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MARINE BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION IN THE
RUSSIAN FAR EAST
Konstantin A. LutaenkoA.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Main threats to marine biodiversity in the Russian
region of NOWPAP habitat degradation, fragmentation and loss; global climate change including sea level rise
and coastal water warming; effects of fishing and other forms of
overexploitation; pollution and marine litter; species introduction/invasions; physical alterations of coasts; tourism
Protected areas
(reserves, national parks)
in the Far Eastern Federal District)
Marine Protected Areas (MPA) in the
NOWPAP region
Number of MPAs in the NOWPAP region by country
Area of the MPAs in the NOWPAP region by country
6500
4800950
2000
27002900
Species richness of marine invertebrates
Formerly (from 1855) known as Victoria Bay, the bay was renamed (1859) to honour Russian Emperor Peter I the Great
Peter the Great Bay is considered among the richest and most productive regions of Russia
by its biological diversity
• in the number of species of marine organisms, the bay significantly exceeds similar areas in the Russian Far East
• the bay is inhabited by more then 3800 species of microorganisms, fungi, plants and animals belonging to 1855 genera, more than 840 families, 104 classes and 52 phyla
• among species inhabiting Peter the Great Bay, 68 species of fish and more than 40 species of invertebrates and plants are commercially important
Peter the Great Bay
52 phyla; 104 classes;840 families; 1855 genera;
3800 species
Cyanophyles – 130Rodophyles – 147Dinophyles – 183Phaeophyles – 72
Diatomophyles – 331Chlorophyles – 76Ciliophora – 157
Fungi – 68Cnidaria – 96
Plathelminthes – 222Nemathelminthes – 178
Annelida – 277Mollusca – 330
Crustacea – 620Echinodermata – 74
Chordata - 332
Far Eastern Marine Biosphere Reserve
A wide variety of environments
Main protected invertebrates • Japanese scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis
• Japanese sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus
• Red king crab Paralithodes kamchaticus
• Sea urchins Strongylocentotus nudus, S. intermedius and others
• North Pacific giant octopus Enteroctopus dofleini
• Giant mussel Crenomytilus grayanus
Main protected species in Far East Biosphere Reserve
Giant mussel Crenomytilus grayanus
Northern East/Japan Sea, Hokkaido, northern Honshu, southern Sea of Okhotsk, South Kurile Isl.
Japanese scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis
Northern East/Japan Sea, Hokkaido, northern Honshu, southern Sea of Okhotsk, South Kurile Isl.
Far Eastern Marine
Biosphere Reserve
Far East Marine Biosphere Reserve
TREDA -"Tumen River
Development Area"
Integrated investigations ofmarine biological diversity,hydrological and hydro-chemical regimes have beenconducted using dredges,multi-corers, box-corers, planktonic nets, diving, multi-functional probe and loggers.
River mouthEast EEasSea
Tumen River Development Area Project
Tumors of the jaws of needlrfish
Scoliosis of the haarder(Mugil so-iyu)
Wetlands in Tumen River mouth area supports about 200 species of migratory birds with 36 globally endangered species that are listed in the IUCN (The World Conservation Union) Red Data Book
Nature reserves in Russian NOWPAP area with marine protected parts
Primorsky Krai L.G.Kaplanov Lazovskiy State Nature Reserve (133°40' -
134°11' E , 42°49' - 43°23' N, established in 1935)
K.G.Abramov Sikhote-Alin State Nature Biospheric Reserve (135°45' - 136°35' E , 44°49' - 45°41' N, established in 1935)
Kedrovaya Pad’ State Nature Biospheric Reserve(131°24' - 131°36' E , 43°01' - 43°09' N, established in 1916)
Barsovyi Federal Partial Reserve (131°05' - 131°42' E , 42°53' - 43°24' N, established in 1979)
Botchinskiy State Nature Reserve (138°57' - 139°50' E , 47°40' - 48°44' N, established in 1994)
Tumninskiy Federal Partial Reserve (140°00' - 140°30' E , 49°25' - 50°00' N, established in 1987)
Nature reserves in Russian NOWPAP area with marine protected parts
Khabarovsky Krai
Ciona savignyi
IMB (A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biology) Research Center:
Far East Center of Monitoring of Ballast Water, Fouling Organisms and Bioinvasions
Distribution of invasive species of barnacle
Amphibalanus improvisus in Amursky Bay (Sea of
Japan/East Sea)
Alien species of bivalve mollusks in north-western Sea of Japan/East Sea
Mytilus galloprovinciallis
(Mytilidae)
introduced in 1970s
Gomphina aequilatera(Veneridae)
introduced in 1990s
Subtropical invasive species into north-western Sea of Japan
Aplysia parvula
2005
2006Gastropod opistobranch
mollusks
A.V. Zhirmunsky Institute of Marine Biologydatabase on biological invasions comprisesdata on about 600 ships sailing in differentocean regions and on 300 hydrotechnicalstructures. As much as 17 fouling speciesintroduced with the hull fouling and ballastwater of ships have been recorded in thenorthwestern part of the Japan Sea
13
More than 60 introduced species have been recorded for the Russian Far East seas. In Peter the Great Bay, 51 species have been identified as non-indigenous;
17 of them are fouling species
Vladivostok
Nakhodka
Peter the Great Bay
17
Hydroides elegans
Molgula manhattensis
Bugula californicaAmphibalanus improvisus
Pseudopotamilla occelata Diogenes nitidimanus
Perinereis aibuhitensis
18
Ciona savignyi
During the regular inspection of the Center in the port of Vladivostok in the ballast water of just two vessels serving Russia-Japan (Sunrise Wisteria) and Russia-China (Minotaur) shipping routes the following organisms were found:- 45 species of microalgae,- 24 zooplankton species,- 22 meroplankton species,-10 species of meiofauna,- 24 species of marine fungi,- strains of pathogenic bacteria.Total: 165 species
dinoflagellates diatoms
Potentially toxic species
Penicillium, Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Acremonium fungi 19
Russian experts contributed to reports on the MIS for the NOWPAP DINRAC (UNEP)
Monitoring of the Okhotsk-Korea population of grey whales and its feeding grounds near theeastern coast of Sakhalin
Sakhalin Island
11
RS
LS
DS VS
Eschrichtius robustus
Individual identification and monitoring ofgray whales of Okhotsk-Korean population
12
Research and Educational Complex Primorsky Aquarium
Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Main planned research activities:
Study on scientific methods and modern technologies of maintenance and breeding of rare and endangered marine organisms
Reproductive biology of rare and endangered species
Research in physiology, ethology and veterinary of marine animals
Study on higher nervous activity and behaviour of marine animals
Research in molecular genetics, biochemistry and biotechnology of rare and endangered marine organisms
Russky Island,
Vladivostok City To be launched in 2012
– industrial and domestic wastewaters of Vladivostok and its suburbs;
– marine transportation;
– agricultural effluents and untreated wastes of other settlements;
– input of pollutants through air and rain-storms;
– dredged material damping site with contaminated Zolotoy Rog Bay deposits (dumping was stopped in 1985)
Major pollution sources in Peter the Great Bay influencing marine biodiversity and ecosystems
Relict and immigrant species of bivalve
mollusks in Peter the Great Bay:
1 – Macoma contabulata2 – Macoma nipponica
3 – Gomphina aequilatera4 – Macoma tokyoensis
5 – Mactra quadrangularis(formerly, veneriformis) 6 – Dosinia penicillata7 – Trapezium liratum
8 – Solen strictus
These species are characteristic of tidal flats in
South and West (Yellow) seas of Korea
Local distribution of
tropical-subtropical bivalves in Peter the Great Bay (north-
western East Sea)
open asterisks –
sites of living mollusks
___________
black asterisks –Holocene
sites
New sewage treatment facilities in Vladivostok City to be launched
in 2011
Vladivostok Northern Sewage
Treatment Plant
Complex study of biodiversity, benthic and plankton communities of polluted Amursky Bay
Habitat degradation and modification due to massive
construction projects
Construction of three bridges in Vladivostok City
Coastline modification – piers, embankments and other hydrotechnical structures in Peter the Great Bay
Eastern Siberia – Pacific Ocean Oil Pipeline
ESPO pipeline
Kozmino Port
Russky Island in September 2007
Russky Island Development Project - 2009
New piers and a bridge in Russky Island
2011
Biodiversity conservation measures
Environmental and biodiversity monitoring of coastal areas
Fishery limitations and aquaculture control
Control and regulation of tourism
Development and expansion of MPAs
THANK YOU!
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