marine mammals (part 2)
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Marine Mammals (part 2)
photos: Florida FWC, NOAA
Whales and Dolphins
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Vertebrata Class Mammalia Order Cetacea
Suborder Mysticeti (baleen whales) Suborder Odontoceti (toothed whales, dolphins)
Cetaceans
Entirely aquatic life All marine except 5 species of freshwater dolphins Streamlined, fish-like body (convergent evolution)
Cetaceans
Dorsal fin 2 flippers Tail – 2 flukes, horizontal Blowhole –nostril(s) on top of head for breathing air
Cetaceans
← 2 blowholes in baleen whales (blue whale)
1 blowhole in toothed whales →
(bottlenose dolphin)
NOAA
Cetaceans
Rear limbs in embryos, fail to develop Blubber for insulation, buoyancy Almost completely hairless Most closely related to hippos
Baleen Whales
Baleen Flexible, fibrous plates Not teeth, but keratin (like hair, nails)
NOAA
Largest animals on earth Eat:
Plankton (krill, copepods) Small fish (herring, mackerel) Benthic amphipods
Baleen Whales
Baleen Whales
http://oregonstate.edu/groups/marinemammal/images/bluebeagle2a.jpg
Blue whale Largest animal ever 25 ft, 3 tons at birth Up to 110 ft, 200 tons Heart = 0.5 tons Blood = 5000 gallons Tongue = 3 tons Eat 4+ tons of krill/day
1 ton = 2000 lbs http://channel.nationalgeographic.com/channel/content/kingdom-of-the-blue-whale-3302/blue-whale-facts/#/compare/length
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/files/2008/06/image_krill.jpg
Baleen Whales
http://www.whale-info.com/images/blue_whale.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/BlueWhaleSkeleton.jpg
Blue whale(Balaenoptera musculus)
Baleen Whales
Fin (Balaenoptera physalus)
NOAA
NOAA
Minke (Balaenoptera acutorostrata)
Sei (Balaenoptera borealis)
Other rorquals
photos: NOAA
Humpback(Megaptera
novaeangliae)
Baleen Whales
Baleen WhalesNorthern Right
(Eubalaena glacialis)
NOAA
→→Bowhead (Balaena mysticetus) →
Seek fish schools, plankton swarms Some concentrate and trap the food in bubble nets (humpback)
NOAA
http://physics.bu.edu/neppsr/PICS-2006/Whales/WhaleW_bubbleNet.jpg http://www.myfourthirds.com/files/0734/1Two_Humpbacks.jpg
Baleen Whales
Gulp, side feeding (rorquals: blue, fin, sei, minke) Skimming (right, bowhead) Bottom feeding (gray)
http://oregonstate.edu/groups/marinemammal/images/Grey%20underwater2.jpghttp://oregonstate.edu/groups/marinemammal/images/MPBlueSurfPleats.jpg
http://www.whalecenter.org/sightings/images/rightwhale11_04.jpg
Baleen Whales
http://www.arkive.org/media/E9/E9E81C14-0462-44DF-ACF0-D9A98C782F99/Presentation.Large/photo.jpg
Migrations – cold waters to feed, warm waters to breed
Baleen Whales
Toothed Whales
Predators Use teeth to catch prey:
Fish Squid Seals, other whales (orcas)
Tear or swallow whole (don’t chew)
Baleen vs. Toothed Whales
NOAA
http://www.acsonline.org/merchandise/booksPosters/images/poster-comparisonChart-lg.jpg
Toothed Whales
Largest – sperm whale (“Moby Dick”) Dive to over 7000 ft, stay over an hour
NOAA
Toothed Whales
Hunt giant deep-sea squid, fish
http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2009/10/28/article-1223501-06FDA23C000005DC-677_634x444_popup.jpg
Beluga Whales
NOAA
http://www.sooke.org/tourism-photo-file/animals/belugabubble5.jpg
Narwhals
http://www.narwhal.info/cgi-bin/displayit2.cgi/images/Photos
Same family as belugas, also live in Arctic Have only 2 teeth – one becomes spiral tusk
Killer Whales (Orcas)
NOAA
NOAA
http://www.mersea.com/Resident%20Orca.jpg
NOAA
Pilot Whales
NOAA
NOAA
http://users.wsg.net/bedrosian/images/PilotWhale.jpghttp://www.mammalogy.org/mil_images/images/mid/930.jpg
Dolphins and Porpoises
Both are small toothed whales Names sometimes used interchangeably Porpoise – Family Phocoenidae, blunt-nosed, spade-shaped teeth Dolphin – Family Delphinidae, beaked snout, pointed teeth
NOAA
Dolphins
Bottlenose
Striped
Spotted
http://gallery.photo.net/photo/1813171-md.jpg
Dusky
http://www.teara.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/B60F305D-F498-4F26-A8AE-C6FD23C028D3/139512/p4672pc.jpg
NOAA
NOAA
Dolphins
photos: http://csiwhalesalive.org/csigallery.html
NOAA
Indo-Pacific HumpbackedAtlantic White-Sided
Tucuxi (Amazon and coastal Brazil)
Peale’s
Baleen vs. Toothed Whales
Baleen Toothed
Suborder Mysticeti Odontoceti
Largest species blue whale sperm whale
Relative body size larger smaller
Blowhole openings two one
Feeding style filter feeder predator
Way catch food baleen plates teeth
Main food sources plankton, small fish fish, squid
Swimming and Diving
NOAA
Blue and killer whales – up to 30 mph Dolphins bow-riding – up to 40 mph
NOAA
http://csiwhalesalive.org/csigallery.html
Swimming and Diving
Water vapor in warm breath – spout
NOAA
NOAA
Swimming and Diving
Rapid breaths (empty and refill lungs in seconds) Efficient O2 exchange (90% vs. 20% in humans)
Oxygen storage: High blood volume High conc. red blood cells High conc. hemoglobin Muscles rich in myoglobin
Lungs collapse, exhale to prevent “bends”
Heart rate slows Blood flow to non-essential areas reduced
Echolocation
NOAA
Excellent vision, but also have sixth sense (sonar) High frequency clicks for close range Low frequency sounds for long range
Vocalization
Sound travels 5 times faster in water than air Low frequency calls/songs travel miles Some sounds common to species, others specific to individals and pods Used for breeding (males do the singing), feeding, alarm, maintaining contact
Intelligence
http://home.onemain.com/~dk1008206/html/dolph1-1.gif
http://cdn2-b.examiner.com/sites/default/files/styles/image_content_width/hash/5f/4e/5f4e9feb09f40ff00db404acaf559119.jpg?itok=YknEOX94
AP @ http://i.dailymail.co.uk/i/pix/2013/08/09/article-0-1B36A1AA000005DC-139_634x929.jpg
Behavior
Breaching Spying Assisting injured Stranding
Reproduction
http://www.spawar.navy.mil/sandiego/technology/mammals/Images/research/breed_6.jpg
Hunting
Hunting Long Island whaling:
Peaked in 1840’s Sag Harbor – largest port (60 ships) Also Greenport, Cold Spring Harbor
Google Maps
Hunting
Other Perils
http://newsimg.bbc.co.uk/media/images/39154000/jpg/_39154790_net_bbc_203.jpg
http://cdn.abclocal.go.com/images/kgo/cms_exf_2007/news/local/7671766_600x338.jpg
NOAA
http://www.coastalstudies.org/images/mnccb2.jpg
Long Island Cetaceans
Humpback whale – 30 ft long, 13 tonsEast Hampton, April 6-9, 2010
http://cdn.newsday.com/polopoly_fs/1.1854723.1270909443!/image/4150419117.JPG_gen/derivatives/display_600/4150419117.JPG
http://cdn.newsday.com/polopoly_fs/1.1849475.1270648954!/image/2958831293.jpg_gen/derivatives/display_600/2958831293.jpg
Long Island Cetaceans
Fin – most common baleen whale to LI Humpback Northern Right Minke Sei Sperm whale Pilot whale Harbor porpoise Dolphins
http://www.cresli.org/cresli/images/finmap.jpg http://www.sailnet.com/forums/members/barryl-albums-dolphns-picture90-dolphins-long-island-sound-aug-2009.jpg
Long Island Cetaceans
Richard Slattery @ http://cdn.newsday.com/polopoly_fs/1.1394549.1251247248!/image/4098389032.jpg_gen/derivatives/display_600/4098389032.jpg
Whale watch trips from Montauk with Viking Fleet/CRESLI (cresli.org):
Day trips every Sunday July 5 –September 6 Overnight trip to Great South Channel Aug. 9-11 See whales, dolphins, sharks, turtles, birds
The End
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