measures of scales
Post on 19-Jun-2015
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Dr. Shanti TejwaniAsst. Prof. M.B. Khalsa Institute of Education, Indoreshanti_tejwani@yahoo.com
An attributes/ characteristics of thing ,objects or events which varies (which can different Values) is known as Variable.
Attandence of Students SexReligionBooks in libraryMode of journeyTime durationAggressionAngerAge
Variables
Continuous
Discontinuous
Dichotomy
Polytomy
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Nominal Scale
1
2
3
4
Categorization of data
Classified into category
Numbers forming a nominal scale are no more than labels used solely to identify different categories of responses
Example:
RELIGION
Hindu –1
Christian--2
Muslim---3
Buddhism----4
The mode is the most frequent category –only statistics applicable to nominal variableNon Parametric Statistics ---- Chi- Square
Secondplace
Firstplace
Thirdplace
An ordinal scale is more powerful than a nominal scale in that the numbers possess the property of rank order
Classification + Order
Examples : To categories people according to level of
Education
Punctuality
Home work
Cleanliness
Mode
Median
Percentile
Rank Difference Correlation (ρ)
5, 8, 10, 11
3, 6, 8, 9
An interval scale has all the properties of an ordinal scale and the differences between the scale values can be meaningfully interpreted
EXAMPLE
Achievement of the students
Creativity of Students
All Psychological Variable
9 | 13
Mode
Median
Arithmetic Mean
Rank Difference correlation
Product Moment Correlation
Variance
Kilogram
Gram
Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
9 | 16
Ratio scales possess all the properties of an interval scale and the ratios of numbers on these scales have meaningful interpretations
Examples
Length of the Rod
Weight of School Bag
Mode
Median
Arithmetic Mean
Rank Difference correlation
Product Moment Correlation
Variance
Type of
Scale
Data
Characteristics
Numerical
Operation
Descriptive
StatisticsExamples
Nominal Classification but no
order, distance, or
origin
Counting Frequency in each
category
Percent in each
category
Mode
Gender (1=Male,
2=Female)
Ordinal Classification and
order but no
distance or unique
origin
Rank ordering Median
Range
Percentile ranking
Academic status
(1=Professor
2= Associate
Professor
3= Assistant
Professor)
Type of
Scale
Data
Characteristics
Numerical
Operation
Descriptive
StatisticsExamples
Interval Classification, order,
and distance but no
unique origin
Arithmetic
operations that
preserve order and
magnitude
Mean
Standard deviation
Variance
Temperature in
degrees
Ratio Classification, order,
distance and unique
origin
Arithmetic
operations on
actual quantities
Geometric mean
Coefficient of
variation
Age in years
Income
Four levels of Measurements Nominal
◦ Measures categories
Ordinal◦ Categories + rank and order
Interval◦ Equal distance between any two consecutive
measures
Ratio◦ Intervals + meaningful zeros
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