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Biodiversity in the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary

Megan Childers

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Outline• History of National Marine Sanctuaries• What is a NMS?• Monterey Bay NMS• Biodiversity

– Wetlands– Beaches & Dunes– Rocky Shores– Coral Reefs– Kelp Forests– Sandy Sea Floor

• Octopus– Open Waters– Deep Sea

• Monterey Bay Aquarium• Conclusion

History

Santa Barbara Oil Spill

• Jan. 29, 1969

• 3 million gallons of oil

• Severe impacts on wildlife

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Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act (MPRSA)• 1972• National Marine Sanctuaries Act• Ecologically or culturally significant• Resource protection, research, education,

public use• NMS Mission:

– “…to manage marine areas of special national significance to protect their ecological and cultural integrity for the benefit of current and future generations.”

What is a NMS?

• Undersea counterpart to National Parks

• Unique/unusual habitats

• Sensitive or endangered species

• Rich biological diversity

• Open to the public

Federal Organization

NMS NMS NMS NMS NMS NMS NMS NMS NMS NMS NMS NMS NMS

Sanctuaries & Reserve Division

National Ocean Service (NOS)

National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)

Department of Commerce (DOC)

National Marine Sanctuaries

• USS Monitor (NC)- 1975• Channel Islands (CA) - 1980• Gulf of the Farallones (CA)- 1981• Gray’s Reef (GA)- 1981• Fagatele Bay (American Samoa) - 1986• Cordell Bank (CA) - 1989• Florida Keys (FL)- 1990• Flower Garden Banks (Gulf of Mexico)- 1992• Monterey Bay (CA)- 1992• Stellwagen Bank (MA)- 1992• Hawaiian Island Humpback Whale (HI)- 1992• Olympic Coast (WA)- 1994• Thunder Bay (MI)- 2000

Monterey Bay NMS

• Established 1992

• Largest of the 13 NMS

• 5,300 sq mi

• 275 mi along CA coastQuickTime™ and a

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Monterey Submarine Canyon

• 10,633 ft (~2 mi) deepest point– Twice as deep as the Grand Canyon!

• Area of continued research– Remotely operated vehicles (ROVs)

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Code of Conduct

• Allowed activities:– Fishing (recreational and commercial)

• Prohibited activities:– NO exploring for or developing or producing oil, gas, or

mineral resources– NO discharging or depositing any materials in the water– NO altering the seabed or constructing new structures

(ex: piers)– NO harassing marine mammals, sea turtles, sea birds– NO operating personal watercraft except in designated

areas

Habitats

Wetlands

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Elkhorn Slough

• Break down pollutants and purify water• Nutrient rich

– Decaying plants and animals - detritus

• Feeding ground for birds• 4 subhabitats

– Waterways– Mud flats– Salt marshes– Uplands

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Snowy Egret

Bat RayPacific Herring

Fat Innkeeper WormMud Crab

Beaches & Dunes

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• Sand dunes constantly changing– Waves– Wind

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Marbled Murrelet*

California Least Tern*

Peregrine Falcon

Smith’s Blue Butterfly*

Steller Sea Lion*

Black Legless Lizard*

Rocky Shores

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• Tide pools

• 4 intertidal zones– Splash zone– High intertidal zone– Middle intertidal zone– Low intertidal zone

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Splash Zone

• Crashing waves

• Covered by water for a few hours/day

• Hardy animals

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Acorn Barnacle Limpet

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High Intertidal Zone

• Covered by water about 1/2 the day

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Aggregating Anemone

Ochre Star

Shore Crab

Middle Intertidal Zone

• Covered by water most of the day

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Sea Urchin

Red Abalone

Coralline Sculpin

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Low Intertidal Zone

• Normally always covered by water

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Opalescent NudibranchSea Sponge

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Orange Sea Cucumber

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Harbor Seal Sea Otter*

California Sea LionBrown Pelican Brandt’s Cormorant

Coral Reefs

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• Home to larger animals

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Giant Green Anemone

Giant Sea Star

Giant Acorn Barnacle

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Blue Rockfish

Giant Octopus Leopard Shark

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Wolf-Eel

Kelp Forests

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• Brown algae

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Giant Kelp Macrocystis

Bull Kelp Nereocystis

• Nutrients absorbed throughout plant– Holdfasts, stipes, blades

• MB is perfect habitat– Cold water– Nutrient-rich– Rocks for holdfasts

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Garibaldi

Sheephead

Giant Kelpfish

Sea Urchins

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Sandy Sea Floor

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“Flat things and squishy things”

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Sand Dollar Thornback Ray

California Halibut

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Angel Shark

Flat fish

• The migrating eye…

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Moon Snail Rainbow Nudibranch

Sea Pen

Sea Cucumber Market Squid

Meet the Octopus

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California Two-Spot Octopus Octopus bimaculoides

Red Octopus Octopus rubescens

Giant Pacific Octopus Enteroctopus dofleini

Octopus Outline

• Classification

• Habitat

• Appearance

• Diet

• Reproduction

Classification

• Phylum Mollusca

• Class Cephalopoda

• Order Octopoda

• Genus Octopus, Enteroctopus, etc.

Habitat

• Found in every ocean at every depth

• Live in dens

• Burrow in mud, hole in rock, empty shell, coral, beer bottle

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Appearance

• Camouflage

• Change entire appearance in <1 sec.

• Color, texture, shape

• Move arms

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Mimic Octopus Thaumoctopus mimicus

Diet

• Eat almost anything that can’t get away

• Crabs, clams, fish

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Sex at Last!

• Mating and reproduction occurs at end of life• Males die after mating - senescence• Females die after eggs hatch• Males have erectile tissue - ligula

– First finding in invertebrate

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Now, back to our regularly scheduled program…

Open Waters

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Green Sea Turtle*

• Floaters, drifters, and swimmers

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Plankton

Egg-Yolk Jelly

Bluefin Tuna

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Purple-Striped Jelly Pacific White-Sided Dolphin

Ocean Sunfish Blue Shark

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Sperm Whale*California Gray Whale

Humpback Whale* Blue Whale*

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Killer Whale

Deep Sea

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• Great pressure

• Cold (39°F)

• Dark

• Bioluminescence

• Food scarcity– Detritus and drift kelp from above

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AnglerfishCock-Eyed Squid

Northern Lampfish Midwater Jelly

Dumbo Octopus

Monterey Bay Aquarium

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Open Sea Exhibit

• 1 million gallon tank

• Pumps in water straight from Bay

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Kelp Forest Exhibit

• 28 ft tall tank

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Giant Pacific Octopus

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Outdoor Exhibits

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“The mission of the nonprofit Monterey Bay Aquarium is to inspire conservation of the oceans.”

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Conclusion

• National Marine Sanctuaries Act– Ecological and cultural importance

• Monterey Bay NMS is made up of a variety habitats– Wetlands to Deep Sea

• Remarkable biodiversity– Octopus

• Monterey Bay Aquarium inspires conservation

References• Ambrose, R.F. 1984. Food preferences, food availability and the diet of Octopus bimaculatus Verrill.

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 77: 29-44.• Craig, J., A.J. Jamieson, P.M. Bagley, and I.G. Pirede. 2011. Naturally occurring bioluminescence on

the deep-sea floor. Journal of Marine Systems 88 (4): 563-567.• Hanlon, R. 2007. Cephalopod dynamic camouflage. Current Biology 17 (11): 400-404.• Jessup, D. A., M. Miller, J. Ames, M. Harris, C. Kreuder, P.A. Conrad, and J.A.K. Mazet. 2004.

Southern sea otter as a sentinel of marine ecosystem health. EcoHealth 1: 239-245.• Mather, Jennifer A., Roland C. Anderson, and James B. Wood. Octopus: The Ocean’s Intelligent

Invertebrate. Portland: Timber Press, 2010. Print.• Mautner, Don. ENVS 282 - Monterey Bay: A Case Study in Environmental Science and Policy.

California State University Monterey Bay, Seaside, CA. Jan.-May 2012. Lecture/Class.• McDonnell, P.J. 2008. Symmetrical versus asymmetrical globe placement: It’s no fluke.

Ophthalmology Times 33 (22): 4-4. 2/3 p.• Monterey Bay Aquarium. A Natural History of the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary.

Monterey, CA: Monterey Bay Aquarium Foundation, 1997. Print.• NOAA. 2009. Nat’l Marine Sanctuaries – America’s ocean and Great Lakes treasures. NOAA Fact

Sheet, 2 p.• http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/• http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/

Questions?

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