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Fundamentals of Fundamentals of Anatomy Anatomy && Physiology Physiology

Frederic H. MartiniFrederic H. Martini

Unit1Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

PowerPointPowerPoint®® Lecture Slides prepared by Lecture Slides prepared byProfessor Albia Dugger, Miami–Dade College, Miami, FLProfessor Albia Dugger, Miami–Dade College, Miami, FL

Professor Robert R. Speed, Ph.D., Wallace Community College, Dothan, AL

Chapter 1: An Introduction to Anatomy

and Physiology

What is anatomy and physiology?

Anatomy

• Describes the structures of the body:– what they are made of– where they are located– associated structures

Physiology

• Is the study of:– functions of anatomical structures– individual and cooperative functions

KEY CONCEPT

• All physiological functions are performed by specific anatomical structures

• These functions follow standard physical and mechanical principles

Specialties of Anatomy (1 of 3)

• Gross anatomy, or macroscopic anatomy examines large, visible structures: – surface anatomy:

• exterior features

– regional anatomy: • body areas

Specialties of Anatomy (2 of 3)

– systemic anatomy: • groups of organs working together

– developmental anatomy: • from egg (embryology) to maturity

– clinical anatomy: • medical specialties

Specialties of Anatomy (3 of 3)

• Microscopic anatomy examines cells and molecules: – cytology:

• cells and their structures• cyt = cell

– histology: • tissues and their structures

Specialties of Physiology

• Cell physiology: – processes within and between cells

• Special physiology: – functions of specific organs

• Systemic physiology: – functions of an organ system

• Pathological physiology: – effects of diseases

How are living things organized?

From Simple to Complex (1 of 3)

• Atoms:– are the smallest chemical units

• Molecules:– are a group of atoms working

together

• Organelles: – are a group of molecules working

together

From Simple to Complex (2 of 3)

• Cells:– are a group of organelles working

together• Tissues:

– are a group of similar cells working together

• Organs: – are a group of different tissues

working together

From Simple to Complex (3 of 2)

• Organ systems: – are a group of organs working

together

• Organism: – is an individual

Organizing a Muscle

• Protein molecules (chemical level)• Protein filaments (organelle level)• Muscle cells (cellular level)• Cardiac muscle tissue (tissue level)• Heart (organ level)

KEY CONCEPT

• The body is divided into 11 organ systems

• All organ systems work together• Many organs work in more than 1

organ system

KEY CONCEPT

• Homeostasis: All body systems working together to maintain a stable internal environment

• Systems respond to external and internal changes to function within a normal range (body temperature, fluid balance)

KEY CONCEPT

• Failure to function within a normal range results in disease

Mechanisms of Regulation

• Autoregulation (intrinsic):– automatic response in a cell, tissue,

or organ

• Extrinsic regulation: – responses controlled by nervous and

endocrine systems

Maintaining Normal Limits

Figure 1–3

Maintaining Normal Limits

• Receptor: – receives the stimulus

• Control center: – processes the signal and sends

instructions

• Effector: – carries out instructions

Figure 1–4

Negative Feedback

• The response of the effector negates the stimulus

Positive Feedback

• The response of the effector reinforces the stimulus

Figure 1–5

Working Together

Table 1–1

Working Together

• Systems integration: – systems work together to maintain

homeostasis

KEY CONCEPT

• Homeostasis is a state of equilibrium:– opposing forces are in balance

• Physiological systems work to restore balance

• Failure results in disease or death

What are the anatomical terms used to describe body sections, regions,

and relative positions?

Anatomical Landmarks

Figure 1–6

Anatomical Landmarks

• Superficial characteristics: – surface parts:

• names• adjectives

KEY CONCEPT

• Anatomical position: – hands at sides, palms forward

• Supine: – lying down, face up

• Prone: – lying down, face down

Figure 1–7a

Quadrants and Regions (1 of 3)

• 4 abdominopelvic quadrants around umbilicus

Figure 1–7b

Quadrants and Regions (2 of 3)

• 9 abdominopelvic regions

Figure 1–7c

Quadrants and Regions (3 of 3)

• Internal organs associated with abdominopelvic regions

Which Direction?

Figure 1–8

Which Direction?

• Lateral: – side view

• Frontal: – front view

• Anatomical direction: – refers to the patient’s left or right

3 Dimensions

Figure 1–9

3 Dimensions

• Plane: – a 3-dimensional axis

• Section: – a slice parallel to a plane

What are the major body cavities and their

subdivisions?

The Ventral Body Cavity

• divided by the diaphragm into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity

Figure 1–10a

Figure 1–10b

Isolating the Organs

• Serous membranes: – consist of parietal layer and visceral

layer

Figure 1–10c

Dividing the Cavities

• Thoracic cavity:– divided by the mediastinum into 2

pleural cavities