metabolism: fon 241; l. zienkewicz metabolism chapter 7
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Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
Metabolism
Chapter 7
Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
Metabolism:
• Metabolism: refers to the entire network of chemical processes involved in maintaining life.
• Energy metabolism: the ways that the body obtains and spends energy from food.
Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
• Anabolism: The building of compounds from small molecules into larger ones. Energy is used for this process to take place.
• Catabolism: The breakdown of molecules into smaller units. Energy is released in this process.– Ex: Glucose catabolism results in the release of
CO2 and H2O
Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate):
• The main energy source of cells. • Used for muscular contractions,
enzyme activity, etc.• Catabolism results in the production of
many ATP molecules: energy.• Used by the body when energy is
needed.• Hydrolysis breaks the bonds in ATP,
thus releasing energy.
Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
Metabolic Efficiency:
• Food energy is converted to ATP with approximately 50% efficiency.
• The other 50% is released as heat.
• When ATP is needed for energy, ~50% are used.
• Overall: 25% of food becomes energy
75% is released as heat.
Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
The Cell:
Q: Approximately how many cells does
the human body contain?
A: 1x1014 cells or
100,000,000,000,000. (100 trillion cells)
Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
The Cell:
• The site for metabolic activity.
• Liver cells are the most metabolically active.
Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
How is energy produced?Three stages:
1. Proteins, Carbohydrates and Fats are broken down during digestion and absorption into smaller units: AA’s monosaccharides and fatty acids.
2. These smaller compounds are further broken down into 2-carbon compounds.
3. Compounds are degraded into CO2
and H20.
Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
Helpers in reactions:
• Enzymes: proteins that facilitate chemical reactions without being changed in the process; protein catalysts.
• Coenzymes: assist enzymes in their activities.
Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
Breakdown of nutrients for energy:
1. Glucose breakdown
2. Glycerol and Fatty Acid breakdown
3. Amino Acid breakdown
Common Pathway Energy
Fats
Carbohydrates
Protein
Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
1. Glucose breakdown
Glycolysis: A reaction in which glucose is degraded to pyruvate; net profit: 2 ATP. An anaerobic pathway.
Glucose
Pyruvate
Lactic Acid Acetyl CoA
Oxygen available
2 ATP
Less oxygen available
Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
The path from Pyruvate to Acetyl CoA is NOT reversible.
Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
2. Glycerol and Fatty Acid breakdown
Triglycerides are broken into:Glycerol and Fatty Acids (lipolysis).
Glucose
Glycerol
Pyruvate
Fatty acids
Acetyl CoA
Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
3. Amino Acid breakdown
Glucose Amino Acids
Pyruvate Amino Acids
Acetyl CoA Amino Acids
TCA Cycle
Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
3. Amino Acid breakdown (cont.)
• Deamination: AA Keto acid and Ammonia
• Transamination
• Ammonia Urea in the Liver
• Urea excreted via the kidneys
• Water needed for urea excretion
Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
The TCA Cycle:
• Functions to convert Acetyl CoA to CO2 and to produce energy.
• Oxaloacetate combines with Acetyl CoA to begin the cycle.
• The result: produces potential ATP (energy).
Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
The Electron Transport Chain:
• The primary site for ATP (energy) synthesis.• Uses Oxygen to convert products of the TCA
cycle into energy.
Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
Why is fat higher in energy?•Fat’s carbon-hydrogen bonds can be easily oxidized, yielding energy (ATP).
•1 glucose molecule yields 38 ATP when oxidized.
•1 fatty-acid (16-C) will yield 129 ATP when oxidized.
Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
Weight Maintenance:
• Dietary fat can be easily transformed into body fat.
• Surplus protein leads to:1. Replacing daily losses.
2. Increased protein oxidation (energy).
3. Storage as fat.
• Surplus carbohydrate leads to:1. Storage as glycogen.
2. Increased CHO oxidation (variable w/ diet).
3. Storage as fat.
Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz
The body’s #1 priority:
1.Meet its energy needs.
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