medical terminology slides - the skin
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8/10/2019 Medical Terminology Slides - The skin
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Chapter 21:The Skin
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Learning Objectives• Define and list the functions of the integumentary system.• Compare the location and structure of the epidermis,
dermis, and subcutaneous tissues.• Describe the roles of keratin and melanin in the skin.• Name and describe the glands in the skin.• Describe the structure of hair and of nails.• Identify and use roots pertaining to the skin.• Describe the main disorders that affect the skin.• Interpret abbreviations used in the study and treatment of
the skin.
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Pretest
1. The uppermost portion of the skin is called the :
(a) fossa
(b) cuticle
(c) epidermis
(d) epiphysis
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Pretest
1. The uppermost portion of the skin is called the :
(a) fossa
(b) cuticle
(c) epidermis
(d) epiphysis
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Pretest
2. A hair grows within a sheath called the :
(a) follicle
(b) hyaline
(c) fascia
(d) vesicle
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Pretest
2. A hair grows within a sheath called the :
(a) follicle
(b) hyaline
(c) fascia
(d) vesicle
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Pretest
3. The glands that secrete an oily substance that lubricatesthe skin are the :
(a) sweat glands
(b) sebaceous glands
(c) mammary glands
(d) foramina
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Pretest
3. The glands that secrete an oily substance that lubricatesthe skin are the :
(a) sweat glands
(b) sebaceous glands
(c) mammary glands
(d) foramina
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Pretest
4. The rule of nines is a system used to evaluate:
(a) burns
(b) fever
(c) inflammation
(d) immunity
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Pretest
4. The rule of nines is a system used to evaluate:
(a) burns
(b) fever
(c) inflammation
(d) immunity
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Pretest
5. A pigmented skin tumor is a(n):
(a) chondrosarcoma
(b) melanoma
(c) lymphoma
(d) adenoma
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Pretest
5. A pigmented skin tumor is a(n):
(a) chondrosarcoma
(b) melanoma
(c) lymphoma
(d) adenoma
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Pretest
6. The root hidr/o pertains to:
(a) tears
(b) saliva
(c) blood
(d) sweat
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Pretest
6. The root hidr/o pertains to:
(a) tears
(b) saliva
(c) blood
(d) sweat
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Pretest
7. Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of a(n):
(a) eyelid
(b) nail
(c) hair
(d) bone
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Pretest
7. Onychomycosis is a fungal infection of a(n):
(a) eyelid
(b) nail
(c) hair
(d) bone
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Roots Pertaining to the Skin
Root Meaning Example Definition of Example
derm/o,dermat/o
skin dermabrasion surgical procedure used to resurfacethe skin and remove imperfections
kerat/o keratin, hornylayer of the skin
keratinous containing keratin; horny
melan/o dark, black,melanin
melanosome a small cellular body that producesmelanin
hidr/o sweat,
perspiration
anhidrosis absence of sweating
seb/o sebum,sebaceous gland
seborrhea excess flow of sebum
trich/o hair trichomycosis fungal infection of the hair
onych/o nail onychia inflammation of the nail and nail bed
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Anatomy of the Skin
• Skin is part of integumentary system
• Epidermis is the outermost layer
–
Four to five layers of epithelial cells– Stratum basale
• Deepest layer of epidermis
• Produces new skin cells
• New skin cells gradually rise to surface
• As skin cells rise:
• Cells die
• Cells fill with keratin
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Anatomy of the Skin (cont’d)
– Stratum corneum is the outermost layer of epidermis
•
Flat, dead, protective cells• Constantly shed and replaced
• Some cells produce melanin
•
Gives color to skin• Protects against sunlight
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Dermis and Subcutaneous Tissue• Dermis is the layer beneath epidermis
– Connective tissue
– Nerves– Blood vessels
– Lymphatics
–
Supports and nourishes skin• Subcutaneous tissue is the layer beneath dermis
– Connective tissue
– Fat
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Cross Section of the Skin
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Associated Skin Structures
• Sudoriferous glands (sweat glands)
–
Regulate temperature– Release watery fluid (sweat)
– Sweat evaporates cooling the body
•
Sebaceous glands– Release sebum (oily fluid)
– Lubricates hair and skin to prevent drying
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Associated Skin Structures (cont’d) • Hair
– Nonliving material, mainly keratin
– Develops within follicle– Grows from base within deep layers of skin
– Functions as protection
• Nails– Nonliving material, mainly keratin
– Develops from growing region at proximal end
– Functions as protection
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Key TermsNormal Structure and Function
Term Meaning
cutaneous Pertaining to the skin (from Latin cutis , meaning “skin”)
derma Skin (from Greek) dermis The layer of the skin between the epidermis and the
subcutaneous tissue; the true skin or corium
epidermis The outermost layer of the skin (from epi -, meaning “upon or over”and derm , meaning “skin”)
hair A threadlike keratinized outgrowth from the skin (root: trich/o )
hair follicle The sheath in which a hair develops
integumentary system The skin and its associated glands, hair, and nails
keratin A protein that thickens and toughens the skin and makes up hairand nails (root: kerat/o )
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Key TermsNormal Structure and Function (cont’d)
Term Meaning
melanin A dark pigment that gives color to the hair and skin and protects theskin against the sun's radiation (root: melan/o )
nail A plate-like keratinized outgrowth of the skin that covers the dorsalsurface of the terminal phalanges (root: onych/o )
sebaceous gland A gland that produces sebum; usually associated with a hair follicle(root: seb/o )
sebum A fatty secretion of the sebaceous glands that lubricates the hair and
skin (root: seb/o )
skin The tissue that covers the body; the integument (root: derm/o,dermat/o )
subcutaneous tissue The layer of tissue beneath the skin; also called the hypodermis
sudoriferous gland A sweat gland (root: hidr/o )
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Clinical Aspects of the Skin
• Dermatology is the study of skin and skin diseases
•
Observation of skin, hair, nails part of every physicalexamination
– Skin observed for color, unusual pigmentation,lesions
– Palpated to evaluate texture, temperature, moisture,firmness, tenderness
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Wounds
• Caused by:
– Trauma
– Surgery
• Complicated by:
– Infection
– Hemorrhage
– Dehiscence is a disruption of wound layers
– Evisceration is the protrusion of internal organs throughlesion
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Wound Healing
• As wound heals:
–
Fluid and cells drain from damaged tissue– Exudate may be:
• Clear
• Bloody• Pus-containing
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Wound Healing (cont’d)
• Proper wound healing:
– Cleanliness and care of lesion
– Proper circulation
– Good general health and nutrition
– Accompanied by cicatrization (scar formation)
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Promotion of Healing
• Vacuum-assisted closure uses negative pressure to closetissues
• Debridement is the removal of dead or damaged tissue
– Cutting or scrubbing
– Enzymes
– Escharotomy (removal of scar)
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Promotion of Healing (cont’d)
• Skin graft
– For deep wounds
– Full thickness skin graft (FTSG)
• Epidermis and dermis
– Split-thickness skin graft (STSG)
• Epidermis
– Done with dermatome
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Burns• Caused by:
– Hot objects
– Explosions
– Scalding
– Electrical malfunctions
– Contact with harmful chemicals
– Abrasion• Assessed by:
– Depth of damage
– Percentage of body surface area affected
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Burn Categorization• Superficial involves the epidermis only
– Skin is red and dry; there is minimal pain
• Superficial partial thickness
– Involves epidermis, and a portion of the dermis
– Tissue reddens, may blister and is painful
• Deep partial thickness
– Involves epidermis and dermis
– Tissue blisters, has weeping surface and may be lesspainful because of nerve damage
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Burn Categorization (cont’d)
• Full thickness
– Involves full skin, possibly subcutaneous tissue
– Broken, dry, and pale or charred tissue
– May result in loss of digits or limbs
– May require skin grafting
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Burn Categorization (cont’d)
• Percentage of body surface area
– Rule of nines
• Areas of body surface assigned percentages inmultiples of nine
– Lund and Browder
• More accurate
• Divides body into small areas
• Estimates proportion each area contributes
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Burn Treatment• Includes:
– Respiratory care
– Administration of fluids
– Wound care
– Pain control
– Monitoring for complications• Infections
• Cardiovascular
• Respiratory
• Posttraumatic stress
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Pressure Ulcers
• Necrotic skin lesions• Body resting on skin covering bony projections
– Sacrum– Heel– Elbow– Ischial bone of pelvis– Greater trochanter of femur
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Pressure Ulcers (cont’d)
• Interrupts circulation– Thrombosis– Ulceration– Death of tissue
• Contributing factors:– Malnutrition– Age– Obesity– Infection
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Pressure Ulcers (cont’d)
• Progression
– First appear as redness of skin
– If ignored may penetrate:
• Skin
• Underlying muscle
• Bone
– May require months to heal
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Pressure Ulcers (cont’d)
• Prevention
– Pads or mattresses to relieve pressure
– Regular cleansing and drying of skin
– Frequent change in position
– Good nutrition
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Dermatitis
• Inflammation of skin
• Example: Atopic dermatitis (eczema)
– Chronic allergic form
– Exact cause unknown, but made worse by:• Allergies
• Infection
• Temperature extremes
• Skin irritants
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Dermatitis (cont’d)
• Other forms:
– Contact dermatitis
– Seborrheic dermatitis
– Stasis dermatitis
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Autoimmune Disorders
• Pemphigus– Characterized by formation of blisters
• Occurs in skin and mucous membranes• Caused by separation of epidermal cells from
underlying layers
– Deep skin unprotected from infection and fluid loss– Caused by autoimmune reaction– Fatal unless immune system is suppressed
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Autoimmune Disorders (cont’d) • Lupus Erythematosus
– Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of connectivetissue
• Discoid• Involves only the skin
• Systemic lupus erythematosus• Involves skin and other organs
– Symptoms• Rough, raised, violet-tinted papules• Worsened by exposure to UV rays
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Scleroderma
• Thickening and tightening of skin
• Unknown cause
• Overproduction of collagen
• Involves hair follicles and sweat glands
• Early signs:
– Raynaud disease
– Skin symptoms first appear on forehead, aroundmouth
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Skin Cancer
• Most common type of human cancer
•
Increasing rate due to UV rays• Common types
– Squamous cell carcinoma–
Basal cell carcinoma– Malignant melanoma– Kaposi sarcoma
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Skin Cancer (cont’d)
• Squamous cell carcinoma– Cancer of epithelial cell
•
Occurs in areas exposed to sunlight• Painless, firm red nodule• May invade underlying tissue• Tends not to metastasize• Treatment
• Surgical removal• X-irradiation• Chemotherapy
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Skin Cancer (cont’d)
• Basal cell carcinoma– 75 percent of all skin cancers– Cancer of epithelial cell
• Occurs in areas exposed to sunlight• Smooth, pearly papule• After excision, cure rate 95 percent
•
Easily seen• Tends not to metastasize
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Skin Cancer (cont’d)
• Malignant melanoma– Overgrowth of melanocytes
– Metastasizing tendency
– First appears as lesion
– May spread superficially before invading deeper tissues
– Prognosis good if lesion removed before reaching deepertissues
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Skin Cancer (cont’d)
• Kaposi sarcoma
– Frequently associated with AIDS
– Distinct brownish area on legs
– As tumor progresses:
• Plaques become raised and firm
– Cancer can metastasize
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Key TermsDisorders
Term Meaning
atopic dermatitis Hereditary, allergic, chronic inflammation of the skin with pruritus(itching); eczema
basal cellcarcinoma
An epithelial tumor that rarely metastasizes and has a high cure ratewith surgical removal
cicatrization The process of scar formation; a scar is a cicatrix
debridement Removal of dead or damaged tissue, as from a wound
dehiscence Splitting or bursting, as when the layers of a wound separate
dermatitis Inflammation of the skin, often associated with redness and itching;may be caused by allergy, irritants (contact dermatitis), or a variety ofdiseases
dermatology Study of the skin and diseases of the skin
dermatome Instrument for cutting thin sections of skin for skin grafting
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Key TermsDisorders (cont’d)
Term Meaning
eczema A general term for an inflammation of the skin with redness, lesions,and itching; atopic dermatitis
erythema Diffuse redness of the skin
escharotomy Removal of scab tissue (eschar) resulting from burns or other skininjuries
evisceration Protrusion of internal organs (viscera) through an opening, as througha wound
exudates Material, which may include fluid, cells, pus, or blood, that escapesfrom damaged tissue
Kaposi sarcoma Cancerous lesion of the skin and other tissues seen most often inpatients with AIDS
keloid A raised, thickened scar caused by tissue overgrowth during scarformation
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Key TermsDisorders (cont’d)
Term Meaning
lupuserythematosus (LE)
A chronic, inflammatory, autoimmune disease of connective tissuethat often involves the skin; types include the more widespreadsystemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and a discoid form (DLE) thatinvolves only the skin
malignantmelanoma
A metastasizing pigmented tumor of the skin
pemphigus An autoimmune disease of the skin characterized by sudden,intermittent formation of bullae (blisters); may be fatal if untreated
pressure ulcer An ulcer caused by pressure to an area of the body, as from a bed orchair; decubitus ulcer, bedsore, pressure sore
pruritus Severe itching
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Key TermsDisorders (cont’d)
Term Meaning
psoriasis A chronic hereditary dermatitis with red lesions covered by silveryscales
rule of nines A method for estimating the extent of body surface area involved in aburn by assigning percentages in multiples of nine to various regionsof the body
scleroderma A chronic disease that is characterized by thickening and tightening
of the skin and that often involves internal organs in a form calledprogressive systemic sclerosis (PSS)
squamous cellcarcinoma
An epidermal cancer that may invade deeper tissues but tends not tometastasize
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Supplementary TermsSymptoms and Conditions
Term Meaning
acne An inflammatory disease of the sebaceous glands and hair folliclesusually associated with excess secretion of sebum; acne vulgaris
actinic Pertaining to the effects of radiant energy, such as sunlight, ultravioletlight, and x-rays
albinism A hereditary lack of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes
alopecia Absence or loss of hair; baldness
Beau lines White lines across the fingernails; usually a sign of systemic diseaseor injury
bromhidrosis Sweat that has a foul odor because of bacterial decomposition; alsocalled bromidrosis
carbuncle A localized infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, usuallycaused by staphylococcus, and associated with pain and discharge ofpus
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Supplementary TermsSymptoms and Conditions (cont’d)
Term Meaning
comedo A plug of sebum, often containing bacteria, in a hair follicle; ablackhead (plural: comedones)
dermatophytosis Fungal infection of the skin, especially between the toes; athlete'sfoot (root: phyt/o means “plant”)
diaphoresis Profuse sweating
dyskeratosis Any abnormality in keratin formation in epithelial cells
ecchymosis A collection of blood under the skin caused by leakage from smallvessels
erysipelas An acute infectious disease of the skin with localized redness andswelling and systemic symptoms
erythema nodosum Inflammation of subcutaneous tissues resulting in tender,erythematous nodules; may be an abnormal immune response to asystemic disease, an infection, or a drug
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Supplementary TermsSymptoms and Conditions (cont’d)
Term Meaning
exanthema Any eruption of the skin that accompanies a disease, such as measles;a rash
excoriation Lesion caused by scratching or abrasion
folliculitis Inflammation of a hair follicle
furuncle A painful skin nodule caused by staphylococci that enter through a hairfollicle; a boil
hemangioma A benign tumor of blood vessels; in the skin, called birthmarks or portwine stains
herpes simplex A group of acute infections caused by herpes simplex virus. Type Iherpes simplex virus produces fluid-filled vesicles, usually on the lips,after fever, sun exposure, injury, or stress; cold sore, fever blister. TypeII infections usually involve the genital organs
hirsutism Excessive growth of hair
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Supplementary TermsSymptoms and Conditions (cont’d)
Term Meaning
ichthyosis A dry, scaly condition of the skin (from the root ichthy/o , meaning“fish”)
impetigo A bacterial skin infection with pustules that rupture and form crusts;most commonly seen in children, usually on the face
keratosis Any skin condition marked by thickened or horny growth. Seborrheickeratosis is a benign tumor, yellow or light brown in color, thatappears in the elderly. Actinic keratosis is caused by exposure tosunlight and may lead to squamous cell carcinoma
lichenification Thickened marks caused by chronic rubbing, as seen in atopicdermatitis (a lichen is a flat, branching type of plant that grows onrocks and bark)
mycosis fungoides A rare malignant disease that originates in the skin and involves theinternal organs and lymph nodes. There are large, painful, ulceratingtumors
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Supplementary TermsSymptoms and Conditions (cont’d)
Term Meaning
nevus A defined discoloration of the skin; a congenital vascular tumor of theskin; a mole, birthmark
paronychia Infection around a nail. Caused by bacteria or fungi, and may affectmultiple nails
pediculosis Infestation with lice
petechiae Flat, pinpoint, purplish red spots caused by bleeding within the skin ormucous membrane (singular, petechia)
photosensitization Sensitization of the skin to light, usually from the action of drugs, plantproducts, or other substances
purpura A condition characterized by hemorrhages into the skin and othertissues
rosacea A condition of unknown cause involving redness of the skin, pustules,and overactivity of sebaceous glands, mainly on the face
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Supplementary TermsSymptoms and Conditions (cont’d)
Term Meaning
scabies A highly contagious skin disease caused by a mite
senile lentigines Brown macules that appear on sun-exposed skin in adults; liver spots
shingles An acute eruption of vesicles along the path of a nerve; herpes zoster(HER- pēz ZOS-ter); caused by the same virus that causeschickenpox
tinea A fungal infection of the skin; ringwormtinea versicolor Superficial chronic fungal infection that causes varied pigmentation of
the skin
urticaria A skin reaction marked by temporary, smooth, raised areas (wheals)associated with itching; hives
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Supplementary TermsSymptoms and Conditions (cont’d)
Term Meaning
venous stasis ulcer
Ulcer caused by venous insufficiency and stasis of venous blood;usually forms near the ankle
verruca An epidermal tumor; a wart
vitiligo Patchy disappearance of pigment in the skin; leukoderma
xerodermapigmentosum
A fatal hereditary disease that begins in childhood with discolorationsand ulcers of the skin and muscle atrophy. There is increasedsensitivity to the sun and increased susceptibility to cancer
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Supplementary TermsDiagnosis and Treatment
Term Meaning
aloe A gel from the leaves from the plant Aloe vera that is used intreatment of burns and minor skin irritations
antipruritic Agent that prevents or relieves itchingcautery Destruction of tissue by physical or chemical means; cauterization;
also the instrument or chemical used for this purpose
dermabrasion A plastic surgical procedure for removing scars or birthmarks bychemical or mechanical destruction of epidermal tissue
dermatoplasty Transplantation of human skin; skin grafting
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Abbreviations
BSA Body-surface area
DLE Discoid lupus erythematosus
FTSG Full-thickness skin graft
LE Lupus erythematosus
PSS Progressive systemic sclerosis
PUVA Psoralen ultraviolet A
SCLE Subacute cutaneous lupus erythematosus
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Abbreviations (cont’d)
SLE Systemic lupus erythematosus
SPF Sun protection factor STSG Split-thickness skin graft
UV Ultraviolet
UVA Ultraviolet A
UVB Ultraviolet B
VAC Vacuum-assisted closure
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Post Test
1. The abbreviation BSA means body surface area .
2. The main pigment in the skin is melanin .
3. A hypodermic injection is given under the skin .
4. Lupus erythematosus is a chronic inflammatoryautoimmune disease of the connective tissue.
5. Dermatology is the study of the skin and diseases of theskin.
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