medical terminology copyright 2011 phlebotomy geeks. all rights reserved introduction chapter 1

Medical Terminology

Introduction Chapter 1

• Identify the roles of the four types of word parts used in forming medical terms

• use knowledge of word parts to analyze unfamiliar medical terms

• describe the steps in locating a term in a medical dictionary

• define the commonly used word roots, combining forms, suffixes and prefixes

• recognize the importance of spelling medical terms correctly

• state why caution is important when using abbreviations

Objectives

• Word Root: the word part that usually indicates the part of the body involved.

• Combining Form: a word root that has a vowel added to the end.

• Suffix: the word part attached at the end of a word that usually indicates the procedure, condition, disorder or disease.

• Prefix: the word part attached at the beginning of a word that usually indicates location, time, number, or status.

Introduction

o -algia pain or painful condition

o dys- bad, difficult or painful

o -ectomy surgical removal

o hyper- excessive or increased

o hypo- deficient or decreased

o -itis inflammation

o -osis abnormal condition or disease

o -ostomy the surgical creation of an artificial opening

o -plasty surgical repair

o -rrhage bleeding or abnormal excessive fluid discharge

o -rrhaphy surgical suturing

o -rrhea flow, abnormal discharge

o -rrhexis rupture

o -sclerosis abnormal hardening

• Word root: contains the basic meaning of the term

• Combining form: used when a suffix beginning with a consonant is added

• Suffix: comes at the end of a word (usually indicates the procedure, condition, disorder or disease)

• Prefix: comes at the beginning of a word (usually indicates the location, time, number, or status)

The four types of word parts:

• A word root cannot stand alone. A suffix must always be added at the end of the word to complete the term

• the rules for creating a combining form by adding a vowel apply when a suffix, beginning with a consonant is added to a word root

Word Part Guidelines

• cyan/o: blue• erythr/o: red• leuk/o: white• melan/o: black• poli/o: gray

Word parts indicating color

• When to word words are joined a combining vowel is always added between the two word roots

• a combining vowel is used with the second word root only if the suffix begins with a consonant

• a combining form is used when a suffix begins with a consonant

• a combining form is not used when the suffix begins with a vowel

Rules for using combining forms

• -a• -e• -um• -us• -y

Suffixes is as noun endings

• -ac• -al• -an• -ar• -ary• -eal• -ical• -ial• -ic• -ine

• -ior• -ory• -ous• -tic

Suffixes meaning pertaining to

• -ago• -esis• -ia• -iasis• -ion• -ism• -osis

Suffixes meaning abnormal condition

• -algia = pain and suffering• -dynia = pain• -itis = inflammation• -megaly = enlargement• -malacia = abnormal softening• -necrosis = tissue death• -sclerosis = abnormal hardening• -stenosis = abnormal narrowing

Suffixes related to pathology

• -centesis = a surgical puncture to remove fluid• -graphy = the process of producing a picture or

record• -gram = a picture or record• -plasty = surgical repair• -scopy = visual examination

Suffixes is related to procedures

• -rrhage and -rrhagia = bleeding (usually to describe sudden severe bleeding)

NOTE: --rrhage = abnormal excessive fluid loss or discharge• -rrhaphy = surgical suturing to close a wound• -rrhea = flow or discharge (usually pertaining to

most body fluids)• -rrhexis = rupture

The "Double R" suffixes

• Added to the beginning of a word to influence the meaning of the term

• usually indicates location, time or number

Prefixes

Prefixes describing direction, quantity, size

and amount

ab- away from, negative, absent

ad- toward, to in the direction of

dext/ro = right side sinistr/o = left side

ex- out of, outside, away from

in- in, into, not without

macro- large, abnormal size, or long

Micr/o, micro = tiny, small (microscopic)

mega, megal/o- large, great

olig/o = scanty, few

pre - before post- after, behind

Contrasting prefixesab- away from (absent)

ad- toward, in the direction of

dys- bad, difficult, painful

eu- good, normal, well, or easy

hyper- increased, excessive

hypo- decreased, deficient

inter- between or among (interstate)

intra- within or inside

sub- under, less, or below

super-, supra- above or excessive

Guideline Singular Plural

If the singular term ends in the suffix -a, the plural is usually formed by changing the ending to -ae

bursavertebra

bursaevertebrae

If the singular term ends in the suffix-ex or -ix, the plural is usually formed by changing these endings to -ices

appendixindex

appendicesindices

If the singular term ends in the suffix -is, the plural is usually formed by changing the ending to -es

diagnosismetasis

diagnosesmetastases

It's a singular term ends in the suffix --itis, the plural is usually formed by changing the -is ending to -ides

arthritismeningitis

arthritidesmeningitides

If the singular term ends in the suffix -nx, the plural is usually formed by changing the -x ending to-ges

phalanxmeninx

phalangesmeninges

Guideline Singular Plural

If the singular term ends in the suffix –on, the plural is usually formed by changing the ending to -a

criterionganglion

criteriaganglia

If the singular term ends in the suffix –um, the plural is usually formed by changing the ending to - a

diverticulumovum

diverticulaova

If the singular term ends in the suffix –us, the plural is usually formed by changing the ending to -i

alveolusmalleolus

alveolimalleoli

A sign is objective evidence of disease. Objective mean the sign can be evaluated or measured by the patient and/or others

A symptom is subjective evidence of a disease. Subjective means that it can be evaluated a measured only by the person experiencing it.

A syndrome is a set of signs and symptoms that occur together as part of a specific disease process.

A diagnosis (DX) is the identification of a disease.

A differential diagnosis (D/DX), also known as rule out (R/O) is the attempt to determine which one of several diseases could be causing the signs and symptoms that the patient is presenting with

A syndrome is a set of signs and symptoms that occur together as part of a prognosis is a prediction of the probable course and outcome of a disorderspecific disease process.

An acute condition has a rapid onset, a severe course, and a short duration

A chronic condition is of a long-duration. These diseases and disorders and can be controlled, but are rarely cured

A remission is the temporary, partial, or complete disappearance of the symptoms associated with a disease without having achieved a cure

A disease is a condition in which one or more body parts are not functioning normally. Some are named for their signs and symptoms.

An eponym is a disease, structure, operation or procedure named after the person who discovered or described it first.

An acronym is a word formed from the initial letter of the major parts of a compound term

Test your knowledge

What is the meaning of –ectomy?

Surgical removal

Test your knowledge

What is the meaning of –megaly?

enlargement

Test your knowledge

What is the meaning of –algia?

Pain or suffering

Test your knowledge

What is the meaning of –hyper?

Excessive, increased

Test your knowledge

What is the meaning of –hypo?

Deficient, decreased

Test your knowledge

What is the meaning of –itis?

Inflammation

Test your knowledge

What is the meaning of necrosis?

Tissue death

Test your knowledge

What is the meaning of -ostomy?

The surgical creation of an artificial opening

Test your knowledge

What is the meaning of -otomy?

Surgical incision, cutting

Test your knowledge

What is the meaning of -scopy?

Visual examination

Test your knowledge

What is the meaning of melan/o?

Test your knowledge

What is the meaning of leuko/o?

Test your knowledge

What is the meaning of erythr/o?

Test your knowledge

What is the meaning of poli/o?

medical terminology copyright 2011 phlebotomy geeks. all rights reserved introduction chapter 1

phlebotomy geeks

word root copyright

word words

word rootsa

used word roots

types of word parts

rights reservedsuffixes

knowledge of word parts

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