marine biotechnology/algae
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04/08/20231
MarineBiotechnology
2
ALGAE
By: Ayesha Nawaz
Daniela Lopez
04/08/2023
What is it?
Marine biotechnology uses biological material from the sea to produce goods and services.
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Areas Of Interest Extraction of biologically-active compounds or
pharmaceuticals Cloning of proteins of marine origin Analysis of marine toxins and anti-venoms Development of industrial adhesives Development of diagnostic probes for marine
pathogens. Bio-remediation, which uses marine and other
organisms to digest contaminants and toxins in the environment.
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Constraints Like all other technologies the opportunities
involve long lead times and high risks. Other critical issues that can affect bio-
prospecting for genetic material include access and ownership of intellectual property rights.
Ability to sustainably produce high-oil-yielding algae strains on a large-scale.
Ability to extract the oil from the algae on a large scale.
Capability for large-scale conversion of algal oil into biodiesel.
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Algal Strains Some prominent strains of algae that have a
high carbohydrate content and hence are promising candidates for ethanol production.
Sargassum Glacilaria Prymnesium parvum Euglena gracilis
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Ethanol from Algae Algae have a tendency to have a much different
makeup than does most feed stocks used in ethanol, such as corn and sugar cane.
Ethanol from algae is possible by converting the starch (the storage component) and Cellulose (the cell wall component). lipids in algae oil can be made into biodiesel, while the carbohydrates can be converted to ethanol.
Algae are the optimal source for second generation bioethanol due to the fact that they are high in carbohydrates/polysaccharides and thin cellulose walls
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Process behind Ethanol from Algae
Fermentation process to produce ethanol include the following stages:
Decaying… Cellular structure of the biomass begins to
decay (e.g., cell wall rupture) and release the carbohydrates.
Initiating decay can be accomplished mechanically, non-mechanically.
The yeasts used are typically brewers’ yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Saccharomyces uvarum).
Genetically altered bacteria could be useful for fermentation can also be used.
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Ethanol from De-oiled Algae Biomass
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Production Of Ethanol and Biodiesel from Algae
FromOligae, 2006, Retrievedfrom http://www.oilgae.com/algae/pro/eth/eth.html
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Biodiesel from Algae
Selection of microalgae
species
Growth of microalgae
Further treatment to
recover diesel
Waste liquor
Harvesting of microalgae
Extraction of oil from
microalgae
Oil for processing into Biofuel
Residual microalgae
Extraction of protein
Dewatering and
Extrusion
Incorporated into human
food
Aqua feed Animal feed
Pet feed
Biodiesel
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Advantages to make ethanol from algae instead of diesel
The lipid (oil) content in algae from different sources max. 70% is less than starch+ cellulose+ sugars nearly 100% content.
Algae should be dried (a lot of energy) to extract oil but needs no treatment for ethanol fermentation.
Extracting the oil from algae is complicated. CO2 from ethanol fermenting can be used as algae
feedstock. The energy from fermenting and distilling can be
used to heat algae ponds (photo bioreactors) in cold climate.
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Advantages of Using Algae
Algae have many important advantages over other oil-producing crops, like corn, canola and soybeans.
It can be grown in almost any enclosed space and it multiplies rapidly and requires very few inputs to flourish - mainly just sunlight, water and carbon dioxide.
Because algae has a high surface-area-to-volume ratio, it can absorb nutrients very quickly, and its small size is what makes it mighty.
The Energy Returned is much higher than Energy Invested or required to produce algae ethanol.
Advantages of Using Algae Algae Consume CO2, a Major Greenhouse Gas. Do Not Require Arable Land. Grow Very Rapidly. Represent a “New” Source of Fuel. Represent a New Source of Animal Food.
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Simpler… Algae ethanol does not require a very
complicated equipment or machinery to set it up
As Scientists and researchers of Canadian National Renewable Energy Association have observed that: "algae ethanol plant does not eat up the country's bread basket" and gives to mankind many valuable bi-products that are used in several ways.
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Challenges
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Challenges
Open or closed?
Bios (2008). PhotoBioReactorSculpture. RetrievedOct 7 2011 from http://biosarch.wordpress.com/2008/07/08/photobioreactor-sculpture/
From “ Placingmicroalgaeonthebiofuelsprioritylist: a reviewofthetechnologicalchallenges”, by Greenwellet al, 2009, J. R. Soc. Interface, 7, p 708
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Algae vs. crops
RetrievedOct 7 2011 fromhttp://www.odec.ca/projects/2008/adit8i2/benefit.html
From “Biotech’sgreen gold?”, by Waltz E. 2009, NatureBiotechnology, 27, p. 16
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Economical evaluation
Base case (current technology)
Projected case (achievable but not demonstrated)
Production of biomass using 500 ha systems =
Oil extraction =
Co-production of high value product (HVP)
Not considered (Small markets)
Internal rate of return (IRR). Values above 15% are considered profitable
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Economicalevaluation
From “Aneconomicandtechnicalevaluationofmicroalgalbiofuels”, by Stephens E. et al 2010, NatureBiotechnology, 28, p. 12704/08/202322
Economicalevaluation
From “Aneconomicandtechnicalevaluationofmicroalgalbiofuels”, by Stephens E. et al 2010, NatureBiotechnology, 28, p. 12704/08/202323
Is it profitable? Yes, with increased productivity/large
production Estimate: Current technology could produce
$84/bbl but in the future a price of $50/bbl could be achieved
Sinergy with other industries for a sustainable system
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What’s happening?
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References Borowitzka MA and Reza Navid, 2010, ‘Sustainable biofuels from algae’, Mitig Adapt
Strateg Glob Change, Springer. Greenwell HC, Laurens LML, Shields RJ, Lovitt RW and Flynn KJ, 2010, ‘Placing
microalgae on the biofuels priority list: a review of the technological challenges’, J.R. Soc. Interface, 7, 703-726
Gold rush for algae, (2009, September 24), NatureNews, 461, 460-61 Oligae. http://www.oilgae.com/ Sheehan J, Dunahay T, Benemann J and Roessler P (1998), ‘A Look Back at the U.S.
Department of Energy’s Aquatic Species Program — Biodiesel from Algae’, (Close out report 1978-1996), Colorado USA, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy’s Office of Fuels Development
Stephens E, Ross IL, King Z, Mussgnung JH, Kruse O, Posten C, Borowitzka MA and Hankamer B, 2010, ‘An economic and technical evaluation of microalgal biofuels’, Nat Biotechnol, 28 (2), 126-128
Waltz E, 2009, ‘Biotechs’s green gold?, Nat Biotechnol, 27(1), 15-18
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THANKS
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