterDiamet
ermm
Production*en!t
(m
$ini
mumCable*en!t(
$ar!in
m
1#$&
?
/##$&
?
1###$
&?
'v-56-
6-1
10"52
0"52
%ol'eth'l
ene
4"3G0"
2
ingleB
raid
6"60
0"&
0"30
5"1G0"
0
100to20
0
6 56G104
0"050
3
0"1&
0
1"02
8
104
53"63
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No.
$
odel
InnerCondu
ctor
Insulation
*ayer
OuterCondu
ctor
OuterLacket
*en!t(
C(aracteristi
cImpedance
M
$inim
umInsulationResistancekM:k
m
$aximumAttenuati
onConstant
d,:m
$aximum7sa
ble5re9uency
$&?
Calculatin!
8ei!(tk!:k
m
Number:Dia
meter
OuterDiamet
ermm
$ateri
al
OuterDiamet
ermm
Patter
n
$axi
mumOuterDiam
eter
mm
Nominal
'(ickn
essmm
$inimum'(ickn
ess
mm
OuterDiamet
ermm
Production*en!t
(m
$ini
mumCable*en!t(
$ar!in
m
1#$&
?
/##$&
?
1###$
&?
4
'v-56-
6-1
10"23
0"58
%ol'eth'l
ene
4"3G0"
20
ingleB
raid
6"60
0"&
0"30
5"1G0"
0
100to20
0
6 56G104
0"058
6
0"21
1
1"21
104
53"5
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No.
$
odel
InnerCondu
ctor
Insulation
*ayer
OuterCondu
ctor
OuterLacket
*en!t(
C(aracteristi
cImpedance
M
$inim
umInsulationResistancekM:k
m
$aximumAttenuati
onConstant
d,:m
$aximum7sa
ble5re9uency
$&?
Calculatin!
8ei!(tk!:k
m
Number:Dia
meter
OuterDiamet
ermm
$ateri
al
OuterDiamet
ermm
Patter
n
$axi
mumOuterDiam
eter
mm
Nominal
'(ickn
essmm
$inimum'(ickn
ess
mm
OuterDiamet
ermm
Production*en!t
(m
$ini
mumCable*en!t(
$ar!in
m
1#$&
?
/##$&
?
1###$
&?
6
'v-10
0-5
11"30
0"3
%ol'eth'l
ene
5"G0"
26
ingleB
raid
8"60
1"0
0"50
10"2G0"
0
60to20
0
6100G6
104
0"06
5
0"14
5
0"52
&
104
14"62
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III. 6tructure and Per+ormance o+ t(e 6KV 6eries 2;Fo(m and "##Fo(m CoaxialR5 Cables
/.; Protection Area o+ *i!(tnin! Arresters
I. Protection Area o+ a 6in!le *i!(tnin! Arrester
1"6h
h
h,
ha
%rotection area on thehoriontal plane
r
46
h2
1 Hou can calculate the radius o! the protection area on the ground o! a lightningarrester according to the !ollowing !or$ula)
r 1"6h
?hereA
r) protection radius unit) $
h) height o! the lightning arrester unit) $
2 Hou can calculate the protection radius on the horiontal plane at a height o! h,where the protected o:@ect is located according to the !ollowing !or$ula)
?hen h,O h2)
r, h - h,p hap
?hereA
r,) protection radius o! the lightning arrester on the horiontal plane at a height o! h ,unit) $
h,) height o! the protected o:@ect unit) $
h) e!!ective height o! the lightning arrester unit) $
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p) in!luence coe!!icient o! height
?hen h Q 0 $A p 1
?hen 0 $ ] h Q 120 $A p 6"6h 12
=he s'$:ols in the !ollowing !or$ulas have the sa$e $eanings"
?hen h,] h2)
r, 1"6h - 2h,p
II. Protection Area o+ 'wo *i!(tnin! Arresters wit( t(e 6ame &ei!(t
h,
%rotection area onthe horiontal plane
1 Hou can calculate the protection area o! the outer side o! the two lightningarresters :' using the !or$ulas that are used !or calculating the protection areain the case o! one lightning arrester"
2 =he protection area :etween the two lightning arresters is deter$ined :' the arcthat passes the verte,es o! the two lightning arresters and the lowest point > onthe upper edge o! the protection area" =he radius o! the arc is 0" %oint > is theverte, o! the lightning arrester" Hou can calculate the height h 0 o! point >according to the !ollowing !or$ula)
h0 h - D5p
?hereA
h0) height o! the lowest point on the upper edge o! the protection area :etween thetwo lightning arresters
D) distance :etween the two lightning arresters unit) $
Hou can calculate the $ini$u$ width at one side o! the protection area that is:etween the two lightning arresters on the horiontal plane at the height o! h ,according to the !ollowing !or$ula)
:, 1"6 h0- h,
?hereA
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:,) $ini$u$ width at one side o! the protection area unit) $
?hen D 5hapA :, 0"
/!ter :, is nownA 'ou can draw the protection area :etween the two lightningarresters :' re!erring to the previous !igure"
=he ratio o! the distance :etween the two lightning arresters and the height o! thelightning arrester should not :e $ore than 6"
III. Protection Area o+ 'wo *i!(tnin! Arresters wit( Di++erent &ei!(ts
D
D
!
h2 h1
1 Hou can calculate the outer protection area o! the two lightning arresters withdi!!erent heights :' using the !or$ulas used !or calculating the protection area inthe case o! one lightning arrester"
2 =o calculate the protection area :etween the two lightning arresters with di!!erentheightsA do as !ollows)
- Calculate the protection area o! lightning arrester 1 that is the higher"
- Draw a horiontal line !ro$ the verte, o! lightning arrester 2 that is thelower" =he line intersects the upper protection edge o! lightning arrester 1 atpoint "
- Consider point as the verte, o! the e.uivalent lightning arrester andcalculate the protection area :etween lightning arresters 2 and according tothe $ethod descri:ed in the previous section" Hou can calculate the height o! thearc that passes point 2A point A and the lowest point on the upper edge o! theprotection area as !ollows)
! D`5p
?hereA
!) arc height $
D) distance :etween lightning arrester 2 and e.uivalent lightning arrester unit) $
p) the sa$e as :e!ore
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/.> Calculation $et(od and Common Data o+ *i!(tnin!Protection Broundin! Resistance
I. 5ormula o+ Calculatin! t(e Resistance o+ a 6in!le Broundin! ,ody in7ni+orm 6oil
1 +ertical grounding :odies ;rounding pipes
igure 1"1 shows a grounding pipe that is :uried underground"
d
t
l
;round sur!ace
5i!ure "." +ertical grounding :odies
=he !or$ula !or calculating the resistance o! a single grounding :od' is as !ollows)
IV2LJ , (n4 F 2td F 4t ------- 2-1
?hereA
) resistance o! the grounding pipe unit) f
V) soil resistivit' unit) f$
) length o! the vertical grounding pipe unit) $
d) dia$eter o! the vertical grounding pipe unit) $
t) :urial depth !ro$ the ground sur!ace to the top o! the grounding pipe unit) $
ection steel grounding :odies
*! section steel is used as grounding :odies instead o! steel pipesA replace d in!or$ula 2-1 with the e.uivalent dia$eter"
/ lat steel) d :2 :) length o! the !lat steel
B E.ual angle steel) d 0"84: :) length o! the angle steel
C
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=he !or$ulas !or calculating the resistance o! the section steel grounding :odies areas !ollows)
lat steel) IV2LJ , (n 8 F 2t: F 4t ------------ 2-2
E.ual angle steel)
IV2LJ , (n 4"81 F 2t: F 4t ----- 2-
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/nnulus grounding :odies
*n certain casesA to save the spaceA 'ou can :ur' the conductor or !lat sheet into anannulus" ee igure "1"
t
d
;round sur!ace
D
D
5i!ure 1." ing grounding conductors
ing grounding conductors
?hen the :urial length is t $etersA 'ou can calculate the grounding resistance o! thering grounding conductor according to the !ollowing !or$ula)
IV2L2
DJ , (n 8Ld2
dt --- 2-5?hereA
) grounding resistance o! the ring grounding conductor unit) f
V) soil resistivit' unit) f$
D) dia$eter o! the ring grounding conductor unit) $
d) dia$eter o! the ring grounding conductor unit) $
t) :urial depth !ro$ the ground sur!ace to the ring grounding conductor unit) $
ing !lat steel grounding :odies
=o calculate the grounding resistance o! the ring !lat steel grounding :od'A re!er to the!or$ula !or calculating the grounding resistance o! the ring grounding conductor anduse the e.uivalent dia$eter 0"6: to replace :"
IV2L2DJ , (n8Ld2dt --- 2-8
?hereA
:) length o! the cross-section o! the !lat steel unit) $
%late grounding :odies
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) length o! the reticular grounding :od' unit) $
d) dia$eter o! the reticular grounding :od' unit) $
h) :urial depth !ro$ the ground sur!ace to the reticular grounding :od' unit) $
II. 'otal Resistance o+ $ultiple Broundin! ,odies
=he grounding straps o! $ultiple grounding :odies are insulated !ro$ soil"
=he !or$ula !or calculating the total resistance o! $ultiple vertical grounding :odies o!the sa$e t'pe is as !ollows)
# 1n1 ----------------------------------- 2-12
?hereA
#) total resistance o! the vertical grounding :odies o! the sa$e t'pe unit) f
1) resistance o! one vertical grounding :od' unit) f
n) nu$:er o! the vertical grounding :odies
1) utiliation coe!!icient o! the vertical grounding :od'
A: #.; " ".; / /.; 1 "#
0"6 0"64 0"3 0"54 0"5& 0"86 /ppro,i$ateto 1
=he relation :etween the utiliation coe!!icient o! the vertical grounding :od' anda is shown in the !ollowing ta:le ) length o! the vertical grounding :od'Y a) space:etween vertical grounding :odies"
=he total resistance o! $ultiple horiontal grounding :odies o! the sa$e t'pe is as!ollows)
n 2n2 ---------------------------------- 2-1
?hereA
n) total resistance o! the horiontal grounding :odies o! the sa$e t'pe unit) f
2) resistance o! one horiontal grounding :od' unit) f
n) nu$:er o! the horiontal grounding :odies2) utiliation coe!!icient o! the horiontal grounding :od'
or the utiliation coe!!icients o! the parallel-strap horiontal grounding :od' and theradial grounding conductorA re!er to the !ollowing two ta:les"
1 =he grounding straps o! $ultiple grounding :odies are not insulated !ro$ soil"
?hen n vertical grounding :odies are connected :' a horiontal grounding :od'Acalculate the total grounding resistance as !ollows)
12I12F 21 nJ ---------------------- 2-14
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) total grounding resistance o! the n vertical grounding :odies connected :' ahoriontal grounding :od' unit) f
1) grounding resistance o! one vertical grounding :od' unit) f2) grounding resistance o! the connecting strap :etween the vertical grounding:odies unit) f
1) utiliation coe!!icient o! the vertical grounding :od'
2) utiliation coe!!icient o! the connecting strap
n) nu$:er o! the vertical grounding :odies
'able "."
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16 0"82 0"8 0"52 0"5 0"6& 0"65
20 0"84 0"82 0"56 0"5 0"32 0"3
#ote) ?hen !lat steel is used as the radial strapA the e.uivalent dia$eter is :2 : isthe length o! the !lat steel"
or the relation :etween the values 1and 2and the settingnu$:er o! the verticalgrounding :odiesA re!er to the !ollowing to ta:les"
'able ".1
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'able ".
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%eatA $arliteAswa$pland 20 10 to 0 60 to 00 to 0
Mashed charcoal 40 - - -BlaclandA gardensoilA china cla'A$al$
60 0 to 100 60 to 00 10 to 0
Cla' 30 0 to 100 60 to 00 10 to 0
and' cla' 100 0 to 00 80 to 1000 10 to 0
(oess 200 100 to 200 260 0
Cla' with sandAsand 00 100 to 1000 S 1000 0 to 100
and on the river:each - 00 - -
Coal - 60 - -
ton' soil 400 - - -
ed weatheredcla' in the upperla'er and red rocin the lower la'er
600 hu$idit')0P - - -
ton' soil in the
sur!ace la'erAgravel in thelower la'er
300 hu$idit')16P - - -
and
andA gravel 1A000 260 to 1000 1000 to2600 -
and :ed with adepth o! $orethan 10 $Agrassland with adeep water ta:le
1A000 - - -
Cla' with a depth
o! $ore than 1"6$A stratu$ with$an' rocs
1A000 - - -
oc
;ravelA $acada$ 6A000 - - -
oc' stone 6A000 - - -
;ranite 200A000 - - -
Concrete *n water 40 to 66 - - -
*n wet soil 100 to 200 - - -
*n dr' soil 600 to 100 - - -
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*n dr' at$osphere 12000 to 18000 - - -
Mine Metallic ore 0"01 to 1 - - -
'able "./ elation :etween soil resistivit' a:out 16P $oisture content and te$perature
'emperature HC 6oil Resisti%ity Mm
20 52
10 &&
0 water 18
0 ice 00
^6 5&0
^16 A00
'able ".1 elation :etween soil resistivit' and hu$idit'
$oisture Content Ratio o+$oisture and 8ei!(t
Resisti%ity Mm
and' Cla' and
0 10A000A000 -
2"6 1A600 A000A000
6 40 60A000
10 186 2A100
16 106 30
20 3 2&0
0 42 -
'able ". esistivit' o! various t'pes o! water
'ype NameApproximation o+Resisti%ity Mm
'ype NameApproximation o+Resisti%ity Mm
?aterea water 1 to 6 ?ater trea$water 60 to 100
(ae waterApool water 0 iver water 0 to 300
?ater in $udand peat 16 to 20
?astewater 00
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pring 40 to 60 Distilledwater 1A000A000
;roundwater 20 to 50
'able ".; elation :etween soil resistivit' and the salt content in sand
6alt Content J 6oil Resisti%ity Mm
0 105
0"1 18
1 4"3
6 1"&10 1"
20 1
eason-correcting coe!!icient o! soil resistivit'
/!!ected :' the cli$ate including te$perature and hu$idit'A the soil resistivit' isdi!!erent in ever' $onth o! a 'ear" =o ensure that the grounding resistance $eets there.uire$ents when the soil resistivit' reaches the highestA 'ou need to use theseason-correcting coe!!icient K"
V V[ -------- 2-16
?hereA
V) soil resistivit' used !or calculating grounding resistance
V[) soil resistivit' tested in di!!erent $onths o! a 'ear" =a:le 1"1 lists the season-correcting coe!!icients in the twelve $onths o! a 'ear in Bei@ing !or re!erence"
K) season-correcting coe!!icient o! soil resistivit'
'able "." eason-correcting coe!!icients in Bei@ing
Area " / 1 ; > 2 @ 0 "# "" "/
Bei@ingF22bCto 12bC
1"08 1 0"&3 1"6 1"42 1"42 1"42 1"& 1"8 1"3 1"42 1"6
or the season-correcting coe!!icients in other areasA re!er to =a:le 1"2" Hou canselect a proper season-correcting coe!!icient according to the weather conditions"
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'able "./ eason-correcting coe!!icients in various t'pes o! areas
8eat(er Condition'ype I
Area
'ype II
Area
'ype III
Area
'ype IV
Area
?eather inde,
/verage lowte$peraturejanuar'
^20bC to ^16bC
^16bC to ^10bC
^10bC to0bC 0bC to 6bC
/verage highte$peraturejul'
F13bC toF18bC
F18bC toF22bC
F22bC toF24bC
F24bC toF23bC
/verage rain!all$$ 400 600 600 00 to 600
reee-up da' 1&0 to 150 ] 160 ] 100 0
eason-correctingcoe!!icient
/ngle steelgrounding :od'length) 1"6 $ to2"6 $Y :urialdepth) 0"6 $ to0"8 $
1"8 to 2"0 1"6 to 1"8 1"4 to 1"3 1"2 to 1"4
Band steel orwire steelgrounding :od':urial depth) 0"8$
4"6 to 5"0 "6 to 4"6 2"0 to 2"6 1"6 to 2"0
Band steel orwire steelgrounding :od':urial depth) 0"4$
3"0 to 8"0 4"6 to 6"6 2"6 to "0 2
4 Methods o! reducing the grounding resistance
Che$ical $ethods)
Che$icals are added into soil to reduce the grounding resistance" /dding salt #aclis the $ost cost-e!!ective" Hou can use the la'ering $ethod or the irrigation $ethod"*n this wa'A the grounding resistance that is not a!!ected $uch :' te$perature orhu$idit' can :e reduced to 13 to 1 in the sand' soil and to 26 to 1 in the sand'cla'" Che$icals can corrode the grounding :od'" =he validit' period is two 'earsA thatisA the salt needs to :e added again ever' two 'ears" =he a$ount o! added salt is 12o! the initial a$ount"
a" (a'ering $ethod
Dig a round hole with a dia$eter o! 0"6 $ around each grounding pipe" Bur' thegrounding pipes length) 2"6 $A dia$eter) 60 c$A thicness) 6 $$" Ensure that the:urial depth o! the grounding pipes is 0"5 $ to 1 $" /t a depth o! 1 o! the length o!the grounding pipe a:ove the grounding pipesA that isA a:out 30 c$ to 80 c$ deep!ro$ the ground sur!aceA appl' si, to eight la'ers o! salt and each la'er is 2 c$ to c$ deep" =hen appl' a la'er o! conductive hu$usA 10 c$ deep" =a$p the salt and
water the salt properl' 1 g salt to 1^2 liter water" epeat the operations and appl'2014-08-08 uawei con!idential" #o spreading without per$ission" %age 33 o! 8&
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another seven la'ers o! salt" Each grounding pipe needs 0 g to 40 g salt" ne ilogra$ o!salt needs to :e dissolved in 1 g to 2 g water"
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C" "
D" Mi, all the solutions and then add the solidi!ied agent" /ppl' the solution around
the grounding :odies" /!ter the solution is solidi!iedA :ac!ill and ta$p the soil"
:" /cr'la$ide resistance reducing agent
a or$ula
$aterial Name 6peci+icationsDosa!e
k!Proportion J 5unction
/cr'la$ide ?hite powder 0"& 4 ost cr'stal
##-di$eth'l acr'la$ide ?hite powder 0"0& 0"4 Cross-lining agent
/$$oniu$persul!ate ?hite powder 0"02 0"1 *nitiating agent
=riethanole$ine +iscous li.uid 0"0& 0"4 *nitiating agent
odiu$ chloride#acl *ndustrial product "6 16 Electrol'te
?ater 18 58 olvent
:
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Bleaching powderE!!ective sodiu$content) 28P to0P
0"13 0"6 olidi!ied agent
odiu$ chloride#acl *ndustrial product
10 Electrol'te
ine earth 13 65 /gent
"6 16
?ater 3 22 0P olvent
:
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+arnished cloth 1"1 to 1" 0 to 40 "6 to 6
=rans!or$er oil 0"86 to 0"8& 6 to 18 2 to 2"6
Mica arti!icial $ica 2"2 16 to 0 4"3 to 3
Mar:le 2"5 "6 to 6"6 8 to 10
>rganic glass 1"18 15 to 18 "2 to "3
%ara!!in 0"& to 0"& 16 to 0 2"2 to 2"
%ol'vin'l chloride %+Cplastics 1"8 46 "1 to "6
Muscovite $ica 2"8 to "2 120 to 200 3 to 5"6
%hlogopite $ica 2"6 to 2"5 30 to 126 4 to 6"6
;lass 2"6 to 2"5 10 to 40 6"6 to 10
Cera$ics 2" to 2"5 18 to 26 6 to 5"6
*nsulation paper 1"2 to 1"4 4 to 11 "6
u::er 1"16 to 1" 8 to 10 2"4 to 4"6
Material #a$e %roportion gc$esistanceCoe!!icient V0 at20bC oh$$$2$
=e$perature Coe!!iciento! esistance k 1bC
Copper 8"&6 0"0156 4"0,10-
ilver 10"66 0"13 4"0,10-
/lu$iniu$ 2"5 0"02& 4"0,10-
=in 5" to 5"6 0"12 4"4,10-
(ead 11"4 to 11"5 0"21 4"2,10-
inc 5"1 0"03 "&,10-
*ron 5"83 0"1 to 0"4 &"0,10-4
/.@ 6ubdi%ision o+ $icrowa%e 5re9uency ,ands in t(e 76A
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P ,and * ,and 6 ,and X ,and - ,and E ,and V ,and 8 ,and
u::and
re
.uenc';
u::and
re
.uenc';
u::and
re
.uenc';
u::and
re
.uenc';
u::and
re.
uenc';
u::and
re.uenc';
u::and
re.uenc';
u::and
re.
uenc';
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266
0"&
p
c
i
'
t
s
,
!
0"&
0"436
0"61
0"526
0"58
0"&
0"&6
2"&
1"6
1"46
1"66
e
!
t
c
.
'
g
s
a
w
h
d
1"66
1"36
1"86
2
2"4
2"3
2"5
2"&
"1
"4
"5
"&
4"2
6"2
a
.
'
d
:
r
c
i
s
,
!
6"2
6"6
6"56
3"2
3"26
3"&
5
8"6
&
&"3
10
10"26
10"&
p
s
e
c
u
t
.
r
$
n
i
a
10"&
12"26
1"26
14"26
16"6
15"26
20"6
24"6
23"6
28"6
0"5
3
a
:
c
d
e
3
8
40
42
44
43
a
:
c
d
e
43
48
60
62
64
63
63
100
#ote)
1 ^X'"& ; to 3"2 ;A C :and in the previous ta:le"
2 Ku^K. 16"6 ; to 24"6 ;
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C(apter 1 xamples o+ Desi!nin! and Calculatin!$icrowa%e Circuits
E,a$ple)
*n a ;M pro@ectA $icrowave can onl' :e used !or connecting BC to B=1 andB=1A due to environ$ental !actors" Design the $icrowave rela' circuit that connectsBC to B=1 and B=1" =he $a,i$u$ local rain!all is 16 $$h" =he local place hasonl' the 4 ; $icrowave circuit" =he three stations are connected in a chain BC-B=1-B=2" =he $icrowave circuit applies the $icrowave !re.uenc' o! 8 ;"
olutions)
1 Mar the points where BCA B=1A and B=2 are located on the topographic$ap with a scale o! 1)60A000 "
2 ead the plane rectangular coordinates unit) degree and altitudes unit) $ o!the pointsA !or e,a$ple)
- BC 2&8"40A 1554"86A 446- B=1 2&85"&0A 15564"4A 650- B=2 22&&2"36&A 15531"2A 630
ecord the data o! BC-B=1 and B=1-B=2 in the $icrowave trans$issionpro!ile diagra$" e!er to =a:le 1"1and =a:le 1"2"
'able "." Data o! the BC-B=1 pro!ile 1m
No. d"km Altitude m Remarks
1 0 446 /t the BC point
2 1 434
2"6 4&0
4 "8 450
6 4"2 483
3 4"8 462
5 6"3 60
8 5" 430& 8"1 480
10 &"2 640
11 11"6 650 /t the B=1 point
#ote) d1re!ers to the distance :etween B=1 and BC"
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