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Mass Measurements for Gas Turbine Engine Exhaust
Prem Lobo, Donald Hagen and Philip Whitefield
Cambridge Particle MeetingMay 18, 2007
UMR Center of Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research
Overview
�Regulatory requirements�Measurement Campaigns�Good understanding of size, number and
shape�Direct mass measurement �Examples from recent studies�Future Work
UMR Center of Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research
Growth of Commercial Air Traffic� PM from aircraft gas turbine engines during all phase o f
operation represents a unique source of a criteria pollu tant as defined by the Clean Air Act
� Particulate matter (PM) represents a direct threat to pu blic health and contributes to visibility degradation…North Eastern States Coordinated Air Use Management , 2003
� 10 of the 50 Largest Public Use Airports in PM10 NAA/Maintenance Areas; Approximately 31 will be in P M2.5 areas…DOT ACAIS Airport Database and EPA Green Book for N onattainment Areas
� EPA - the health costs of fine PM are hundreds of tim es greater than those of NOx on a per pound basis.
UMR Center of Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research
Regulatory Requirements
� International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) requires the reporting of the “smoke number” for engine certification (SAE ARP 1179 Rev C)
� PM reduction design strategies in the last 20 years have been so effective that most current/advanced engines in operation today have virtually negligible smoke numbers throughout their operational envelope
� Negligible smoke numbers, however do not ensure negligible PM emissions
UMR Center of Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research
Regulatory Requirements
�First Order Approximation (FOA3)�CAEP developed, accepted, and supported� Identified scientific expressions for each driver of
aircraft PM emissions…�non-volatile, fuel sulfur content, fuel organics
� INTERIM METHODOLOGY- FOA will become obsolete once a fully validated & verified database of PM EIs represents the current flying fleet is prepared�Measurements are the gold standard
UMR Center of Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research
Measurement Campaigns
UMR Center of Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research
Measurements with the DMS500
Wey et al., 2007 “Overview on the Aircraft Particle Emissions eXperiment (APEX)”, accepted Journal of Propulsion & Power
Lobo et al., 2007, “Physical characterization of aerosol emissions from a CommercialGas Turbine Engine – Project APEX”, accepted Journal of Propulsion & Power
Whitefield et al., 2006, “PM emissions from advected plumes at the Oakland International Airport”, Transport, Atmosphere, and Climate Conference, Oxford UK
Hagen et al., 2006, “Volatile Aerosol in Gas Turbine Emissions”, Proc. 10th-Combustion Generated Nanoparticles Conf., Zurich, Switzerland
3 6 10 18 32 56 100
178
316
562
1000
196.0224.0 252.0
280.0308.0 336.0
364.0
0.E+00
2.E+14
4.E+14
6.E+14
8.E+14
1.E+15
1.E+15
1.E+15
2.E+15
2.E+15
2.E+15
dEIn
/dlo
gDp
#/kg
_fu
Particle Diameter (nm)Time (s)
dEIn/dlog(dp) (#/kg_fu)
1.0E+12 2.2E+13 4.6E+14 1.0E+16
1000
500
200
100
50
20
10
5
Par
ticle diameter
(nm)
419
14
18
53
13
21
1937
10
14
13
34
9
916 94
1941
34
309
9
12
0
25
50
75
100
125
150
175
200
225
250
9/27/2004 9/28/2004 9/29/2004 COMPOSITE
EIn
(1e1
5/kg
f)
BR715x1-30 CF34-xx1 CF6-80xx CFM56-xxx JT8D-xxx PW2037
UMR Center of Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research
Direct Mass Measurements
�Good understanding of size, number and shape
�Need a direct mass measurement�Effective density of jet engine exhaust
particles�Previous work with TEOM, DMM
UMR Center of Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research
Data from TOEM
� Large data scatter at high power due to high vibration� Takes relatively long (4-5 mins) to stabilize after change in
engine condition
Corporan et al., 2004, “CFM56 Engine PM Mass Measurements using a TEOM”, APEX Conference, Cleveland OH, November 2004
UMR Center of Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research
Lab Experiments
Dekati Mass Monitor (DMM)
Cambustion DMS500
Dekati Mass Monitor (DMM) is a real-time instrument for automotive particulate mass emission measurements
Moisio, M. Niemelä, V. “Device for Continuous Measurement of Density and Mass Concentration of Vehicle Exhaust Aerosol”, IAC 2002.
Goal:
To examine the performance of a Cambustion DMS500 –DMM combination to determine the effective density of diesel exhaust particles
DMM gives mass concentration
DMS500 gives number concentration which can be converted into a volume concentration
The ratio of DMM mass conc. to DMS500 volume conc. gives the effective density of the particles
UMR Center of Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research
Density as function of particle size: Diesel Agglomerates
UMR Center of Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research
Concentration Profile and Size Distributions
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
55000 55400 55800 56200 56600 57000
Time (SAM)
Mas
s µ
g/m
3
DMS500 (M15) DMS500 (M21) DMM
0.0E+00
5.0E+04
1.0E+05
1.5E+05
2.0E+05
2.5E+05
3.0E+05
1 10 100 1000Dp (nm)
dN/d
logD
p
0.0E+00
5.0E+10
1.0E+11
1.5E+11
2.0E+11
1 10 100 1000Dp (nm)
dM/d
logD
p
UMR Center of Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research
Effective Density
�Effective density
= DMM mass concDMS500 volume conc
= 0.8 ± 0.1 g/cc
UMR Center of Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research
NASA Glenn Sampling Study –November 2006
Dekati Mass Monitor (DMM)
Cambustion DMS500
UMR Center of Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research
Change in DMM set points for application to jet engine exhaust
�Fractal dimension changed from 2.5 to 3Schmid et al., 2004 “Methodology for Particle Characterization in the Exhaust Flows of Gas Turbine Engines”, Aerosol Sci. Technol.
UMR Center of Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research
Size Distributions
0.0E+00
5.0E+06
1.0E+07
1.5E+07
2.0E+07
2.5E+07
3.0E+07
1 10 100 1000Dp (nm)
dN/d
logD
p
0.0E+00
2.0E+11
4.0E+11
6.0E+11
8.0E+11
1.0E+12
1.2E+12
1.4E+12
1.6E+12
1 10 100 1000
Dp (nm)
dM/d
logD
p
Number-based size distribution
Mass-based size distribution
16.91nm21.88 nm
28.71nm
UMR Center of Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research
Concentration Profiles
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
39250 39350 39450 39550 39650 39750 39850 39950
Time (SAM)
Mas
s µ
g/m
3
DMM DMS500 (M21)
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
43759 43809 43859 43909 43959 44009 44059 44109 44159
Time (SAM)
Mas
s µ
g/m
3
DMM DMS500 (M21)
Mean particle size = 18.6 nm
Density = 1.34 g/cc
Engine power setting = idle
Mean particle size = 21 nm
Density = 1.47 g/cc
Engine power setting = 30%
UMR Center of Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research
Density vs. Particle Size
0.00
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Dp (nm)
Eff
ectiv
e D
ensi
ty (g
/cc)
UMR Center of Excellence for Aerospace Particulate Emissions Reduction Research
Conclusions/Future Work
�DMS500-DMM technique to determine effective density
�Jet engine exhaust particle density �More data acquired at a recent test
involving a military engine
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